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Introduction: Chest wall in children is more compliant, slow twitch muscle fibers are less than adults and the alveolus are smaller in size and lesser in number. Airways are more expandable and smaller in diameter. In the other hand the inhalational anesthetics can cause respiratory depression and rapid shallow ventilation. These changes can cause microatelectasia, low respiratory system compliance and increase in work of breathing. Controlled ventilation probably will prevent these events. This study is going to compare behaviors of respiratory system under inhalational anesthesia. Materials and Methods: In a clinical trial, 60 pediatric patients between 6 months to 6 years of age, ASA I & II, who were candidates of elective surgery on extremities and lower abdomen, entered to study. Patients were randomly allocated in two groups of spontaneous and controlled ventilation. In the first group inhalational and in the second group intravenous inductions was performed. Both groups were given halothane (0.8-1%) in a 50% mixture of N2O and O2 for maintenance of anesthesia. HR, RR, BP, SPO2 and T before induction and all of these plus EVT and peak and plateau APs, 5 minutes after induction and every 15 minutes thereafter were measured and dynamic and static compliance were calculated by using measured data. Data was analyzed by ANOVA, T student and Chi square tests. Results: Patients in spontaneous ventilation group had significantly more RR and EtCO2 and less awakening time (p<0.05).Total mean of HR, SBP, DBP, SPO2, T, PIP, PltIP, dynamic and static compliance after induction of anesthesia had no statistical differences between the two groups. Conclusion: There are no constant significant differences between the two groups in respiratory system compliance, airway pressures and T and this study can not prove the development of significant changes in respiratory system indices between the two groups. Thus microatelectasis (if developed) is not clinically important during less than one hour surgeries.

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Background: Multiple sclerosis is one of the most common neurotic diseases, which often occurs between the ages of 20-40, and women are affected twice as often as men. The aim of the present study was the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on psychological symptoms, psychological flexibility and treatment compliance of patients with MS.
Materials and Methods: The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients with MS who referred to Hafez Hospital (Imam Reza (AS) and Shahid Motahari Hospital) in Shiraz. Among the statistical population, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups (15 people) and control group (15 people). The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of therapy based on acceptance and commitment. In order to collect research data, cognitive flexibility questionnaire by Dennis and Vanderwal (2010), psychological symptoms questionnaire by Najarian et al (2010) and medication adherence questionnaire by Moriski et al. Data were analyzed using descriptive tests and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software (version 24).
Results: The results of the analysis of the research findings showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of psychological symptoms, psychological flexibility and treatment compliance in the experimental and control groups (p<0.05). In other words, treatment based on acceptance and commitment to psychological symptoms, psychological flexibility and treatment compliance of patients with MS has been effective.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained from this research, it can be said that one of the useful therapeutic approaches to help improve the psychological variables of MS patients is the therapeutic approach based on acceptance and commitment.