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Association between biological factors and disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents is important to investigate. Antisocial, aggressive and delinquent behaviors in adults often begin early in life. Basal cortisol is a valuable biological characteristic of children with disruptive behavior disorder (DBD). In this study the effect of family training on basal salivary cortisol in children with DBD was investigated. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial study. Basal salivary cortisol levels were studied in 19 children between 8-13 years old with DBD, before and 2 months after intervention (family training). The disruptive behavior of the child was assessed with child behavior checklist (CBCL). Cortisol levels and score of behavior were compared before and after intervention. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test and pearson correlation. Results: Salivary cortisol before family training was 7.9±4.6 nmol/L and after that was 10.46±3.84 nmol/L which was significantly different (p<0.001). Behavior score before intervention was 72.05±10.10 and after that was 49.361±1.89 that was also significantly different (p<0.0001). Children with lower basal salivary cortisol had a better response to intervention. Conclusion: Parent training is an effective method for behavioral modification in DBD. Salivary cortisol can be considered as a predictive factor for severity of disruptive behavior, also a factor to assess the response to parent training in children with DBD.

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Background: Muscle mass is known to be a significant predictor of bone mineral density (BMD), and myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth. The aim of present study was investigate the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density and serum myostatin in healthy young men. Methods and Materials: In this clinical trial thirty young men were assigned to resistance training (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The training group participated in 6 mounths of progressive whole-body resistance training. Total body fat, lean body mass, total body BMD, femoral neck BMD and L2-L4 spine BMD were determined by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) before and after 6 mounths of resistance training. Serum level myostatin measured by enzyme immnoassay. Results: Resistance training caused significant increases in chest press (52.36±6.36 vs 62.20±8.96 kg), leg press (135.24±13.77 vs 146.91±17.66 kg), lean body mass (61.00±0.96 vs 62.58±2.08 kg) and femoral neck BMD (1.115±0.078 vs 1.131±0.088 g/cm2), whereas myostatin were decreased (102.91±10.18 vs 94.03±13.93 ng/ml) (P<0.05). Total body BMD and L2-L4 spine BMD did not change with 6 months resistance training. Conclusion: A 6 month resistance training program increases muscle mass, power and improves BMD of the femoral neck in young men, and myostatin inhibition may play an important role in increasing BMD which is induced by resistance training.

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Background: Recognition of mortality-related factors in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) could increase efficiency and effectiveness of these units. This research determined the relationship between the physical structure, human resources and their relevance to mortality rate in Intensive Care Units. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional study, all ICUs of hospitals in Markazi province were considered. Data gathering tools were resource (human, physical and training) questionnaires and checklists which their reliability and validity were accepted by Monitoring and Validation Center of Ministry of Health. Mortality rate after 24 hours of admition was also determined in relation to hospital resources and activities. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Total score of human, physical and training resources in hospitals of Markazi Province is 55 percent of the country standard score. Mortality ratio after 24 hours of admission, to all patients (released and deceased patients) was highest in Vali-e-Asr hospital (25%) and lowest in Saveh Shahid Chamran Hospital (5%). There wasn’t significant difference in this ratio among hospitals. There were no significant difference between obtained scores of each resource (human, physical and training) among University, Social Insurance and Qods (private) hospitals with respect to mortality rate 24 hours of admission. Conclusion: Human, physical and training resources have not direct effect on decreasing mortality rate after 24 hours of admission but can create necessary conditions for providing higher quality services.

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Abstract Background: What makes a physician to a proficient one is accompanying science and moral together, especially observing religious features of the patient. Therefore, present study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of Arak University of Medical Sciences students in medical religious in pre and post training, 2005-06. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, questionnaire was prepared including 50 questions on medical religious commandments. After filling questionnaires by 227 students, were confidentially collected in a box. In next stage, the book on medical commandments according to four religious authorities was freely presented to the participants to be read within two weeks then 50 questions about medical commandments were prepared again. Results: In the present study, 81.9% were female and 18.1% were male. The basic sciences students were lower acquaintance before reading the book and midwifery students had better acquaintance (43%). The changing percentage of knowledge in all groups had significant difference with medical commandments in second period as compared to the first period, (p‹0.001). Conclusion: The knowledge of students in different courses in medical religious commandments was not significant. But, after training, there have been considerable changes in their medical commandments knowledge. Therefore, it is recommended to train medical commandments in parallel with training scientific and practical courses.

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Background: Primary dismenorrhea or painful menstruation, in the absence of any specific pelvic diseases, is one of the most common complaints in women’s medicine. The main goal of this study is to examine the effect of isometric trainings on primary dismenorrhea. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental Stud, 30 female students from Payame-noor and Azad Universities in Golpaygan were randomly assigned into two exercise and non-exercise groups. The exercise group did 8 weeks of isometric exercises under the supervision of a physical education expert. The trainees were examined based on the intensity and duration of pain, the amount of bleeding, and consumption of drugs in the first period of menstruation (pre-test), the second period of menstruation (mid-test) and the third period of menstruation ( post-test ). Results: Intensity of pain in the exercise group decreased after 4 weeks (p<0.05) while the duration of pain declined after 4 weeks (p<0.05) and 8 weeks (p<0.01). Also, the amount of taken drugs decreased after 8 weeks of exercise (p<0.05), but the degree of bleeding did not change significantly (p>0.05). Conclusion: Isometric exercises decreased intensity and duration of pain, and the amount of drugs taken in primary dismenorrhea. Therefore, such exercises can probably be used in the treatment of primary dismenorrhea.

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  Introduction: Researches indicates that physical training are a basic component of pulmonary rehabilitation in asthmatic patients , and can result in improvement of sign and symptoms of asthmatic patients.The purpose of present study is evaluation of the effects of physical exercises on pulmonary function and clinical manifestations and signs and symptoms of asthmatic patients.

  Materials and methods: The samples included 24 asthmatic patients that participated in a physical exercise program have refered to Ardebil Bou _Ali Hospital (1386) .The researcher followed test –re-test design in the present study.

  The data were collected using an asthma clinical manifestations questionnaire and pulmonary function test (Spirometery).

  Results: Physical exercises program was effective in improvement pulmonary function of asthmatic patients, and exercises decrease asthmatic signs such as: attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing.

  Conclusion: The results indicate that asthmatic patients would benefit from a physical training and such a physical exercise program can be adapted for use in clinical practice.

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Background: Adiponectin is a protein which is initially secreted exclusively by adipocytes but its secretion decreases in obese and overweight individuals. With its anti-inflammatory properties, adiponectin acts as an agent which can decrease the risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine adiponectin serum levels in type II diabetic men and explore its relationship with insulin resistance following aerobic exercise. Materials and Methods: In this semi- experimental study, 30 men with type II diabetes were randomly assigned to training and control groups. The training group went through an 8-week training program which consisted of three 40-50 minute aerobic exercise sessions a week (running on treadmill at intensities corresponding to 30to 75% of maximal heart rate (35-75% HR max)). For measuring adiponectin and insulin serum levels, blood samples were obtained through ELISA technique in 2 stages, weeks zero and eight. For determining insulin resistance, insulin resistance index was utilized. In order to evaluate the results, dependent and independent t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results did not indicate the presence of a significant relationship between adiponectin and insulin resistance following training (P=0, r=-0.14). In comparison with the control group, training induced a 39% decrease in adiponectin serum levels, a 10% decrease in BMI and bodyweight, and a 48% decrease in insulin resistance (P>0.001) Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that in response to the 8-week aerobic training program, adiponectin serum levels significantly increased while insulin resistance got decreased. In addition, there was not a significant relationship between adiponectin serum level changes following training and insulin resistance index.

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Background: Cardiovascular diseases are directly influenced by some specific psychological behaviors accompanied by stress and anxiety that in the long run increase cardiovascular diseases risk and bring about some complications. This study was carried out to examine the effects of relaxation and distraction training on anxiety reduction in cardiac patients,. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, sixty 40-65 year old patients with cardiac diseases were selected by convenience random sampling procedure and were randomly assigned to different experimental groups: 15 patients received relaxation training, 15 patients received distraction training, 15 patients received both relaxation and distraction training, and 15 patients stayed in the waiting list group. All participants completed STAI-S and STAI-T before and after the training program. Data were analyzed by factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: The results indicated that instruction of anxiety reduction techniques significantly decrease cardiac patients’ anxiety. There were no significant differences between the two genders. Also, there were no significant decreases between different educational levels and types of diagnosis in the anxiety reduction. Conclusion: Noticing the decrease in anxiety due to relaxation and distraction in patients hospitalized with cardiac diseases, the use of these techniques in all stages of prevention and treatment of coronary heart diseases seems necessary.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to review the effect of a mobilization exercise and strengthening program with dynamic splint on prevention of repeated shoulder dislocation in professional athletes. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective quasi experimental study, 18 athletes with mean age of 25 years suffering from repeated anterior shoulder dislocation with effective trauma were reviewed in a mobilization and strengthening program with dynamic splint of shoulder. The results were evaluated by Constant Shoulder Score (CSS), descriptive analysis, and t- test. Results: The decreased range of motion in shoulder joint in abduction and external rotation in comparison with healthy shoulders was 36 degrees. The training program had a significant effect on reduction on repeated anterior shoulder dislocation. In radiology, 3 cases of premature arthritis which had restriction in external rotation were observed. Conclusion: Rate of instability after mobilization and strengthening program with dynamic splint was low but due to the restriction that dynamic splint induces in external rotation of shoulder joint, this program should be done by professional athletes in a way that in the final stages of the training program splints are used less.

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Background: Old, obese, and sedentary individuals are at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Exercise improves metabolic anomalies associated with such diseases, but the effects of caloric restriction in coupled with exercise on such high- risk groups are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12 week lifestyle modification program on C- reactive protein and metabolic syndrome parameters in middle-aged obese/overweight men. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study with pretest – posttest design, 21 sedentary men were randomly assigned to 12- week caloric restriction (CR) [~500kcal] (age: 45.59± 4.90, BMI: 30.02± 1.73, CR, n=10) or exercise+caloric restriction group (EX+CR) [~500kcal] (age: 45.23± 5.6, BMI: 29.84± 1.60, EX+CR, n=11). Body composition, cardiovascular risk markers, and C- reactive protein were measured pre and post intervention. Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, significant reduction in body weight, abdominal fat (visceral, subcutaneous), insulin resistance, blood lipid profile, and C- reactive protein were observed in EX+CR group (P>0.05), Whereas, in CR group only significant improvement were observed in body weight and insulin resistance index (P>0.05). Conclusion: Lifestyle interventions incorporating diet to exercise improve insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged obese/overweight men.

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Background: The effects of acute and chronic exercises on insulin resistance index may be related to one or more factors, including morphological changes and hormonal modifications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single session of resistance training on adiponectin levels and insulin resistance until 24 hours post-exercise. Materials and Methods: This experimental study, which followed a pretest-posttest design, was conducted on a group of 10 healthy male volunteers (23±1.4 years) with no history of participation in any regular exercise programs, weight changes more than 2 kg, special diseases, and smoking over the past 6 months that had normal body mass index (BMI) (23.7±1.6 kg.m-2). The subjects performed a single session resistance training (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1 repetition maximum). Adiponectin, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index levels were measured before and 24 hours after the exercise. Results: There were no significant differences for adiponectin (μ g.ml-1) pre- (6.98±1.9) and post-exercise (8.07±1.4) and glucose (mg.dl-1) pre- (81.3±7.6) and post-exercise (80.7±6.4). However, insulin resistance index pre- (1.34±0.27) and post-exercise (1.06±0.11) and insulin concentration (UΙμ.ml-1) pre-(6.64±0.88) and post-exercise (5.37±0.43) decreased significantly 24 hours post-exercise (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be suggested that a single session of resistance training with no significant changes in adiponectin level can have positive effects on glycemic indices in sedentary men.

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Background: Physiological studies suggest that sleep deprivation may influence bodyweight through affecting appetite (decreasing leptin and increasing ghrelin). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training on obesity indices, serum levels of ghrelin and leptin, and sleep quality in overweight and obese men. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 overweight and obese men with low sleep quality were randomly assigned to aerobic training (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. Aerobic training was performed (50-60 min/day, 3 day/week) for 12 weeks. Serum ghrelin and leptin and obesity and sleep quality indices were measured before and after the intervention. Changes in dependent variables resulting from the training intervention were assessed by dependant t-test using SPSS software. Results: After aerobic training, weight (p<0.03), body mass index (p<0.04), visceral fat (p<0.04), total abdominal fat (p<0.03), and sleep quality (p<0.001) significantly improved. However, ghrelin and leptin serum levels did not change in response to aerobic training (p<0.05) during the same period. Conclusion: Short-term aerobic training improved obesity indices and sleep quality in obese/overweight men, yet this improvement was not accompanied by changes in ghrelin and leptin serum levels.

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Background: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system which leads to myelin destruction. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training on functional capacity and percent body fat in women with moderate multiple sclerosis.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 15 women with multiple sclerosis (aged 33.68±8.22 years) with EDSS<4 were randomly divided into experimental (n=8) and control (n=7) groups. An aerobic program prolonged for 8 weeks, 3 days/week, 20-40 minutes/day, with 60-80% of HRmax was run in the experimental group. Some functional capacities, such as speed running, walking endurance, balance, and VO2 Max, as well as BF% were measured before and after the training program in both groups.

Results: The results showed that aerobic training led to significant increases in walking endurance, walking speed, balance, and VO2max (p<0.001). These indices, however, decreased significantly in the control group (p<0.05). Additionally, after the training program, percent body fat decreased significantly in the experimental group (p=0.005), but it increased significantly in control group (p=0.002).

Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study, it can be stated that aerobic training can improve functional capacity and decrease percent body fat in multiple sclerosis patients

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Background: Interleukin-1&beta (IL-1&beta) as a cytokine act in relationship to development of obesity and Insulin resistance. purpose of the study was compare the effects of Ramadan fasting (as dietary pattern) and aerobic exercise training on IL-1&beta and Insulin resistance in non-active obese subjects.
Materials and Methods: This study was semi-experimental research with repeated measures design. In this study, 18 obese male in Mashhad (between 40 to 50 years old and body mass index>30 Kg/m2) randomly was selected and after it was divided into fasting (N=9) and fasting and aerobic exercise training (N=9) groups. While the first group performed the fasting, then other group was performed aerobic exercise training for 27 sessions. They also performed the fasting. Finally, blood samples were taken for four different times.
Results: Statistic analysis shown that body fat percent of subjects was significantly decreased in both groups (p<0.05). Also, amount of insulin resistance was significantly decreased in fasting group (p<0.05). In addition, amount of IL-1&beta was significantly decreased in both groups(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Research results shown that levels of IL-1&beta decreased by fasting and especially by aerobic exercise training and it may lead to the decrease of insulin resistance in obese subjects.

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Introduction: This study was to examine the effects of endurance training and high-fat diet in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the male adult rat hippocampus.

Materials and Methods: Twenty eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) Regular diet-sedentary (RD-Sed), (2) Regular diet-Exercise (RD-Exe), (3) HF-sedentary (HF-Sed), and (4) HF- Exercise (HF- Exe) RD-Sed group was regarded as control. Animals in exercise groups received 8-wk endurance training and animals in HF groups were exposed to the HF diet for 8-wk. Hippocampal BDNF protein was assessed using commercial ELISA kits and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Statistical differences were considered significant at p<0.05.

Results: The results showed that the endurance training had no significant increase in BDNF protein level comparison with the RD-Sd and HF-Sed groups moreover the high-fat diet had no significant effect in BDNF protein level.

Conclusion: According to results of present study, looks applications of endurance training can increase amount of hippocampus BDNF protein level.

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Background: Mir-210 is proangiogenic microRNAis endothelial cells. This microRNA, causes the repression of some genes and proteins target so cause angiogenesis process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Mir-210 and EphrinA3 receptor genes expression in soleus muscles of male rats.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Twelve Wistar male rats(ageof eightweeks, average weight of 210.5±9.77)were randomly divided into exercise(n=6)and control (n=6) groups. High Intensity Interval Training was formed five days a week for eight weeks to taly including three Intervals (four minutes with an intensityof 90 to 100%VO2max and two minutes with an intensityof 50 to 60%VO2max).24 hours after exercise protocol, the rats were dissected and separated soleusmuscle. Mir-210 and EphrinA3receptor genes expression was performed by Real Time-PCRtechnique. Mir-210 and EphrinA3receptor genes expression were calculated by using the2∆∆CT and in dependentt-test to determine the significance of variables.

Results: Results showed that HIIT there had no significant effects on Mir-210 gene expression (p=0.16) Whe ars EphrinA3 gene expression in the exercise group was statistically significant (p=0.000).

Conclusion: It seems that a non-significant increase of Mir-210 and reduce in EphrinA3 gene expres sion, causes proangiogenic Operation ofendothelial cells and an increase in VO2max of rats following eight weeks of HIIT performance can be due to increased angiogenesis process.

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Background: Derived hormones from Adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, omentin.The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on plasma levels of Apelin, Omentin and glucose in obese older women with diabetes type 2.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 obese older women were chosen. They were also divided in to two groups: control (n=15 Age: 53.3+5.88 BMI: 28.7+2.2) and experimental (n=15 Age: 52.6+ 7.12: BMI: 30.03+3.6) according to their fat percentage and BMI. The training program included aerobic exercises which were conducted increasingly, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before starting the exercise training and also 24 hours after the last training session. U Mann-Whitney Test was used to evaluate the data and in order to compare each group's pretest and posttest, Wilcoxon test was used at the significance level of p&le 0.05.

Results: There were significant changes in apelin and glucose plasma levels in the training group (p=0.001 and p=0.006 respectively). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between each group's omentin levels.

Conclusion: It was finally concluded that exercise training can facilitate the process of glucose entrance into a cell because of the continuous muscle contractions and also decrease the plasma glucose. Also each adipokine response might be depend on the intensity and duration of exercise training, separately.

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Background: There are few studies related to effects of exercise training, including concurrent training, on hormonal changes in children. Hence, the aim of this study was to Compare theeffects of 6 weeks of resistance training and concurrent resistance and endurance training on aerobic power (VO2peak) and resting levels of growth hormone and cortisol in healthy children.

Materials and Methods: The subjects ofthis quasi-experimental study were 35 healthy boys between 9-11 years old, which were randomly divided into three groups of concurrent training (n=12), resistance training (n=11), control (n=12). Experimental groups were trained during 6 weeks 3 times a week.Control group were performed only their routine activities. VO2peak test was taken 48 hours before and after implementation of 6-weeks protocols and samples were selected from all subjects.Measurement of resting levels of GH and cortical was performed with ELISA method. For data analysis, one way ANOVA and paired t-test were used.

Results: The results showed that VO2peak and resting levels of GH increased significantly in concurrenttraining group (p=0.001, p=0.003, respectively). Resting level of cortisol in concurrent group was significantly lower than the other groups (p<0.05) and it was reducedsignificantlyin concurrent training and resistance training groups (p=0.001, p=0.036).

Conclusion: It seems a concurrent training period has greater benefits on VO2peak and resting levels of GH and cortical in children in comparison with resistance training.

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Background: Considering to the frequency of occurrence of hypoglycemia in diabetes, alternative substrates for glucose play an important role in maintaining brain metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of endurance training on brain lactate uptake during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, seventy-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups: Control, Trained, Diabetic control and Diabetic trained. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneally injection of streptozotocin. After 8 weeks of endurance training, Hypoglycemia was induced by an intraperitoneally injection of insulin. One-half hours after hypoglycemia, lactate (4 mmol/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into animals. Animals were killed at intervals of 10, 20, and 30 min after injection, plasma and brain concentration of lactate and glucose were measured.

Results: A significant difference was found for plasma lactate concentration at intervals 20 (p<0.05) and 30 (p<0.05) between healthy groups and also between diabetic groups (p<0.05). Thirty minutes after injection, significant increase in brain lactate concentration was found between control and trained (p<0.05) and control diabetic and diabetic trained (p<0.05). Brain/plasma ratio of lactate had a similar pattern with brain lactate concentration. Increase in brain lactate concentration had no effect on decreased level of brain glucose concentration.

Conclusion: Endurance training can increase the brain lactate uptake of diabetic rats during hypoglycemia.

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Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of training, and noise stress on serotonin plasma level of Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: For many years, physical activity have been used for the treatment of different neuropsychological dieases. Twenty one male witar rats (9-10 weeks old and 170.82±20.57g weight) were randomly divided into three groups: the noise group (n=7), training+noise group (n=7), and the control group (n=7). The aerobic training was performed 5 days per week, for a 60-day period. The noise stress included exposure to traffic noise 5 hrs/per day over a 60-day period (range:85-110 dB).The control group was not exposed to any noise or exercise, and was kept away from the sources of stress the rats were kept under the same conditions. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and plasma serotonin concentrations were determined.For the statistical data analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were used (&alpha&le0.05).

Results: Plasma serotonin concentration significantly decreased in noise groups, in comparison with the controls (21.9±2.1, vs.40.8±7.3 &mumol/m, respectively p<0.000). The plasma serotonin levels in the noise +training groups (36.2±3.1) were apparently near to the controls However, resistance training could significantly increase plasma serotonin concentration in the noise+training group rats.

Conclusion: Increased serotonin level following resistance exercises might reduced stress in subjects.