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Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2009)
Background: REM sleep has a role in memory processing. The period of post-learning, that REM sleep is higher than normal level and deprivation of REM sleep impairs memory, is called paradoxical sleep windows (PSW). Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, male N.M.RI rats were trained in a two-way shuttle avoidance task (100 trials/one sessions) then memory retention was tested in next week. In electrophysiology section, different sleep-memory factors were recorded in basal level and 1-4 hours after training. In behavioral section, animals that reached 70% learning criterion (learner group) were deprived of PS in the two periods of 1-4 hours and 5-8 hours after learning by Maze water technique. Results: The amount of REM sleep in group which gained 70% learning after 1-4 hours training, and group without it. In v.s of basic level, significantly increase (p0.01). Other factors were showed no significant difference between two groups before of training. In behavioral section those animals were deprived in 1-4 hr post-learning show significant memory impairment (p0.05). Conclusion: Paradoxical increased REM sleep is effective in memory consolidation after 1-4 hours training. This period can be consider as paradoxical sleep window.
Volume 13, Issue 5 (2-2011)
Background: Today, medicine regards brain death as absolute death a fact that its acceptance, especially by those who are emotionally connected with the patients with a beating heart and a normal face while he is breathing and seems to be fast asleep, is very difficult. Some religious leaders do not view this state as absolute death and do not relate it to death. Consideration of this issue is of great importance in legal, political, social, ethical, philosophical, and medical debates and several international conferences have been held on this controversial issue. There are different stances and viewpoints with regard to the nature of brain death. It goes without saying that if brain death is not regarded as absolute death, organ transplantation from patients with brain death who are a great source of organ provision will face major difficulties. By dividing life into such stages as complete physical life, constant vegetative life, singular organ life, and cellular life and elaborating on each stage, such conclusion can be reached that death occurs in three stages: 1) Cardiac and pulmonary death, 2)death of brain cells minutes after deoxygenation, and 3) death of body cells which differs from organ death. Such an order exists in natural death but in brain death, death starts from the second stage and eventually leads to the death of cells. There are, however, stages akin to deep coma. This study, in addition to explaining brain death and its differences with deep coma and other similar states, comes to the conclusion that brain death is equal to absolute death and can be treated as real death. This study investigates brain death in medicine by taking such concepts as sleep, coma, vegetable life, and cardiac death into consideration. Then it deals with the relationship between sleep and death as well as the reality of death so as to provide ample evidence for realization of death in the view of religion and compare it with the medical concept of death. According to this hypothesis, brain death is equal to absolute death. This study is a descriptive-analytical review of internet databases and library resources.
Volume 15, Issue 1 (4-2012)
Background: Physiological studies suggest that sleep deprivation may influence bodyweight through affecting appetite (decreasing leptin and increasing ghrelin). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training on obesity indices, serum levels of ghrelin and leptin, and sleep quality in overweight and obese men. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 overweight and obese men with low sleep quality were randomly assigned to aerobic training (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. Aerobic training was performed (50-60 min/day, 3 day/week) for 12 weeks. Serum ghrelin and leptin and obesity and sleep quality indices were measured before and after the intervention. Changes in dependent variables resulting from the training intervention were assessed by dependant t-test using SPSS software. Results: After aerobic training, weight (p<0.03), body mass index (p<0.04), visceral fat (p<0.04), total abdominal fat (p<0.03), and sleep quality (p<0.001) significantly improved. However, ghrelin and leptin serum levels did not change in response to aerobic training (p<0.05) during the same period. Conclusion: Short-term aerobic training improved obesity indices and sleep quality in obese/overweight men, yet this improvement was not accompanied by changes in ghrelin and leptin serum levels.
Volume 15, Issue 5 (10-2012)
Background: Insomnia has major negative effects on quality of life in postmenopausal women and can reduce their physical, psychological and social function. About 64.8 percent of women prefer to use herbal supplements for sleep problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the satisfaction of taking Valerian on the improvement of sleep quality and sleep score in postmenopausal women during six month. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, satisfaction of taking Valerian and sleep score of 100 postmenopausal eligible women who were referred to health care centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were evaluated. Research tools had three part of personal caharctristictic, Pittsburg sleep Quality Scale, and for satisfaction Visual Analogue Scale (VAS 0-10). Data gathering were in tree phase immediately after intervention, one and six month after valerian withdrawal. Results: The difference between intervention and control group in satisfaction and sleep scores was significant only immediately after taking Valerian (p=0.001) and there was no statistically significant difference within valerian or placebo group in one and six month later. Also there was statistically significant difference in three times of evaluation and satisfaction and improvement in sleep score were reduced within the time. Conclusion: Valerian can improve the sleep quality in postmenopausal women in intervention duration and after withdrawal there is no difference between placebo and valerian group so continued use of this supplement is necessary for improving of sleep quality.
Volume 16, Issue 4 (7-2013)
Background: Sleep behavior and movement disturbance (SBMD) is of a relatively high prevalence in children and has a significant impact on their performance in daily activities and quality of life. Snoring, on the other hand, is considered one of the main causes of sleep disturbance in children. This study aims to assess the relationship between snoring and SBMD in 2 to 12 years old children in Qom city.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 100 children with snoring and 100 healthy children were studied over 3 months. The parents took Berlin questionnaire on snoring and childhood sleep questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 18.
Results: There was a significant correlation in mean SBMD between case (13.78) and control (11.45) groups (p<0.001). Independent t-test indicated a significant difference between the case and control groups in the mean of SBMD (p<0.001). Also, significant relationships were seen between snoring and adenotonsilar hypertrophy (p<0.001) and apnea and SBMD (p=0.036), but there was not any relationships between SBMD and age, children less than 7 and more than 7 years old (p=0.231), and severity of snoring and SBMD (p=0.202).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of sleep disorders, especially snoring and SBMD and their relationship, in children. Sufficient attention to this issue can raise parents and physicians awareness and pave the way for early diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
Volume 17, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Background: Allergic rhinitis affects 40% of general population and has an increasing prevalence. Sleep disturbance is an important problem in individuals with allergic rhinitis. Recent studies have shown that 68% of cases with perennial rhinitis and 48% with seasonal rhinitis have impaired sleep.
Materials and Methods: In this case-report study, 33 children with allergic rhinitis aging 6-18 years entered the study. Thirty five children without allergic rhinitis entered the study as control group. A questionnaire containing demographic data and types of sleep disorders filled for every child.
Results: Except respiratory disorder, there was no other significant difference between groups in any sleep disorder. Sixteen children (48.5%) in case group has respiratory disorder while none of control children were involved (P=0.0).
Conclusion: Nasal congestion is the main factor involved in sleep impairment in children with allergic rhinitis. Therefore, it seems that it is the first symptom to be treated.
Volume 18, Issue 1 (4-2015)
Background: About 40% of postmenopausal women experience sleep disruption which can affect their quality of life. Various medications were used for managing the sleep disruption. There are some studies on the effectiveness of gabapentin in the management of post menopausal vasomotor symptoms and sleep disruption. The aim of present study was to assess the effect of gabapentin on improving quality of life and sleep of post menopausal women .
Materials and Methods: In this double blind clinical trial, 90 post menopausal women with sleep disruption were selected and randomly divided into two groups for 12 weeks intervention (300 mg gabapentin, twice daily) and control groups. SF36 questionnaire of quality of life and PSQI questionnaire of sleep quality were surveyed and compared before and after the intervention in patients.
Results: The mean age of participants were 52.7 ± 3.14 and 53.4±3.68 years in intervention and placebo groups respectively. There was no significant difference in demographic information and the mean score of SF36 and PSQI questionnaires between groups before the intervention (p>0.05). Significant improvement was seen in score of SF36 and PSQI in gabapentin group after the intervention and in comparison with placebo group (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: According to the results of present study, it seems that gabapentin 300 mg/twice daily for 12 weeks can improve quality of life and sleep of post menopausal women.
Volume 18, Issue 11 (2-2016)
Background: Today, occupational health of nurses in the health care system is important. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between death anxiety, sleep quality and job satisfaction of nurses working in Arak university of medical sciences hospitals in 2015.
Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional. The population included nurses in public hospitals affiliated with Arak university of medical sciences. The samples included 309 nurses that were simply and randomly selected. Data were collected with Herzberg job satisfaction, Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaires and death anxiety scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The results showed that the relationship between job satisfaction with sleep quality of nurses was significant, but there was not a significant relationship between job satisfaction and quality of sleep with death anxiety of nurses. In addition, there was a significant telationship between diffevent parts of hospitals in job satisfaction and death onxiety, although this difference was not significant in quality of sleep. Job satisfaction was the only factor that was significant in the group with the possibility of difficult working conditions.
Conclusion: According to the research findings, it seems that paying attention to sleep quality sleep is important to improve nurses satisfaction. Job satisfaction is also influenced by the hard conditions of work and requires more attention to a group of nurses who are working in such a situation. Also, a higher death anxiety than usual in nurses requires more study and reflection.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Materials and Methods: This research was a designing device study for sleep positioning of children with CP. The design was carried out in three stages: needs assessment, develop an idea and final design. Seventeen children with CP aged 2-12 year olds at the levels of III to V Gross Motor Function Classification System Expanded and Revised (GMFCSE&R) were recruited from Tehran and Karaj rehabilitation clinics by a convenience sampling strategy. For data collection, some demographic questionnaire and GMFCS E&R were used.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved in Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Applied Arts at Tehran University of Art with the code IR. ART U.REC.1394.118.
Findings: In the process of needs assessment, a researcher made questionnaire and pictures of sleep positioning children with CP when they were sleeping were used. In developing an idea stage, the free and creative ideas under the name of black box, as well as, Etudes at the transparency stage were presented as the combination of creative ideas. In the final design stage, by using superior materials, positioning and packaging, we achieved a superior design.
Conclusion: The proposed plan is designed as an interventional tool based on the need of Iranian children with CP and there is no similar national or international device available. The final design of the sleeping equipment includes a set of mattresses and a variety of modular styling devices based on a family centered approach, so that, allow parents to active engagement during sleep and rest of their children and can help the children to assume the proper positions.
Volume 24, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Background & Aim: This study aimed at comparing efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy, Zolpidem 10 mg, and waiting list group on illness perception and sleep efficiency in individuals with chronic insomnia disorder.
Materials & Methods: Participants included 74 (female = 43) individuals with chronic insomnia disorder who were recruited from 2018 December to 2020 February by purposive sampling (inclusive & exclusive criteria). Then, patients randomly allocated to one of the three conditions, including cognitive behavioral therapy (N=25), pharmacotherapy (Zolpidem 10 mg.; N=29), and the waiting list (N=20). All patients were assessed three times at pretreatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up by the Persian version of Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and Sleep Efficiency Index. The data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc test and repeated measure analysis of variance.
Ethical Considerations: All stages of the research have been carried after taking supervising and approving of Kharazmi University's ethics in research committee.
Findings: The patients who received cognitive behavioral therapy compared to patients in waiting list group, obtained significantly lower scores in illness perception and sleep efficiency during post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Efficacy of pharmacotherapy only observed during post-treatment but there were no significant differences between pharmacotherapy and waiting list patients during 3-month follow-up.
Conclusion: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia reduced significantly illness perceptions and sleep efficiency during 3 months. All the treatment gains remain stable even 3 months later treatment ends. In addition, not receiving any treatment in waiting list and gradually discontinued the treatment in pharmacotherapy group leads to decreasing of sleep efficiency and increasing of illness perception.
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Background and Aim: The type of circadian rhythms is essential in maintaining physical and mental health and recovery from the disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of circadian rhythms on sleep quality and corona anxiety in men and women.
Methods & Materials: The present study is a descriptive comparative causal description. The statistical population included all 18-50 who participated in the survey online. People who completed the questionnaire online were selected for sampling. The research instruments included the circadian inventory rhythms Horne and Ostberg (1976), Petersburg Quality of Sleep Questionnaire (1989), and Alipour et al.’s (2020) Corona-related Anxiety Scale in the Iranian sample. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the Scheffe test were used to analyze the data.
Ethical Considerations: This study was registered with the Ethics Committee Razi University Technology Units Development Center at Institute for Psychoanalytic Studies (No.: 99133).
Results: The results showed that the mean of mental and corona physical anxiety in women and men with evening type is higher than in other classes. Men and women in the evening type have a lower sleep quality than in the morning and middle types. The results also showed significant differences between the types regarding corona anxiety, sleep quality, and sex. The difference between the mean of the morning type and evening types’ mean was more than other differences between the means.
Conclusion: Individual differences in morning-evening types seem to play an essential role in the quality of sleep and the experience of corona anxiety
Volume 25, Issue 3 (8-2022)
Methods & Materials This is a case-control study that was performed on 240 women referred to the affiliated university hospitals in Mashhad. Sampling was performed in the case group of hospitalized women with a definite diagnosis of preeclampsia (n=90) and in the control group (n=150) among pregnant women without preeclampsia referred to the obstetrics clinic. Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaire and gynecological/obstetric records, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire and clinical evaluation form to determine the symptoms and severity of preeclampsia. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 22) and Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher tests. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Ethical Considerations The present paper is the result of a research project approved by the Vice-Chancellor for Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.MUMS.NURSE.REC.1397.042).
Results The mean amount of real sleep at night in the group of healthy individuals (8.4±2.3) was significantly higher than patients (8.0±2.2) (P=0.028). In terms of loud snoring, waking up in the middle of the night was most frequent in the affected group (P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep quality score level (P<0.001) based on logistic regression test in women with severe sleep problems at risk of preeclampsia (P<0.001, 95% CI 2.9-42.2, OR: 11/11) (11/11) was equal compared to healthy women.
Conclusion The present study showed that sleep disorders in pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.
Volume 25, Issue 4 (9-2022)
Methods: This was a cross-sectional correlational study. The research population was all patients who were members of the Multiple Sclerosis Association of Urmia township in the first quarter of 2021 year. The sample size was estimated 315 people who were selected by available sampling method. The research data were collected by Barkham et all short version of interpersonal problems inventory (1996), Broadbent et all brief illness perception questionnaire (2006), Buysse et all Pittsburgh sleep quality index (1989) and Simons & Gaher distress tolerance scale (2005) and were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and path analysis methods in SPSS-19 and PLS-3 software. This research with the IR.IAU.URMIA.REC.1400.022 ethics code is approved by the ethics committee in biomedical research of Islamic Azad University of Urmia branch.
Results: The results showed that the increase of interpersonal problems and negative perception of illness led to decrease the distress tolerance and loss of sleep quality and an increase of distress tolerance improved sleep quality. In addition, the decrease of interpersonal problems and negative perception of illness with mediating distress tolerance led to improved sleep quality (P<0.01).
Conclusions: According to the results, to improve the sleep quality of multiple sclerosis patients can be increased the rate of their interpersonal problems and illness perception and decreased their distress tolerance.
Volume 26, Issue 2 (7-2023)
Methods: For this purpose, 60 girls with moderate primary dysmenorrhea disorder (score 4-7) were randomly placed in 4 groups: resistance training + melatonin, resistance training + placebo, melatonin supplement group, and control group. Pain intensity, and sleep quality were assessed by the McGill questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh questionnaire respectively. 10 mg of melatonin was taken daily in two 5 mg capsules and the placebo group received the same amount of carbohydrates in the same capsule. Weight training, three days a week for eight weeks. This circuit exercise training was in 9 stations and with a maximum of 10-12 repetitions at 30-65% of a maximum repetition in each station. Each set and repetition was separated by 2-3 minutes and 90 seconds of rest, respectively. The blood sample was taken in the morning, fasting and 5 cc from the brachial vein from the left hand while sitting in the sitting position, and was taken by special kits. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at level P<0.05. All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics committee of the Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran (Code: ID IR.IAU.NEYSHABUR.REC.1401.008), Clinical Trial (Code: ID IRCT20230703058653N1) from the Iran Clinical Registration Center and were conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results: A significant increase in Estrogen (P<0.001) and progesterone (P<0.001) levels in the exercise + supplement group compared to all groups, and in the exercise + placebo group and the supplement group compared to the placebo group was reported. Also, The decrease in Pain intensity (P<0.001) and sleep quality (A decrease in the sleep score means an increase in the sleep quality in the output of the questionnaire) (P<0.001) in the supplement group compared to all groups and in the exercise + placebo group (P<0.05) and the exercise + supplement group compared to the placebo group showed a significant difference.
Conclusions: It seems that synergy of exercise and melatonin has affected the sex hormones level. Also, the melatonin probably helped to improve the sleep quality and pain intensity of the subjects through the adjustment of sex hormones following dysmenorrhea. Also, exercise probably has an effect on the pain intensity and sleep quality through the release of beta-endorphins and the effects of exercise on the menstrual cycle, although the finding are ambiguous.
Volume 26, Issue 2 (7-2023)
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and a control group design and conducted on 40 persons who had generalized anxiety disorder in Rasht, Iran in 2023 and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (20 persons in each group). The hypnotherapy was conducted during 6 sessions in the experimental group, while the control group did not receive any treatment. The data were collected through the subjective well-being and sleep quality Inventory. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Payame Noor University (Code: IR.PNU.REC.1402.070).
Results: The results indicated that hypnotherapy was effective on subjective well-being (F= 33.38, P=0.001) and sleep quality (F= 5.10, P=0.03) in people with generalized anxiety disorder; this method also increased their subjective well-being and sleep quality.
Conclusions: The based on the results of the present study, hypnotherapy is effective in promotion subjective well-being and sleep quality in people with generalized anxiety disorder. It suggests that these method are used along with other psychological and pharmaceutical therapies for people with generalized anxiety disorder as a clinical intervention.
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