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Introduction: Nowadays, the attention of researchers has been focused on natural medicine in order to avoid the detrimental side effects of chemical drugs. In this study we assessed the effect of root extract of Tagetes minuta against HSV-1 and HSV-2. Materials and Methods: This research is an experimental study. Root extract of Tagetes minuta was obtained with 70% ethanol by maceration. Vero cells were grown in DMEM containing 5% fetal bovine serum. Serial dilutions of extracted suspension (1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160) were incubated by the exact titer of viruses and monitored for antiviral activity of extract. Data was analyzed using Doncan test. Results: Root extract obtained from Tagetes minuta significantly has antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2. This extract has more effect on HSV-2 than HSV-1. This study indicates that antiviral activity of the extract varies between different concentrations and the optimum antiviral activity on both viruses was obtained using 1/10 concentration. Conclusion:The results of this investigation showed that root extract of Tagetes minuta have good antiviral potenoial against HSV-1 and HSV-2, a good source of drug for treatment of diseases due to HSV-1 and HSV-2.

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Introduction: Allium Sativum (garlic) is used widely in the world, especially in Iran. This plant is used in cooking foods as an odorant. In Iran it is believed that it is useful for gastrointestinal disorders. So in this study the effect of Allium Sativum extract on acid and pepsin secretion in rat is investigated. Materials and Methods: This experimental study is performed on two groups of rats (12 in each group: control group and allium sativum group). After anesthesia with nesdonal (50 mg/kg, ip), rats had gone under surgical tracheotomy, laparatomy and gasterodeodenostomy. In garlic group Allium Sativum extract (100mg/kg) was introduced into the stomach by gasterodeodenostomy canula. In order to stimulation of acid and pepsin secretion, Pentagastrin was used (25mcg/kg, ip). Stomach secretion was washed out and acid was measured using titerimetery and pepsin using Anson method. Data was analyzed using t-test. Results: Allium Sativum caused a meaningful increase in acid and pepsin secretion in garlic group comparing to control group (p<0.001). Pentagastrin also increased acid and pepsin secretion in control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Using garlic in nutritional regimen causes an increase in acid and pepsin secretion in those using this plant.

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Background: Post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a very common and distressing complication after surgeries which may result in more serious problems such as incisional hernia wound dehiscence and aspiration. Cataract surgery following increase in intraocular pressure is sensitive to POVN. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of capsicum ointment on Korean acupressure points in reducing PONV and the amont of anti- emetic medications was used. Methods and Materials: This study is a double-blinded clinical trial which was done on 200 patients who were referred to Amir Kabir hospital for cataract surgery. The patients were randomized assigned to two groups, one who received capsicum ointment and the other placebo (vaseline ointment) at the pressure points (K-K9 and K-KD2). After applying the ointments and during the first 12 hours after the operation the patients were assessed for the incidence and intensity of PONV. Results: The incidence of nausea and vomiting during the first 6 and 12 hours was higher in the placebo group in compare to the capsicum group (p=0.001). Nausea scores were also higher in the 6 and 12 hours in the placebo group (p=0.0005). Uses of metoclopramide was significant higher in the placebo group in compare to the capsicum group (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups for vomiting during first 12 hours ofter opration. Conclusion: Stimulating of both K-D2 & K-K9 Korean acupressure points simultaneously is a simple, noninvasive, cheap and effective method for reducing PONV.

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Background: Dental plaque is composed of bacterial derived extracellular polysacharide known as glucan which is synthesized by Streptococcus mutans. Natural substances that could inhibit the plaque formation of the bacteria have a significant importance. This investigation has evaluated the honey beeswax extract effect on the Gft production, the key enzyme of S. mutans colonization factor for the first time. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study extraction of the sample conducted with ethyl acetate and methanol solutions in the Clevenger extractor. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction was separated in the first step and after the evaporation of the first solute, the 70% methanol as inactive solvent was added and the water mixture was used as a second solution, then materials were separated with dH2O. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the honey beeswax extract was assessed by Broth diffusion method. Examination of cell adherence (Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration, BIC) was calculated by colony counts from surface scratching of glass slides in the bacterial media that supplied with 1% sucrose. Glucosyltransferase expression was detected by 15% SDS poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: Concentration of 1mg/ml of ethyl acetate honey beeswax extract was inhibited completely biofilm and it was prevented the production of glucosyltransferase enzyme. The concentration of formation 6 mg/ml of the extract had bacteriostatic effect and 30 mg/ml concentration of this extract had bactericidal for S. mutans (P<0.01). Conclusion: The sub- bacterial concentrotion honey beeswax extract was able to block the major enzyme that contributes to S. mutans biofilm formation.

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Background: Albizzia lebbeck is used for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. In this study the efficacy of hydro-ethanolic extract of this plant on enteric gram-negative and aerobic gram-positive bacillis was determined. Materials and Methods: In this experimental-clinical trial, cold maceration method by ethanol was used for extraction of Albizzia lebbeck fruit, seed, flower and leaves. Then its polyphenolic components were separated by ethyl acetate. After concentrating the different extracts through disk diffusion and tube dilution, the effect of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) of their antibacterial component on shigella dysenteriae, proteus mirabilis, escherchia coli, bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis were evaluated. Also, the antibacterial effects of Albizzia lebbeck extracts together and in combination with some antibiotics, were compared through variance analysis. Results: Different extracts of Albizzia lebbeck just had similar and positive effects on shigella dysenteriae, bacillus cereus, and bacillus anthracis. However, the hydro-ethanolic fruit extract was more effective than the falavnoid fruit, flower and leave extracts. MIC and MBC results for antibacterial material on the three aforementioned bacterias were 0.125 and 0.25 gram/ml, respectively while the effects of the polyphenolic components of this plant's fruit were similar to its hydro-ethanolic extracts. Conclusion: Through the identification of different components of Albizzia lebbeck and the attainment of new formulations of these components, the grounds will be provided for its application on treatment of patients with inflammatory diseases and asthma, and on improvement of their immune system.

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Background: Some plant extracts, including species of Santolina have antibacterial effects and they can be used as antimicrobial agents in treatment of infections. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the compounds of essential oil and the anti-microbial properties of its essential oil and extract. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, yarrow plant in late spring was collected from Sistan region in 2008. The compounds of the essential oil were analyzed by GC/MS. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and diameter of inhibition zone of growth for the standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, and Candida.albicans were determined through disk diffusion and agar-well diffusion methods and dilution in the liquid medium, respectively. Results: Camphor was the major compound of the essential oil. The standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus presented the greatest sensitivity to the stem extract and leaf extract in MIC> 0.573 and MBC> 1.146, respectively and to the flower extract in MBC> 1.663 and MIC> 0.831, respectively. In addition, it presented an intermediate sensitivity to standard strains E.coli with MBC> 2.293 and MIC> 1.146, respectively to the stem and leaf extract and MBC> 6.650 and MIC> 3.325 respectively to the flower extract. However, the standard strains of Candida albicans and P.aeruginosa did not show a significant sensitivity to the extracts. Also, the essential oil of this plant in comparison with the extracts did not have any significant antimicrobial effects. Conclusion: The plant extracts, especially stem and leaf possess anti-bacterial effects. But further investigations are needed for determining its exact mechanism

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important causes of nosocomial infection which due to extended spectrum-beta lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-beta lactamase (MBL) producing strains is resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to detect ESBL and MBL producing P.aeruginosa isolated from patients and investigate the effects of methanol extracts of Zataria multiflora, Myrtus communis, and Peganum harmala on them. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, samples were obtained from 245 patients, referring to Shafa Hospital, Kerman, Iran. ESBLs producing strains were detected by double disk synergy test and phenotypic confirmatory test. In addition, E-test strips were used for MBL detection. P.aeruginosa MIC was determined for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, azteronam, imipenem, and meropenem. Methanol extracts of Zataria multiflora, Peganum harmala, and Myrtus communis plants were prepared by Agar perculation method. Results: Out of 245 patients referring to the burn unit, 120 P.aeruginosa isolates were detected from which 41 contained ESBL but they lacked MBL. 60% of isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, 66% to ceftazidime, 42% to azteronam, 3% to imipenem, and 5% to meropenem. Among the extracts, Zataria multiflora had the highest antibacterial effect on standard strains of P.aeruginosa in comparison with Peganum harmala and Myrtus communis. Conclusion: The prevalence of ESBL producing P.aeruginosa strains is high. In addition, noticing their high antibiotic resistance, utilization of herbs, such as Zataria multiflora may be considered an appropriate alternative for treatment however, more investigations are needed.

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Background: Brucellosis is caused by brucella which is a facultative intracellular pathogen invading both professional and nonprofessional phagosytic cells. Eucalyptus globulus is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in folk medicine throughout the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus globulus extracts on intramacrophage Brucella melitensis 16M. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after preparing aquatic, ethanolic, and acetonic extracts of Eucalyptus globules, the effect of the extracts on intramacrophge survival of B. melitensis 16M obtained from cell culture of Balb/c mice peritoneal macrophages was studied. In order to do this, after lysis of macrophages, through preparation of serial dilutions and culture on Mueller Hinton agar medium, the number of colonies grown was counted. Results: The maximum antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus globulus extracts on intramacrophage B. melitensis 16 M were in 1:40 dilution (21.62 mg/ml) of the aquatic extract, 1: 640 dilution (1.26 mg/ml) of the ethanolic extract, and 1:320 dilution (2.59 mg/ml) of the acetonic extract after 24h. Conclusion: Aquatic, acetonic, and ethanolic extracts of Eucalyptus globulus possess antimicrobial properties against intramacrophage B. melitensis 16M and ethanolic extract has the most effective antimicrobial activity on intramacrophage Brucella melitensis therefore, these extracts can be useful in treatment of brucellosis.

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Background: Human brucellosis is a significant public health concern in many countries, including Iran. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic techniques, with high sensitivity and minimum risk of laboratory infection are of great importance. PCR is one of the procedures which has these advantages. However, PCR efficiency is largely dependent on DNA extraction methods. In this study, we studied the efficiency of three different extraction methods of brucella DNA in serum samples. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, microbial suspensions were initially prepared in saline that its turbidity was equivalent to 0.5 McFarland. Human serum samples were spiked with certain concentrations of Brucella melitensis in vitro. DNA was extracted by three methods and tested by a genus-specific PCR method. Results: Our results showed that the cinneagen kit protocol detected brucella DNA in lower serum concentrations compared with the other protocols. Cinnagen kit could detect brucella DNA in ten-fold dilution in comparison with the other two methods. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, cinnagen kit was the preferred assay method that yields a better sensitivity for isolation of brucella DNA in serum samples.

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Background: There is some evidence of antinociceptive effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Apium graveolens fruits in some recent studies. In present study, the possible mechanism of this effect of extract has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male mice were examined. To evaluate the antinociceptive effect of extract, formalin test was used. The possible mechanism of extract was investigated with interaction of 3 drugs [Naloxone (2mg/kg), Dextromethorphan (20 mg/kg), L-NAME (20 mg/kg)] and Hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits.(400 mg/kg) Results: Administration of Naloxone had no effect on antinociception of Hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits. There was no significant difference between Dextromethorphan Plus extract and extract group in first phase. Pretreatment with L-NAME, decreased antinociceptive effect of extract in second phase of formalin test(p<0.05) Conclusion: Dextromethorphan has analgesic effect in acute phase and its interaction with hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits shows at least, part of antinoceceptive effect of extract is via NMDA receptors in acute phase. On the other hand, it seems part of antinoceceptive effect of extract is via inhibition of NO syntheses in chronic phase. Extract of Apium graveolens may be effect via other neural pathways such as dopamine, noradrenalin or serotonin that need more research.

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Background: The most important pathogen in nosocomial infections are microorganisms in the patient's body. 90 percent of nosocomial infections caused by bacteria. Medlar is an medicinal plant that its therapeutic effects has historically been emphasized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extract of medlar against bacteria isolated from hospital environment.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the Nosocomial bacteria were obtained from Shahid Mostafa Khomeini hospital, Ilam, Iran. Soxhlet extraction method was used for medlar leaf extract. Disk diffusion method was used to study the effect of antimicrobial and broth microdilution method were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC).

Results: Two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three strain of Staphylococcus aureus and five strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from hospital. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Medlar leaf inhibited the growth of all strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa and four strain of Staphylococcus aureus and also inhibits the growth of all strains of Escherichia coli strains except E4 strain. The maximum antimicrobial activity was against E2 strain that zone diameter around it was 19/67 Millimeters. Quantities of minimum inhibitory concentration for all three strains P1, P2 and P3 and E2, E3, E5, S1, S2 and S3 strains was equals with 125 mg/ml.

Conclusion: Medlar leaf methanolic extract possesses significant antibacterial activity against bacteria causing nosocomial infections and so this extract can be considered in the control of infectious diseases.

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Background: Today, with raised use of antibiotics and prevalence of resistant strains, there is need for antimicrobial drugs that have fewer side effects than antibiotics. Rosmarinus officinalis is a medicinal plant which had many uses in traditional medicine. In this study, methanol leave extract of this plant is tested on various pathogens.

Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, Rosmarinus officinalis was used to evaluate its antimicrobial effects. Methanol leave extract of this plant with concentrations of 400, 200, 100, and 50 mg/ml were prepared, and antibacterial activities were evaluated by well diffusion method on strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the microplate method.

Results: In this study, the most efficacy of thanol extract of rosemary leaves was at concentration of 400 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract on the growth of these bacteria showed changes from 6.25 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml. Also MBC  of extract showed range  from 12.5 to 200 mg/ml respectively.

Conclusion: It was found that rosemary methanol extract inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but did not inhibit of Bacillus cereus growth.

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Background: Lavandula officinalis has anti-anxiety and sedative properties. In the present study, the antidepressant effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Lavandula officinalis in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in male mice was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 72 male mice were randomly divided into 9 groups of 8: Negative and positive control groups received normal saline (10 ml/kg), fluoxetine (20mg/kg) and imipramine (30mg/kg) respectively and treatment groups received extracts of Lavandula officinalis (100,200 and 400 mg/kg). Immobility, swimming and climbing behaviors were recorded during 6-min.

Results: Lavandula officinalis extracts (except the aqueous extract at a dose of 100 in FST) compared to control group significantly and dose dependently reduced the duration of immobility time a both of tests (p<0.001).Also, these extracts (except the aqueous extract at a dose of 100 in FST) significantly and dose dependably increased swimming time (p<0.001) without significant change of climbing time.

Conclusion: Lavandula officinalis has considerable antidepressant-like effect and their effect similar to fluoxetine.

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Background: Leukemiais a malignant and progressive disease of the Hematopoietic tissues of the body. The pistacia atlantica tree base, the geographic in large areas of the Mediterranean and the Middle East is growing. K562Cell class is considered as laboratory model of chronic phase of human CML. We compared the growth inhibitory effects SUZIN as a chemical compared with pistacia atlantica as a combined Zn plant antioxidant capacity in reducing cancer has been studied.

Materials and Methods: Pistachio nut was collected from around Kerman, then they were dried in room temperature and extraction was performed for 48 hours by maceration method. K562 cell class was incubated in medium RPMI-1640 fortified with 10%(v/v) FBS and 50% Streptomycin-Penicillin. Cytotoxic effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of pistacia atlantica against cancer cells K562 was evaluated in three interval by MTT method. Light absorbance by Eliza device was measured in wave length 540 nm. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS15 software and ANOVA test.

Results: Pistacia atlantica in 24h and in concentration 100&mug/ml andSuzin in48h and in 12.5 &mug/ml,72 h and in 50 &mug/ml induced growth inhibition half of the cells were K562. Results obtained from changes in cell morphology influenced by hydro-ethanolic extract of pistacia atlantica and SUZIN suggest abnormal transformation of cells that probably represents apoptosis and necrosis.

Conclusion: Time and concentration against cytotoxic effect of Pistacia atlantica have the combined effect. Whileiron supplementation, alone time is due. Special concentration of pistacia atlantica having high antioxidant capacity with the Suzincan be considered as a potential target for inhibiting K562 cells in treatment of blood cancer.

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Background: Drugs residual discharge into the environment through municipal and hospital wastewaters is one of the emergent environmental problems. Imipenem as a professional hospital antibiotic is widely used against gram- positive and negative bacteria and with entrance to the aquatic environments could prompt a lot of risks such as bacteria resistance, allergies, spoiling alga and daphnia and interrupting in wastewater treatment processes. Therefore there is a command to develop a method for extraction and determination of Imipenem from hospital sewage.

Materials and Methods: Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract Imipenem from samples. Recovery percentage calculated at different pH of 3 and 7. The extracted samples analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with UV detector. HPLC operated using borate buffer/methanol as mobile phase at flow rate of 0.7 ml/min, column temperature of 20 °C, and UV wavelength of 280-300 nm.

Results: Maximum recovery percentage was obtained 68% at pH=7. The best condition for HPLC was 80:20 ratio of borate buffer/methanol with pH=7.5 and at UV wavelength of 300 nm. Linearity calculated 0.9829, primary and intermediate precision both were more than 95%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 3 and 10 µg/l respectively.

Conclusion: The method could simply and with significant reliability be applied to extract and determinate Imipenem in complex hospital wastewater matrixes.

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Background: Nowadays, with the development of drug resistance, the use of herbs as an alternative to chemical drugs is considered by researchers. In this work, effects of Aloe vera extracts on clinical isolates was studied.

Materials and Methods: Aloe vera plant medicinal plants were obtained from a greenhouse. Three extracts including essential oils, extracts and no essential oils and essential oil extraction method also includes a complete extract of Aloe vera were prepared Percolation total. To investigate Microbiology extracts of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical strain of Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 were used as well. Evaluate the effect of two methods: Kirby-Bauer disk with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed using microplate dilution. Turbidity was determined by an ELISA reader apparatus.

Results: All extracts of aloe vera on Klebsiella with a diameter of 32±2 mm mg/ml 285.7 concentration with microplate dilution method was 2.23 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus and MIC zone diameter of 30±2 mm and mg/ml 2.23, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli mg/ml4.46 mm 17.85 mm 30±5 mg/ml 17.85 respectively. Similar concentration of 17.85 mg ml Aloe Vera with a circle formed by the disk mc/ml 10 gentamicin was shown. This effect is similar to other bacteria antibiotics gentamicin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and Cefixime compared with Aloe Vera extract has been proven. Essential oils made from all parts of the same whole extract of aloe vera, but not essential extracts, bacteria studied were ineffective.

Conclusion: In this study the effects of similarity and some excess water Asrsarh Aloe Vera with common antibiotics on bacteria causing the infection was confirmed. Therefore, by production of appropriate pharmaceutical plant drugs with fewer side effects, bacterial infections couled be treated properly.

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Background: Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, it is important to identify the antimicrobial activity of herbs. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts of common hop (Humulus lupulus) and oak (Quercus castaneifolia) against several microbial standard strains.

Materials and Methods: The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of H. lupulus and Q. castaneifolia were extracted. The inhibitory effects of herbal extracts were evaluated against the microbial standard strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans) by both agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods. In the agar diffusion method, concentrations of extracts were 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/ml. In order to determine the MIC, serial dilutions were prepared with a range from 1 to 512 mg/ml.

Results: Alcoholic extract of both hop and oak showed higher inhibitory effect against microbial standard strains, compared to the aqueous extract. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Candida albicans ATCC 76615 showed higher susceptibility to both alcoholic and aqueous extracts compared to Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Statistically significant difference was found on the MIC of alcoholic and aqueous extracts (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This study revealed the considerable inhibitory effects of herbal hop and oak extracts on the various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Although more research is needed in this field, they can be used as new antimicrobials in medicine.

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Background: Shigella is the causative agent of human shigellosis and its lipopolysaccharide is detected by TLR4. TLR4 belongs to Toll-like receptors family and many immunological pathways are triggered when these receptors are stimulated. Many researches showed increasing in TLR4 expression in mesenchymal stem cells through lipopolysaccharide treatment. The main goal of this study is detecting the optimum lipopolysaccharide between shigella strains through stimulation of immune system for vaccine studies.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells were treated with three distinct concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001) of shigella (S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei) extract containing lipopolysaccharide. Then TLR4 expression in mRNA level was investigated by RT-PCR and Q-PCR. The cells treated with phosphate buffered saline have been considered as a control group.

Results: Expression of TLR4 was shown in all of case groups except treatment with concentration 0.001 of extracts from sonnei and dysenteriae and also control group. The variations in the expression of TLR4 was dose-dependent in all of case groups. The maximum expression of TLR4 related to treatment with extract from shigella flexneri strain and the minimum expression related to treatment with shigella sonnei extract. The use of lipopolysaccharide from E. coli as a positive control indicated that lipopolysaccharide in shigella extracts is responsible for the increased expression of TLR4.

Conclusion: The TLR4 expression level was increasesed by S. flexneri extract, so it could be recommended for increasing vaccine efficiency.

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Background: Lamiaceae family has about 200 genuses and 4000 species. The majority of species of the family have essence that was used for nutritional, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil from aerial parts of Bollota platyloma  and antibacterial activity of it.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, study Ballota platyloma, belonging to lamiaceae family and entomic of iran, was collected from Versk region in Mazandaran provinc. Essential oil from aerial parts was obtained by hydro distillation method by using Clevenger apparatus. GC/MS analysis of essential oil was carried out to identify major volatile constituents. Extraction was prepared by maceration method. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Stapylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli was investigated by disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) method.

Results: Results showed that GC/MS analysis of the essential oil confirms the presence of 24 constituents in Ballota platyloma. The main constituents were Hexadecanoic Acid (40.03%), Germacrene D (26.6%) and Beta Caryophylene (4.76%). The results indicated that methanolic extract of Ballota platyloma possessed antibacterial activity. Among the aforementioned bacteria, the highest antibacterial activity was seen against S. aureus and the lowest activity against P. aeruginosa.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the major component of oil essential was germacrene-D and methanolic extract from the aerial parts of Ballota platyloma Rech. f. possess anti-bacterial effects. Thus, in order to find the underlying mechanism of this activity, further research should be carried out.

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Background:  Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting 1% of the population worldwide. As for key role of free radicals in the development of this disease and that Quince leaf is a natural source of antioxidant substances, this study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Quince leaf extract on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviors by an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine in male mice in a ketamine model of schizophrenia.

Materials and Methods: In the experimental research, male adult mice were divided into six groups including: control, Sham (received water orally and saline intraperitoneally), psychosis group (received 10 mg/kg/day ketamine i.p. for 10 days) and treated psychosis groups (received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/day). Treated groups received hydroalcoholic Quince leaf extract orally for 3 weeks before injection of ketamine. Extract gavages continue for 5 days after the last ketamine injection. Locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavioral changes were measured in the open-field test.

Results: The results showed that chronic administration of ketamine increases horizontal locomotor activity and anxiety like behaviors (p≤0.001) and pretreatment of Quince leaf extract effectively decreases horizontal locomotor activity (p<0.001) and increases duration that spends in middle area of Open field (p<0.01) and vertical ocomotor activity(p<0.001).

Conclusion: The results of this research showed that chronic administration of Quince leaf extract improves locomotor disorder and induced anxiety-like behaviors by having antioxidant properties in a ketamine model of schizophrenia.