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Introduction: Depression is one of the psychiatric disorders that causes loss of energy, decrease of concentration and daily activity that these also became decreased in motivation and educative activity of students. The aim of this study was assesed to determine the prevalence of depression and it's related factors of Arak university of medical sciences in 79-80.
Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional and the sample of study consisted of all medical sciences students that came to university on fall of 79 (N=153) that were screened for depression at the biginning time of educational course and then 3 terms later by using personal data questionair and short form (21 statements) of Beck Depression Inventory Test.
Results: From 153 students, 38 (%22.1) respondants at biginning of course obtained the score in between 17 and>17 were determined as depressive case, then after 3 terms this figure increased to 58 (%38.5), this differences was significant differences between depressive and nondepressive groups in variables such as proper of dornitory condition 3, satisfaction of field of study 3.64, satisfaction with the educative conditions of the university 3.49, satisfaction with student-management relationship 3.77, appropriate cmotional-supportative and security condition in between family and students 4.32, economical condition of safe and families 3.58, at biginning time and then 3 terms later in arrangement of above were 2.82, 3.66, 3.37, 2.79, 2.66, 4.17 and 3.67 that these diffrences due to constant samples were significant and has had significant roles in prevalence of depression.
Conclusion: This study showed that depression was increased in students of Arak University of Medical Sciences after 3 terms and it is related with some stressful factors such as family, social and economical factors.

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Introduction: Saffron (crocus sativus L.), an important spice rich in carotenoids, is used in folk medicine to treat numerous diseases. This study examines the effects of saffron consumption on innate and humoral immunity of healthy male students.
Materials and Methods: 41 healthy volunteered university students in two control and case groups were included in this study and consumed respectively milk and milk containing saffron for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the subjects at weeks 0, 3 and 6. Innate immunity was evaluated by determining the percentage and counts of monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, platelets and the total white cells, CRP concentration and C3 and C4 concentrations and humoral immunity was assessed by deterning the percentage of lymphocytes and the concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA.
Results: Three weeks after saffron consumption, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration increased significantly (P<0.05, P=0.01). Total white blood cells and platelets count also reduced significantly (P<0.05). After 6 weeks, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration reduced significantly (P<0.05, P< 0.001) and platelets count increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared with week 3.
Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that saffron consumption enhances innate and humoral immunity systems and has anti-inflammatory effects. These effects depending on the duration of saffron consumption.

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Introduction: World health organization has proclaimed the prevalence of smoking among 15 years old European region students, more than 24 percent. The cigarette smoking indicator in our country among over 15 years old individuals is 11.9 percent and in the province under survey is 15.6 percent. This research has been performed in order to study the effect of health education program based on health belief model (H.B.M) on preventive actions of smoking in middle school students. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study, done on 248 students of grade one in middle schools of Boukan city (119 boys and 129 girls) that were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Data collection tool was a questionnaire including 77 questions based on health belief model (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers to smoking, and cues to action) and preventive actions of smoking. After data collection in the first stage, action was taken with regard to educational intervention and then in the second stage (after the intervention), data was collected again. Data was analyzed using T test. Results: Results showed that the mean score of all parts of health belief model in experimental group(except for perceived barriers) after educational intervention compared to before intervention was increased significantly and also the mean score of all parts of HBM after intervention was significantly increased in experimental group compared to control group. Conclusion: The results of this survey show that by increasing the score of health belief model parts including, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity and perceived benefits, adopting preventive actions of smoking also increases. Therefore, the results of this survey confirm the efficiency of health belief model in adopting preventive actions of smoking.

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Introduction: Nowadays drug abuse is an important problem in the world. Existing data show that using drugs especially pseudo-amphetamine compounds have increased and it seems necessary to determine the knowledge of high risk groups especially youths in this field. The aim of this study is to survey knowledge and attitude of students in Arak University of medical sciences based on Health Belief Model. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analythical study which was carried out on 100 students of medical, nursing- midway and pre-medical schools in 2006.This survey was done by completing a questionnaire including 53 questions base on health belief model. Data was analyzed using Chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The mean age of samples was 22/3(±3/18) years which 67 persons were female. The highest obtained score was related to perceived sensivity and had a meaningful relationship with action (p<0.05). Based on student's opinion of cues to action, TV was the most important resoure in education about Ecstasy. Conclusion:Beased on findings and regarding the meaningful relationship of percieved susceptibility (the danger of using Ecstasy) with action, it is better to provide educational program to prepare youngsters minds about perceived sensivity.

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Abstract Background: The University is a stressful place can cause depression symptoms and it's a critical context for studying of students’ psychological health. Because of moving away from family, living with other students, academic atmosphere pressures and uncertain future, students are often in risk of depression. This study was done to determine prevalence and related factors of depression in students of Arak, Iran. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 304 undergraduate medical and basic students in Arak universities, from May to July 2008. General Health Questionnaire -28 question (GH-28) has been used for data gathering and analyzed by T-test, chi2 and logistic regression tests. Results: Mean of students' general health was 26.18±11.02 and 52.3% of students were scored above the threshold of GHQ- 28, that indicating depression. Female sex, major uninteresting, uncertain future and positive family history were the most important risk factors of depression but significant relationship between age, education Course and year were not seen. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was higher than society and in girls is more than boys students. But there wasn’t any difference between medical and non medical students. So attention to financial and occupational future of graduated and under graduated students is essential.

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Abstract Background: This study was done to asses the educational barriers and problems, and improves the problems from the medicine students’ viewpoint in Arak, 2006-07. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, a valid and reliable questionnaire concluding 71 questions about problems related to education, equipments, personnel, professors, motivation and evaluation methods was distributed among all interns (n=28) and externs (n=44). Results: Inappropriate duration of basic science education was 68%, too much general lesson was 86% did not provide a task description was 84.5% and lesson plan was 91.7% were considered at the start of course. Most of students were asked for learning clinical skill on mulage before practicum (84.5%) and internship (79.9%). Most of students believed that teaching pathology (86.1%) and pharmacology (97.3%) of each course may present by that course in clinic. Lake of sufficient diversity (71.8%), training equipment and inappropriate conference hall (54.9%) and library (76.1%) were considered. Inappropriate behavior 81.7% and corporation with students (58.6%) were reported. About professors, the mean was 16.8±5.1. The most of students worried about their unclear occupational future (87.1%) and 78.6% were believed that exams can not evaluate their knowledges. Conclusion: Asking for lesson plan present in start of course and clinical skills learning on the mulage before practicum and internship are including students demands that can easy to do. Umlaut of basic and clinical courses and teaching pathology and pharmacology courses in clinic can facilitate the basic and clinical courses learning.

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Abstract Background: One of the most important effective factors on students’ learning is their learning style. This study was done to determine learning styles of students in Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2008. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross sectional study, 241 first semester students in Arak University of Medical Sciences were selected by census sampling method. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire containing demographic questions and Kolb's learning style questionnaire. Results: The most students learning style was assimilating (58.1%), Converging (25.31%), diverging (10.37%) and accommodating styles (6.22%) were followed. In all fields the most prevalent learning style was assimilating, too. The majority of operating room (56.2%), battle health with disease (57.9%), environment health (53.6%), nursing (43.9%), medical (72.4%), laboratory science (73.1%), midwifery (64.3%) and anesthesia students (65%) were this style. Conclusion: Considering the assimilator and converging learning styles among students, it is recommended to use lecture and self learning, visual methods, diagrams, teacher’s handouts, and face to face learning methods. Also, communication skills of medical science students must be supported, because, assimilating and converging have less interest to communicate with others.

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Abstract Background: Studies which related to effective factors on professors evaluation had a god improvement in academic department. Despite many researches in this area, most of the results have been unconvincing due to data heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to determind and analyze the scores of professors’ evaluation in Arak University of Medical Sciences base on some effective factors. Materials and Methods: This study was an analytical cross-sectional that was carried out on all Arak University of Medical Sciences academic members with census method, during 2001-2007. The scores of professors’ evaluation base on students’ viewepoint and others factors were used and analyzed in achieve of Education Development Center (EDC). Results: The scores mean of professors evaluation during this 6 years were various 15.03-16.45. Evaluation scores mean had significant difference. There were a V.S weak correlation between studens’ number and evaluation score mean. Conclusion: The results of professor evaluation by students were various during 6 years. It must be determine important variables such as class, effective factors on educational period, professors and time of education, and supplementary studies were done by considering these factors.

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Abstract Background: Now a day, internet addiction is a common problem that defines as abuse in computer and online information. In addicted students to internet may develop many types of problem in education. This research was designed to determine the effect of internet addiction on educational status of Arak university of medical sciences students, spring 2009 Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 426 Arak medical university students passing at least one term of his/her course in spring 2009. A Yang standard internet addiction questionnaire applied for data gathering and after data entry was analyzed in 0.05 significant levels. Results: Mean and standard deviation of age, average of scores and Yang internet addiction score were as 20.95±1.41, 16.13±1.38 and 32.74±14.52, respectively. Internet addiction associated with number of failed and passed total, average decline in recent terms, educational term and obtaining average score under 12 (p<0.05). But didn’t associate with course, educational level and faculty of education (p>0.05). Conclusion: Since internet addiction can affected the educational status inversely, and reduces average score and educational subsidence, endeavor for beneficial opportunities prevention is essential.

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Abstract Background: Medication errors in healthcare professionals can threat the health of patient seriously. The purpose of this study is to investigate the comments of nursing educators about reasons and reduction strategies of medication errors in nursing students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done in 2008. Statistical population was included educators of nursing students in Arak nursing and midwifery school through census method, 22 nursing educators were studied. For data gathering, a self- made questionnaire including two sections of demographic information and questions about reasons and reduction strategies of medication errors in nursing students, was used. Results: Respectively 50% and 100% of nursing educators have observed at least one occurred and were occurring medication errors. The most common causes of medication errors were lake of pharmacological information, poor drug calculation skills and illegible medication orders in drug card. Conclusion: The rate of medication errors in nursing students was high. It seems some causes like lake of pharmacological information and drug calculation, have associate with their education. Using these results, we can find the weaknesses of student or the educational system and resolve them

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Abstract Background: The important reality is that all of human developments and successes are due to learning. Knowing students learning styles will help to produce an educational plan in order to optimal and effective learning. The aim of this study was the comparison of learning styles and preferred teaching methods of different students of medical sciences. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional research. That was done on all students at Fasa Medical Sciences University in 2009. For data gathering, questionnaires of demographic variables and Kolb Learning Style Inventory (KLSI) was used and analyzed. Results: Majority of students learning style was convergent learning (38.3%) and then assimilator learning style (29.9%). More frequent preferred teaching method was group discussion. There was a significant difference between learning styles and course of students (P=0.011). Conclusion: Since, the majority of students had convergent and assimilator learning styles is recommended, considering the diversity of learning styles, educational methods related ro learning styles were using.

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Abstract Background: What makes a physician to a proficient one is accompanying science and moral together, especially observing religious features of the patient. Therefore, present study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of Arak University of Medical Sciences students in medical religious in pre and post training, 2005-06. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, questionnaire was prepared including 50 questions on medical religious commandments. After filling questionnaires by 227 students, were confidentially collected in a box. In next stage, the book on medical commandments according to four religious authorities was freely presented to the participants to be read within two weeks then 50 questions about medical commandments were prepared again. Results: In the present study, 81.9% were female and 18.1% were male. The basic sciences students were lower acquaintance before reading the book and midwifery students had better acquaintance (43%). The changing percentage of knowledge in all groups had significant difference with medical commandments in second period as compared to the first period, (p‹0.001). Conclusion: The knowledge of students in different courses in medical religious commandments was not significant. But, after training, there have been considerable changes in their medical commandments knowledge. Therefore, it is recommended to train medical commandments in parallel with training scientific and practical courses.

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Abstract Background: Tendency to use of portfolio for evaluating has been developed with the aim of optimum use of assessment culture. Present study was done to determine the effect of portfolio’s evaluation method on midwifery students’ learning and satisfaction in gynecology practical training. Materials and Methods: In this qusi-experimental study, all midwifery students in sixth semester (n=42), were randomly allocated to portfolio and routine evaluation group. Based on educational goals, portfolio groups prepared package which consists of a complete report of history, physical exam and method of patient management for women whom visited gynecology clinic and were evaluated by a portfolio’s evaluation checklist. During the last day of their course, post test, clinical exam and opinion form were taken. Results: The mean of age, score of pretest and gynecology theory were similar in both groups. The mean of pre and post test scores for students of both groups didn’t have significant difference for knowledge and comprehension levels. The mean score of application, analysis and cognitive higher levels questions in portfolio group were significantly greater than routine evaluation group (p=0.001, p=0.02, respectively). The mean of clinical exam score in both groups had a significant difference. In portfolio group, mean of diagnostic and therapeutic solution and Communication between theoretical and clinical leanings scores were more. Students’ overall satisfaction scores in two evaluation methods were similar. Conclusion: Portfolio evaluation provides the opportunity for more learning by increasing the student’s participation in learning process and helping them to apply theory in practice.

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Abstract Background: Educational decline is one of the most important problems in educational institutes. There for, present study was aimed to survey frequency of educational decline and some effective factors of student’s opinion in Arak University of Medical sciences, 2009. Materials and Methods: In a analytical cross sectional study, 600 students passing at least one term of their course in Arak university of medical science in 2009, were determined by questionnaire and interview. After data gathering, students divided two groups, successful and non successful base n educational average and failed terms and then data were analyzed and determined frequency and some effective factors on it. Results: Decline education frequency is 19% and there were significant difference between sex, marital status, average score diploma, educational level of father, hesitancy, gap between diploma and university admission and course satisfaction between two groups of successful and unsuccessful students (P<0/05). However, no significant correlation observed in age, course, family economic status and mother’s job (p>0/05). Also, most of effective problem solutions in student’s viewpoint are included admission in university base on diploma average score and use of expert consular. Conclusion: Educational managers should be considering effective variables on performance and educational decline in students, in order to identifying high risk students and providing better facilities for them by appropriate consulting.

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Background: Primary dismenorrhea or painful menstruation, in the absence of any specific pelvic diseases, is one of the most common complaints in women’s medicine. The main goal of this study is to examine the effect of isometric trainings on primary dismenorrhea. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental Stud, 30 female students from Payame-noor and Azad Universities in Golpaygan were randomly assigned into two exercise and non-exercise groups. The exercise group did 8 weeks of isometric exercises under the supervision of a physical education expert. The trainees were examined based on the intensity and duration of pain, the amount of bleeding, and consumption of drugs in the first period of menstruation (pre-test), the second period of menstruation (mid-test) and the third period of menstruation ( post-test ). Results: Intensity of pain in the exercise group decreased after 4 weeks (p<0.05) while the duration of pain declined after 4 weeks (p<0.05) and 8 weeks (p<0.01). Also, the amount of taken drugs decreased after 8 weeks of exercise (p<0.05), but the degree of bleeding did not change significantly (p>0.05). Conclusion: Isometric exercises decreased intensity and duration of pain, and the amount of drugs taken in primary dismenorrhea. Therefore, such exercises can probably be used in the treatment of primary dismenorrhea.

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Background: Noticing the sensitivity and restlessness of medical centers, aggression in the workplace as an agitating factor is one of the dangers of medical profession that is threatening to the health and hygiene of the society. The aim of this study was to determine the types and contributing factors of aggression toward physicians and students of medicine in hospitals of Arak in 2009. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 of accessible physicians and students of medicine working in hospitals of Arak in 2009. A self-made questionnaire, containing 14 questions which surveyed the status of aggressions, was used. Results: On the whole, 205 individuals returned the forms. Most of them (71.7%) had faced a form of oral, physical, or sexual aggression and had been violated by a male companion of patients. They also viewed the use of drugs or alcohol by patients or their companions, lack of security facilities, patients’ death, and lack of educational possibilities for the prevention, as influential factors in the occurrence of aggression. The majority of participants saw increasing the security personnel, presence of psychological counselors and psychologists of the ward, increasing the rest hours, decreasing the work hours of the physicians, and having a codified program for the prevention of aggression, as anti-aggression factors. Conclusion: Oral and then physical aggression toward physicians are quite prevalent. Hence, taking immediate actions and providing useful instructions for prevention are of priority in designing effective programs.

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Background: Nowadays, scientific religion studies using the commonly accepted methods in human sciences is one of the new, interesting research areas in scientific and academic research. Noticing the importance of religion in student’s mental health, this study was designed and conducted. Materials and Methods: In this Cross-Sectional study, 310 students at Arak University of Medical Sciences were randomly surveyed through demographic, Khodayary Fard’s religious attitude, and GHQ-28 questionnaires. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, Chi square, and Pearson-product correlation through SPSS software. In all stages of the research, ethical issues in research were taken into consideration. Results: The mean and standard deviations of age, GHQ, and religious attitude were 21.29±2.22 years, 24.04±9.41, and 81.04±11.9, respectively. In terms of religious attitude, 1.4% (4 students) had weak, 12.5% had moderate, and 86 % (240 students) had strong attitudes. A positive relationship was observed between religious attitude and mental health. Also, there was a significant inverse relationship between religious attitude and age, major, place of living, and mother’s level of education (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, the majority of the students had strong religious attitudes and a significant positive correlation was found between the students’ religious attitude and mental health. Improving religious attractions through educational, religious, cultural programs for enhancing the religious attitudes of students is suggested.

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Background: To date, researchers have paid extensive attention to happiness and its relationship with a wide variety of personality, socio-demographic, and health-related factors. However, there is still little research on the issue of happiness. This study was done to investigate happiness and mental health and the relationship between them in the students studying at Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, in 2010. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 315 students at Arak University of Medical Sciences who were randomly selected during 2010. The students' happiness was measured by Oxford questionnaire and their mental health was measured using GHQ28. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, Logistic regression, and Chi-square test using SPSS software. Results: The mean of happiness in the students was 40.72±14.14 with only 9.2% of them in the normal range of happiness. Their mental health score was 25.73±7.47 with 32.1% of them within the normal range. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant relationship between happiness score and mental health score (r=-0.14, p=0.012). Conclusion: Happiness and mental health status in the students at Arak University of Medical Sciences necessitate the need for more serious attention to this issue in educational planning.

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Background: Genu varum is a deformity marked by outward bowing of the leg which is accompanied with pain only in severe cases. Failure in timely diagnosis results in the loss of quality of life in future and high health care costs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate genu varum prevalence in male students aged 7-16 years and identify the cases in need of treatment. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, femoral intercondylar distance (ICD) of 3692 male students aged 7-16 years who were chosen randomly in Arak city was measured. ICD>0.5 cm was considered as genu varum and to determine whether cases need treatment, the MT-MF angle and WBL% were used. Results: The results indicated that the prevalence of genu varum was 2.53% in primary school, 6.98% in junior high school, and 16.33% in senior high school students. The findings showed a significant relationship between the prevalence of genu varum and age, BMI, and the history of lower limb trauma with or without fracture. Overall, 33% of the students required treatment. Conclusion: Considering the importance of having healthy knees, clinical examination and regular screening programs for identifying cases with mild genu varum is recommended. The importance of implementation of regular screening programs is confirmed by the increasing prevalence of diseases associated with age and the high percentage of patients requiring treatment.

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Background: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder in children which is characterized by one or a combination of three factors including hyperactivity, inattentiveness and impulsiveness. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of ball and non-ball games on improvement of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the 9-11 year old male students in Arak. Materials and Methods: In this pre/post-test designed clinical trial 60 male students with ADHD disorder, were randomly divided into three equal groups including ball games, non-ball games and control group. Practice groups had 12 weeks games therapy (3 sessions per week and 30-45 min per session). The symptoms of ADHD and Hyperactivity were evaluated through Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) questionnaire before and after the 12-week practice programs. Results: The results of the present study revealed that after 12 weeks play therapy, both experimental groups had a significant decrease in ADHD symptoms in comparison with pre-test situation (p<0.05), but no significant difference was seen between ball games and non-ball games groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the obtained findings of the study it can be concluded that ball/ non-ball games, have a positive effect in improving and reduction of symptoms of ADHD.