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Introduction: Nowadays drug abuse is an important problem in the world. Existing data show that using drugs especially pseudo-amphetamine compounds have increased and it seems necessary to determine the knowledge of high risk groups especially youths in this field. The aim of this study is to survey knowledge and attitude of students in Arak University of medical sciences based on Health Belief Model. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analythical study which was carried out on 100 students of medical, nursing- midway and pre-medical schools in 2006.This survey was done by completing a questionnaire including 53 questions base on health belief model. Data was analyzed using Chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The mean age of samples was 22/3(±3/18) years which 67 persons were female. The highest obtained score was related to perceived sensivity and had a meaningful relationship with action (p<0.05). Based on student's opinion of cues to action, TV was the most important resoure in education about Ecstasy. Conclusion:Beased on findings and regarding the meaningful relationship of percieved susceptibility (the danger of using Ecstasy) with action, it is better to provide educational program to prepare youngsters minds about perceived sensivity.

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Background: Nowadays, scientific religion studies using the commonly accepted methods in human sciences is one of the new, interesting research areas in scientific and academic research. Noticing the importance of religion in student’s mental health, this study was designed and conducted. Materials and Methods: In this Cross-Sectional study, 310 students at Arak University of Medical Sciences were randomly surveyed through demographic, Khodayary Fard’s religious attitude, and GHQ-28 questionnaires. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, Chi square, and Pearson-product correlation through SPSS software. In all stages of the research, ethical issues in research were taken into consideration. Results: The mean and standard deviations of age, GHQ, and religious attitude were 21.29±2.22 years, 24.04±9.41, and 81.04±11.9, respectively. In terms of religious attitude, 1.4% (4 students) had weak, 12.5% had moderate, and 86 % (240 students) had strong attitudes. A positive relationship was observed between religious attitude and mental health. Also, there was a significant inverse relationship between religious attitude and age, major, place of living, and mother’s level of education (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, the majority of the students had strong religious attitudes and a significant positive correlation was found between the students’ religious attitude and mental health. Improving religious attractions through educational, religious, cultural programs for enhancing the religious attitudes of students is suggested.

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Background: The UN report on the 41% increase of cesarean labor and its risks in Iran in recent years on the one hand and its association with cognitive and psychological factors on the other motivated us to identify the involving variables so as to control unnecessary cesarean sections. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of fear of pain and related psychological variables (pain catastrophizing, catastrophic cognition, childbirth attitude, depression-anxiety-stress, and experience of pre-menstruation (PMS) in prediction of cesarean labor. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 300 pregnant women from Atieh private and Shahid Akbar Abadi public Hospitals (150 participants from each) were selected and matched by variables, such as age, level of education, month of pregnancy, previous experience of deliveries, tendency to cesarean, type of hospital, and having PMS. To collect data, a battery of questionnaires, including fear of pain, pain catastrophising, catastrophic cognition, childbirth attitude, and depression-anxiety-stress (DASS) were used. The results were analyzed through correlation coefficient and logistic regression. Results: Education, previous experience of deliveries, month of pregnancy were not significant but such variables as the tendency to cesarean, type of hospital, and age were significant (P<0.05). Such variables as pain catastrophizing, catastrophic cognition, and childbirth attitude were significant but other variables, including fear of pain , depression-anxiety-stress, experience of PMS were not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Such variables as the experience of cesarean, type of hospital, and age as well as pain catastrophizing, childbirth attitude, and catastrophic cognition are significant variable in prediction of cesarean labor in pregnant women.

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Background: International AIDS questionnaire allows for making cross-cultural comparisons between individual’s levels of awareness and attitudes towards AIDS. This study assessed the reliability and validity of international AIDS questionnaire for Iranian student population. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 448 students studying in non-medical sciences at universities in Qom were selected through convenience sampling. The participants completed the international AIDS questionnaire–Persian version (IAQ-P). Confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's Alpha were used in order to examine construct and concurrent validities, respectively. Independent t-test was run to compare the questionnaire scores between male and female participants. Results: The CFA supported the four-factor model, and the normative data showed patterns similar to previous research. Four dimensions of the questionnaire data were satisfactory (AGFI=0.91, GFI=0.93 and RMSEA=0.04, P<0.001). The total IAQ-P had a high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.80). Cronbach’s alphas for the sub-scales were 0.78 (myths), 0.78 (attitudes), 0.79 (personal risk), and 0.60 (facts). After one month, test-retest study on a sub-sample of 41 students revealed Pearson correlation coefficient ranges from 0.36 to 0.75 (P<0.001). Conclusion: The IAQ-P was shown to be a valid and reliable instrument and the results of this study are similar to other versions of IAQ in other languages.

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Background: Today, the consumption of junk food as a snack among children, especially in elementary school students is on the rise. This research has measured Theory of Planned Behavior constructs in this field.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional and analytical study that was carried out on 217 primary school students in Arak city in 2015. Students were selected according to cluster sampling method. Data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire consisting of theory of planned behavior constructs such as attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention and performance. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire was studied before the study. Multivariate linear regression model was used to determine the most important predictive constructs of students behavior.

Results: In this study, the mean and standard deviation score of attitude (75.41±12.42), subjective norm (78.25±11.20), perceived behavioral control (63.69±17.06), behavicral intention (76.26±15.44), and performance (48.84±24.44) were observed. Based on the results, perceived behavioral control could predict 23 percent change in behavior. There was a direct correlation between the score of constructs and performance(p<0.05). Moreover, there were not any significant differences(p>0.05) between students nutrition and age(r=0.019), weight (r=0.07), height (r=0.12) and BMI (r=0.07).

Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that positive attitude and self-esteem must taken into account to control students diet, in the design of interventions to prevent consuming junk food.

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Background: Childbirth is a stressful event that requires a mental adjustment. Optimism is one of the important determinants of psychological adjustment which is a combination of interest and positive attitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of optimism training during pregnancy on attitude and intentions to choose the mode of delivery in nulliparous women.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial , 64 primipar pregnant women with normal pregnancies, 34-30 weeks, without indication for cesarean section referring to the health centers in Mashhad in 2014 were selected and were randomly divided into two groups , A (trained) and B (no training). Optimism training during 5 session of the 60-minute, with the group participation of participants and active exercises was conducted. Data were analyzed with using the software SPSS and statistical tests including variance analysis, Fischer exact test, willcoxon, Square-Chi and paired t-test.

Results: Average attitude score towards c/s delivery in the study group, before and after training has a significant difference (p<0.001). Average attitude score towards natural childbirth was significantly higher in intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.002). Frequency of intentions to choose the mode of delivery in the study group, before and after training has a significant difference (p<0.033).

Conclusion: Reults showed that optimism training in creating a positive attitude towards natural childbirth and thus reducing the rate of elective c/s delivery is effective.

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Background and Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic is capable of severely affecting the mental health of health care workers, who are at the forefront of this crisis; while the official staff of health organizations is facing the same danger. Therefore, monitoring awareness and other mental health issues to understand the mediating factors and awareness of appropriate interventions is a necessary priority. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical and administrative staff in facing the COVID-19 virus.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 160 medical and administrative staff of Jahrom hospitals in 2020. Demographic information questionnaire and researcher-made questionnaire of knowledge, attitude and practice of medical personnel about coronavirus (Covid 19) were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 and descriptive and inferential statistical tests.
Results: 65% of subjects were women and the rest were men. In most of the answers given to each item in both groups, the medical and administrative staff’s answers were close to each other. In the case of the statement "I am more likely to get a corona", 54.4% of the medical staff chose the strongly agreed option, while this percentage is 16.5% for the administrative staff. This indicates that the medical staff is very afraid of getting COVID-19. According to the results, the mean knowledge scores of the medical staff (with an average of 94.35) were significantly higher than the administrative staff (with an average of 87.75) (t=5.96, p<0.001). But the performance of administrative staff (with an average of 93.14) is significantly higher than medical staff (with an average of 87.17) (t=-2.710, p=0.007). No significant difference was observed between the mean scores of the attitude scores of both groups (p=0.438).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the level of awareness in the face of corona virus in the administrative staff is significantly lower than the medical staff, but the administrative staff has a better performance in facing of the corona virus than the medical staff. It seems that educational measures are necessary to increase the awareness of these people.

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Background and Aim: Considering the increasing use of dental implants in replacing lost teeth, the odds of failure over time in this treatment are inevitable, as with other dental treatments; thus, it requires careful and regular follow-up. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the awareness and attitude of general dentists about the follow-up of the dental implants to create baseline information to schedule future workshops concerning dental implants.
Methods & Materials: In this analytic cross-sectional study, 98 general dentists of Arak City, Iran were evaluated. Questionnaires were designed in 3 sections, as follows: demographic, awareness, and attitude. After checking the validity and reliability of the questionnaires, they were distributed among the research participants. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, Chi-squared test, and Independent Samples t-tests. The significance level was considered 0.05.
Ethical Considerations: This article was approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.283).
Results: The average score of awareness of the questionnaires was equal to 10.8 (based on the score of 0-19); the mean score of attitude was measured as 12.8 (based on the score of 7-21). Fifty-Three of the explored dentists had performed implant treatment, whose awareness and attitude toward implants follow-up were significantly higher than those of the dentists who did not perform such treatment (P=0.0001). Work experience presented no significant effect on the examined dentists’ awareness and attitude (P>0.05).
Conclusion: General dentists have low awareness and attitude about implant follow-up. Follow-up plays an important role in the long-term success of implant therapy; therefore, dental education/retraining programs should be reviewed in this field.

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