Showing 11 results for Pentylenetetrazol
Mohamadreza Palizvzn, Ehsan Elah Ghaznavi Rad,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (7-2005)
Abstract
Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common afflictions of human. The amygdala is one of the most sensitive epilepsy induction areas. This area has been the focus of interest, in large part due to its role in fear conditioning. It seems that any abnormality in the neuronal network in amygdala can increase the susceptibility of animal to seizure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between avoidance learning and kindeling susceptibility in rats.
Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, 20 Wistar male rats were trained for two way active avoidance learning in the shuttle box, and on the basis of escape response were divided into fast and slow learning animals. The rats were administered Pentylenetetrazole for induction of kindeling. Then seizure stages were noted. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey's test.
Results: Results of the present study demonstrated that slow learning animals comparing to fast learnings were more prone to kindeling and there was a significant difference in the seizure stage and stage 2 latency in the two groups.
Conclusion: On the basis of the present data it is possible to predict the predisposing of male rats to kindeling from the rate of fear conditioning that indicates the abnormality in amygdala neuronal circuits
Mohamadreza Palizvan, Azam Amini Komeijani, Ehsan Alah Ghaznavi Rad,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (1-2006)
Abstract
Introduction: Studies showed that following spontaneous epilepsy in rats, the permeability of CA1 region of Hypocampus to calcium is increased. In this study the role of voltage dependent calcium channels on the development of kindling induced by Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was investigated in rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study rats were divided into two groups. In the test group, Verapamil (calcium channel blocker) was injected in the Hippocampus (4 g/4 min). After 20 minutes kindling was established by PTZ in subconvulsive dose (37.5 mg/kg ip). Convulsing activities were monitored for 20 min. The control group was the same age and undergone the same procedure exept for the injection, in which ACSF was injected without Verapamil.
Results: Verapamil significantly (p<0.01) reduced the number of needed stimulations to progress from stage 0 to 5 of the convulsion and also significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the fifth stage of seizure.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that interahippcampal injection of Verapamil facilitated the Pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats but had inhibitory effects on kindled animals.
Raza Mahdavi, Seyed Vali Razavieh, Mahmood Reza Nakhai, Mahmood Reza Palizvan,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2007)
Abstract
Introduction: Impressive research demonstrate the importance of essential fatty acids for many physiological and behavioral mechanisms in both humans and animals. Essential fatty acids must be supplied via the diet. In this study the dietary effect of cis and trans fatty acids on seizures induced by Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in second generation of rats is studied. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study animals were divided into four groups. In the three case groups cis, trans, or cis+trans fatty acids were added to the standard food of rats and in control group only standard food was dietary administrated. After one month, kindling was established in rats with PTZ in subconvulsive dose (45mg/kg i.p.). Convulsing activities were monitored for 20 minutes. Five stages of convulsing activities were observed. If after three consecutive sessions the animal was in the fifth stage, it was considered as a kindled animal. Data was analyzed using K-S, t, Tukey tests and analysis of variance. Results: Results showed that the convulsion stage in trans group was significantly more than the others. Also it was found that duration of the fifth stage in trans group was significantly more than control and cis groups. Conclusion: Results suggest that, administering sis and trans fatty acids have some effects on PTZ induced kindling in second generation of the rats who were kindled before. More severe seizure and longer duration of seizure was seen in trans group comparing to cis
Mohmmadreza Palizvan, Yahya Jand,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (9-2008)
Abstract
Background: pentylenetetrazole Kindling is widely used as a model for epileptogenesis. The achievement of kindling criterion is known to require repeated drug injection during time to develop. In this article a series of experiments aimed to examin the hypothesis that after 4 primary injections only time is needed to induced kindling in wistar rats. Methods and Materials: In this experimental research, 32 male Wistar rats were divided in two groups. Control Group were kindled by repeated injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ 37.5 mg/kgi.p. 48 h interval), in case group were done 4 repeated injections of pentylenetetrazole and have 32 days time lapse, at the end of experiment two groups received same dose of PTZ simultaneously and seizure parameters were assessed. Data were analyzed using student’s t-test and one way ANOVA and Turkey’s test. Results: Results showed there isn’t significant differences in seizure parameters such as seizure stage (control 4.75±0.26, case 4.75±0.29), stage 2 latency (control 165±16.6, case 216±38.68), stage 5 latency (control 2.13±0.38, case 3.47±0.64) and stage 5 duration (control 21.15±2.42, case 23.42±1.20) between two groups. Conclusion: Resuits of this experiment introduces the new critical time window for PTZ kindling.
Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Mozafar Khazaei, Saber Khazaei,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2010)
Abstract
Background: Clinical research suggest a relationship between epilepsy and hypogonadism. The aim of this study is to identify the impact of epilepsy induced by kindling with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on hormones and some reproductive parameters in male rats.
Materials and Methods: Adult male rats (NMRI strain) were divided into control and kindling groups. Kindling was induced by 40 mg/kg PTZ with a 48 hour interval through intraperitoneal injection. Each animal received 13 doses. At the end of the thirteenth dose, animals were weighed and uthenaized with ether and blood samples, collected from their hearts, were used for testosterone, prolactin and FSH, LH assay. In order to examine motility and morphology of sperms, tissue samples from epidydimis were isolated and minced in DMEM/F12 culture medium and were incubated for 15 minutes. Then sperm morphology and motility were studied. Testis were also isolated and weighed.
Results: Kindling with PTZ decreased serum levels of testosterone and LH, but it increased rolactin. However, there was no difference in serum level of FSH between the two groups. Sperm motility in kindling group decreased significantly. There were no significant differences in testis weight, but the amount of animal weight losses in the kindling group was more than that of the control group.
Conclusion: By changing the serum level of sexual hormones and decreasing sperm motility, PTZ kindling induced epilepsy exerts diminishing negative effects on reproduction.
Elham Goudarzi, Mahmoud Elahdadi Salmani, Taghi Lashkar Boluki, Iran Goudarzi,
Volume 17, Issue 9 (12-2014)
Abstract
Background: Seizure is an abnormal electrical activity probably due to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is a chemical convulsive agent abundantly used in laboratory animals. PTZ induces a change in glutamate and GABA in the brain which this study investigates the persistence of this change.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups. Three i.v doses of PTZ 20, 25 and 30 mg/ml were used to determine the effective PTZ dose. Convulsive behaviors were monitored as tonic clonic and myoclonic twitches. Hippocampal glutamate and GABA contents were measured using a biochemical method.
Results: Dose of 20 was resulted in long latency to and short lasting TC convulsions with a high volume of injected PTZ solution. On the other hand, dose of 25 and 30 led to short latency and long lasting convulsions with low volume of injecting solution. However there was high rate of mortality (100%) in dose of 30 mg/ml. Hippocampal glutamate content was decreased in zero and 20 min groups while GABA content was decreased only in 20 min group.
Conclusion: It is concluded that dose of 25 is the appropriate i.v dose to induce TC convulsions in rats which decreases glutamate and GABA while increases the ratio of glutamate to GABA. Therefore, alteration of glutamate and GABA may be the basis for subsequent seizure induced changes.
Sahar Parsaee, Homa Mohseni Kochesfehani, Gholamreza Kaka, Homayon Sadraee, Mojtaba Kahali,
Volume 18, Issue 6 (9-2015)
Abstract
Background: Stress is a mental or emotional disturbance that occurs in response to external stimuli and can also appear during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of maternal stress during pregnancy on the cerebellar structure changes and seizure threshold of their offspring .
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 20 pregnant female rats were divided into two groups: 1) Non stress group, and 2) Stress group which were under immobilization stress one hour for 14 days . The seizure threshold test in offspring was performed by injecting Pantilen tetrazol drug (PTZ)(n=8) . To investigate the cerebellum development, the offspring were divided into three groups . Control group: mothers did not any stress and offspring did not receive PTZ (n=4). Sham group: mothers did not stress but the offspring had received PTZ(n=4). Experimental group: mothers did stress and offispring did receive PTZ(n=4). After the section of cerebellum, the thickness of cerebellum layers and the number of cells in each layer were evaluated.
Results: The mean of seizure threshold in the offspring whose mothers were under the stress of pregnancy significantly increased compared to children whose mothers no received stress (p<0.001). In the other side, mean number of purkinje cells in the experimental group significantly decreased compared with the other groups (p<0.001). No significant differences were found in the mean of granular and molecular layers thickness of cerebellum in the experimental group when compared with the other groups(p<0.05). However, mean cellular density in the granular layer of cerebellum in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to other groups (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Stress during pregnancy increased the seizure threshold in offspring and caused some developmental and structural disorders in the cerebellar rat offspring.
Simin Namvar Aghdash, Mansoure Mokhtari,
Volume 18, Issue 12 (3-2016)
Abstract
Background: Traditional medicinal herbs have remained as a component of disease treatment system of many societies in the world. Today, many scientists have paid attention to the use of medicinal herbs in the treatment of epileptic seizures, because epilepsy is one of the most common neuropsychological disorders in the world that have many serious physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Chelidonium Majus extract in the treatment of seizure.
Materials and Methods: In this study 40 mice have been randomly chosen and divided into 5 groups including a control group that received only pentylenetetrazol, sham group that received distilled water and 3 experimental groups received aqueous extract of Chelidonium Majus in doses of 50,100 and 150 mg/kg for 4 weeks. 30 minutes after gavage with different doses of the extract or distilled water, pentylenetetrazol was injected to experimental and sham groups. Animals immediately were transferred to a special cage and the seizure behaviors and parameters were recorded by a camera. Then, the different phases of seizure, latency time for onset of seizure and seizure duration were evaluated.
Results: Data analysis indicated that the aqueous extract of Chelidonium Majus had a significant effect on PTZ-induced seizure. Therapy by this extract increases latency time for onset of seizure and prevents progress of seizure phases.
Conclusion: The attained results showed that Chelidonium Majus extract has anticonvulsant effect on PTZ-induced seizure. Thus, it may be used in seizure treatment.
Marziyeh Tavassoli, Azam Alinaghipour, Abolfazl Ardjmand,
Volume 20, Issue 6 (9-2017)
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Learning and memory are among the higher functions of the brain. State-dependent memory (STM) is a type of memory in which the recall of a learned behavior is happend only in the same sensory and physiologic condition in which the behavior is encoded. The STM is seen with some drugs, e.g. the morphine. The pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is a durg which is used for the induction of seizure in experimental models. Some studies have been revealed different effects of the PTZ on brain higher function (learning, memory …). The aim of present study was to explore the effect of PTZ on morphine-induced STM.
Materials and Methods: In this study, male adult Wistar rats (190-220 g) were used. Animals in 3 groups (n=8) during 3 sessions (learning/memory, STM and interaction) were studied. During 48 hour (training and test) the learning and memory of animals were studied in inhibitory avoidance apparatus. The step-through latency in the test day was used as a criterion for memory. Post-training injection of saline or morphine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg-ip) in different groups was carried out. In addition, the pre-test injection of morphine at the same doses was made to study the STM. Moreover, the interaction of pre-test single-dose PTZ (60 mg/kg-ip) on STM was studied. The locomotion of the animals was measured using the open field.
Results: The post-training injection of morphine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg-ip) impaired the inhibitory memory of rats compared to control group (p<0.001). The post-training and pre-test injections of the same dose of morphine (7.5 mg/kg-ip) reversed the impaired memory compared to morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg-ip), (p<0.001). The pre-test PTZ (60 mg/kg-ip) maintained the morphine (7.5 mg/kg-ip) STM (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The present study revealed that the post-training ip injection of different doses of morphine results in the impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory in rat. In addition, the pre-test injection of the same doses of morphine reverses the impaired memory. This process is called STM. Consequently, the pre-test injection of PTZ maintains the morphine STM.
Azam Alinaghipour, Marziyeh Tavassoli, Elahe Seyed Hosseini, Abolfazl Ardjmand,
Volume 20, Issue 7 (10-2017)
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Neuronal damage following seizures and epilepsy is one of the main causes of disabilities and mortality worldwide. In recent years, preconditioning has been introduced as a novel strategy for the prevention of brain damage. Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which a minor noxious stimulus protects from a subsequent more severe insult. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of ethanol (Eth) preconditioning on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced impairment memory in the inhibitory avoidance model.
Material and Methods: This study was carried out on 45 adult male Wistar rats (180-200 g). Animals were assigned into five groups: Control, Eth 0.25, Eth 0.5, PTZ and Eth (0.5) +PTZ (n=9, for all groups). Eth-preconditioning was induced 6 days before the injection of PTZ. The animals were tested in a single trial step-through inhibitory test in two sessions (train and test). Then locomotor activity of rats was recorded in the open-field apparatus and NR1 mRNA expression in the hippocampus was measured by real-time PCR technique.
Results: One-way ANOVA revealed that the Ethanol preconditioning did not impair inhibitory memory. Further, post-test analyses showed that Ethanol preconditioning significantly prevented from PTZ-induced memory impairment, and increased NR1 subunit mRNA expression in PTZ-induced memory impairment group. In addition, one-way ANOVA for the locomotor activity showed no significant difference between the groups.
Conclusion: Our results showed that a pre-conditioning treatment with Ethanol
(0.5g/kg/day), 6 days before PTZ-induced memory impairment may provide a kind of neuroprotection in rats.
Yousef Panahi, Davood Kiani Fard, Fatemeh Feyzi,
Volume 22, Issue 6 (1-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stimulatory and protective effects of Methylphenidate (MPD) on the experimental epilepsy induced by intraperitoneal injection of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in adult male rats.
Methods & Materials: In this study, 15 male rats (weight, 200-250 gr) dividied into one control group (n=5) received normal saline and two treatment groups; the first group (n=5) received MPD with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg and the second group (n=5) received MPD with a dose of 5 mg/kg by gavage. After anesthesia with ketamine-xylazin combination and animal skull surgery, the recorded electrodes were inserted into the cranium in the stratum striatum layer of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and epileptic activity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (80 mg/kg) and the epileptiform activity was evaluated in terms of the number of spikes per time unit and their amplitudes by eTrace software.
Ethical Considerations: This study with an ethics code of FVMT.REC.1397.67 was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at University of Tabriz.
Results: Oral MPD at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg doses increased the number of spikes up to 576 and 613, respectively, compared to the control group (330 spikes), which were statistically significant. Amplitude of PTZ-induced epileptic activity after treatment with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg MPD reached 1254 and 1085 respectively compared to control group (1051), which were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The doses of oral MPD used in this study potentiate seizure activity. Therefore, the use of this drug in people with a background of seizure or suffering from some types of seizure should be cautious, and the evaluation of its effect in these patients need further studies.
