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Introduction: Oral Ketamine is used as a low side effect analgesic in comparison with opioids, in different pain syndromes. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of oral Ketamine in renal colic treatment. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study 104 patients with renal colic, hospitalized in emergency department, were divided in to two groups by Random block design. Group B received Pethidine (1 mg/kg up to 100 mg) and placebo, and group A received Pethidine with the same dose and Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg). All patients were assessed for pain by using VAS chart, for nausea by a 0-3 scale and for the number of vomiting at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 hours after taking drug. The results were analyzed by t-test. Results: Average pain score and vomiting in all times and nausea score in one and three hours after receiving drugs were reduced significantly in patients who took Pethidine and Ketamine comparing patients who took Pethidine and placcbo(p < 0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the significant effect of Ketamine in reduction of pain, nausea and vomiting without side effects, it is possible to use Ketamine as an adjuvant drug in treatment of renal colic and to reduce narcotic dosage.

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Background: Urolithiasis is one of the causes of renal colic. The annual incidence of this disease is 1-2/1000 people. Due to the severity of pain, adverse effects of routine treatments and incomplete pain relief, more effective methods of treatment have always been sought for. Alhagi Pseudalhagi distillate is a traditional herbal medication used for urolithiasis. Due to its wide availability and no previous report of adverse effects, we decided to evaluate its impact on ureteral stone expulsion. Materials and Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 100 renal colic patients whom visited in Arak Vali-asr Hospital or its clinics were divided into two groups. Group1 received Thiazide, Tamsulosin, and analgesics and group 2 received Alhagi Pseudalhagi distillate in addition to aforementioned drugs. The patients were followed upto 4 weeks and the stone expulsion rates and their times were compared. Results: The average stone sizes for groups 1 and 2 were 4.66 and 4.32 mm, respectively (p=0.128). Stones in both groups were mostly located in lower ureter (p=0.551). Expulsion occurred in 40% of group 1 and 66% of group 2 patients (p=0.009). The mean expulsion times for groups 1 and 2 were 11 and 9 days, respectively (p= 0.291). Conclusion: Alhagi Pseudalhagi distillate had a significant effect on the rate of stone expulsion and it is likely to decrease the time needed for the passage of Urolithiasis stones.

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Background: Infantile colic is a behavioral syndrome characterized by severe crying without a specific cause in healthy under three-month-old infants. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of infant massage and rocking on the duration and frequency of crying time in colicky infants. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial involved 100 infants 1-2 weeks of age with colic who referred to Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran, in 2010. The infants were randomly assigned to massage group (n=50) and rocking group (n=50). In the massage group, mothers were recommended to massage their child three times a day for 7 days. In the rocking group, mothers were recommended to rock their child during crying every day for 7 days. In both groups, mothers recorded infant crying durations during one week in a checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The mean difference of total crying times and durations were 8.34 and 4.12 during the first day and 4.26 time/day and 1.32 hour/day during the last day in the massage group, whereas in the rocking group, these values were 7.50 and 2.42 in the first day and 6.94 and 2.14 hour/day in the last day, respectively. The means of crying times and durations in the massage group were more than those of the rocking group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Infant massage can reduce the duration of crying in colicky infants and it can enhance the relationship between mother and child and their relaxation

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Background: Hydatidosis is one of the dengerous zoonotic diseases that cause serious problems for human health, as well as major economic losses for livestock industry. Due to the nature of the parasite life cycle and also the structure of the cyst in human, the control of parasite in community is difficult and its treatment has faced with a major challenge. One of these challenges is inactivating the protoscolices for treatment purposes and preventing secondary cysts. Different chemicals have been used in the treatment of cyst that most of them had serious side effects for the patient. The aim of this study was investigating the scolicidal effects of some herbal extracts in vitro.

Materials and Methods: Liver hydatid cysts were collected from slaughterhouse the cysts fluid containing live protoscolex was aspirated aseptically and stored at 4°C until use. Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg per ml) of each extract (ginger and artemisia) prepared and protoscoleces placed into incubator at 37^oC. The viability of the protoscoleces was determined by eosin staining method at the times 5, 10, 25, 40 and 60 minutes.

Results: The methanolic extract of ginger at the concentration of 100 mg/ml leads to kill all of protoscoleces at 40 minutes. While the artemisia extract in none of   investigated concentrations had not much effect on the protoscoleces.

Conclusion: The study of animal models and complementary tests showed that methanolic extract of ginger can be used as an effective protoscolex for it has high activity.