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Introduction: Sympathetic skin response (SSR) is a central, polysynaptic process which is attributed to sympathetic sudomotor activity. The descinding pathway presents spinal sympathetic system to sweat glands of hands and feets skin. The glands which are affected in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD).
Materials and Methods: In present study, SSRs were recorded from left hands of 62 adult healthy subjects and 12 affected hands of RSD patients in relaxed, supine position at room temperature. Recording were performed by a pair of silver cup electrodes (1cm2) after stimulation of contralateral median nerve at volar aspect of wrist, all connected to a polygraph (physiograph, Narco, USA) to record at least five stimulation recording prosedure in each subject.
Results: Comparison of mean latency, amplitude, duraion and shape of responses in RSD 'patients with normal control group showed significant differences between duration and amplitudes (P=0.0007 and P=0.0001) while the latencies were not different and the shape of responses were mostly biphasic in both RSD and normal group.
Conclusion: Hyperactivities of SSRs in RSD patients are due to sudomotor changes of skin resistance, the SSR may also play a role in the quantitive evaluation of patients with suspected RSD.

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Background: Skin Sympathetic Response (SSR) is an electrophysiological technique and a central polysynaptic process. In mood disorders there are some changes in the cortex, hypothalamus activity, limbic system and basalganglia. Therefore, we compare the SSR changes in the patients with depression, mania and healthy persons. Methods and Materials: The patients with depression and mania were chosen based on DSM IV criterion by the psychiatrist. In cross-sectional analytic study, control group was selected away healthy men and women. The SSR was written by physiograph. The stimulat electrod was fixed on the middle finger of the left hand and 5 sympathetic responses were recored for every sample. The mean of amplitude, duration and latency time were computed and compared among three groups. Results: The mean of latency in control, mania and depressed groups were not statistically difference (p=.8). There were no difference between mean of duration in latency time in three groups. The mean of amplitude were not significant in three groups. Conclusion: It seems hypothalamus has not direct effect balance of sympathy skin responses.

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Background: Skin cancer is one of the most important cancers in the world. This cancer is more common in men than women. We survey chromosomal changes in DMBA-induced skin cancer in SD rat strains. Methods and Materials: In this fundamental study, 20 SD rat strains were randomly divided into case and contal group. DMBA (2.5 mg) was injected to SD rat strains subcutaneously therefore skin cancer model for studies was created. Tumors became subjects for cell culture and metaphase chromosomal were prepared. Finally G-banding were stained. We have also transmitted genomic information from rat to human using suitable databases and Gene were determined. Results: Data showed numerical and frequent structural changes in different number of chromosomes. For example gain in chromosomes number 1, 15, 17 and loss in 1, 7, 15, and also structural changes like deletion was seen in chromosomes number 1, 4, 8, 10, 15, 17, and addition in chromosome number 15. Discussion: It is predicted that CST6، PRKCDBP، PTCH1، DKK3، ، BRMS1، CDKN1C، CD81، DMP1، CDKN2B ، EEF1A1 ، HRAS، CASP2، KLF4 probably cause skin cancer.

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Background: Noticing the daily advancement of the role of electromagnetic field generators in human life, examination of the biologic impacts of these waves has come to be extensively appreciated by researchers. During pregnancy, vitamin A is extremely essential for the development of fetus and its lack, insufficiency or excess can result in embryonic malformations. This study investigated the synergetic effects of vitamin A and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on the development of embryo skin in Balb/C mice. Materials and Methods: This study was experimental in nature. Eighteen pregnant mice were divided into control, sham-exposed and experimental groups. The mice in the experimental group were given an intra-peritoneal injection of 15000 IU/kg vitamin A on the 10.5th day of gestation and were, then, exposed to a 50Hz electromagnetic field 4 hours a day from 10 through 12th day of gestation. The animals were dissected and investigated morphologically and histologically on 17.5th day of gestation. Results: The results showed an increase in the mean weight of fetuses in the experimental group in comparison to the sham- exposed group (p<0.05). Also, Crown-Rump of fetuses in the experimental group increased in comparison to those in the sham- exposed group (p<0.001). Epidermis thickness increased significantly in experimental group in comparison to sham- exposed (p<0.05), while the average number of basal, spinous cells and hair follicles decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to the sham- exposed (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings indicate that vitamin A usage and synergetic exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields (50Hz) profoundly affect the development and growth of skin epidermis in the fetus of Balb/C mouse.

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Background: Herpes simplex clinical manifestations are in the form of vesicular eruptions on erythemateus base. The virus can remain latent within sensory nerve ganglions following the initial infection and be reactivated in some cases such as intracranial surgery, dental surgery, stress and excitements. Systemic or disseminated infection occurs in immune-deficient patients and sometimes in healthy individuals. In Previous studies, in most of the disseminated infection cases, visceral organs involvement has been mostly observed while skin involvement has been reported just in one case. Thus, our patient was the second case with herpes simplex disseminated skin infection. Case: The patient was a 38 year-old man who underwent craniotomy surgery due to epidural hematoma following car accident and head trauma. Almost 10 days after the surgery, the patient developed disseminated vesicular eruptions in erythemathous base which initially appeared in the face, head, and then in body and extremities. Fever was detected 5 days before the development of eruptions. Other than anemia and leucocytosis, there were no other notable points in the systemic examination and lab tests. For patient skin biopsy was taken with an impression of herpes simplex, mulocum contagiosum and a lower probability for bullouse diseases. In the skin biopsy, intra-epidermal vesicles and extensive epidermal necrosis with multinucleated giant cells and intra-nuclear objects were observed. A plethora of neutrophilic cells inside the vesicles and inflammatory cell infiltration in the underlying debris were seen. Based on the pathology report, infection with herpes simplex hominis was confirmed. Conclusion: Disseminated skin infection with herpes simplex can be observed even in healthy people with no background.

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Background: Menopause is associated with changes in body composition in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of tibolone and continuous combined hormone therapy (HT) on body composition in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 120 menopausal women were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Of these, 40 women received 2.5 mg tibolone plus one Cal+D tablet (500 mg carbonate calcium with 200 IU vitamin D) daily, 40 women received 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen combined with 2.5 mg medroxy progesterone acetate plus one Cal+D tablet daily and the rest 40 (the control group) only received one Cal+D tablet daily. All regimes continued for nine months. Body composition was evaluated with measurements of waist to hip ratio (WHR), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), body mass index (BMI), and weight before and after intervention. Fat mass and fat free mass were assessed by measurement of skin-fold thickness. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: In the tibolone group, FFM, BMI, and weight significantly increased compared to the baseline (p<0.05). In the HT group, only weight and BMI significantly increased (p<0.05). In the control group, however, BMI, FM, and weight did not significantly increase in comparison with the other groups. Overall, tibolone group showed a more significant increase in comparison with the other groups (p<0.01) Conclusion: From these results, it can be concluded that tibolone can be used in treating menopausal changes in menopausal women as an alternative to continuous combined hormone therapy.