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Material and methods: This is a Double blind Randomized clinical trial study which was performed on 66 children of 2-7 years of age who had been referred for first time, for nonbrain non-liver elective surgery (class 1 Anesthesia). This study was designed to define the efficacy of oral ketamine on Anxiety and Agitation and crying of children after separation from these parents, toleration of Anesthesia mask and IV needle. Sleeping before Anesthesia and entry into the operating room samples were divided in to two groups, cases and control. 5mg/kg of ketamine plus 0.2cc/kg of fruit juice was given to the case group while only 0.2cc/kg of fruit was given to the control group 30 minutes before the operation.
Results: Our results showed that 78.8% of children in the case group did not cry when they were separated from their parents and 78.8% of them did not show any resistance. 34.4% of children in the case group showed no response and 59.4% also had low response. Only 6.1% of children in the control group had no response while 78.8% of them had responses such as intense body movements and pulling of hand. 69.7% of the case group were cooperative when putting on the anesthesia mask while 75.8% of the control group refused to wear the mask, 81.8% of the children in the case group were asleep before Anesthesia while all of the children in the control group were awake and uneasy.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that ketamine can be used as a preanesthetic drug to decrease the anxiety and fear of children and to calm them before their transfer to the operating room.

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  Background: In various researches, ICA is used for detecting and removing eye artifacts but here, for innovation, ICA algorithm is used not only for detecting eye artifacts, but also for detecting brain signals of two conceptual categories of the words Danger and Information.

  Materials and Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, recording is done by using a Micromed device and a 19-channel helmet in unipolar mode that the Cz electrode is selected as reference electrode. The statistical community included four men and four women in the age range of 25-30. In the designed task, three groups of traffic signs are considered in which two groups refered to the concept of danger and the other one refered to the concept of information.

  Results: For two of the eight volunteers, alpha waves were observed with a very high power from back of the head in the test time, but it was different in thinking time. According to this alpha waves, in changing the task from thinking to rest, it takes at least 3 and at most 5 seconds for two volunteers till they go to the absolute rest. For seven of the eight volunteers, danger and information signals well separated that these differences for five of the eight volunteers observed in the right hemisphere and for the other three volunteers in the left hemisphere.

  Conclusion: ICA algorithm as one of Blind Source Seperation (BSS) algorithms is suitable for recognizing the word’s concept and its place in the brain. Achieved results from this experiment are the same as the results from other methods like fMRI and methods based on electroencephalograph (EEG) in vowel imagination and covert speech.

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Introduction: Considering parents' preferences and opinions is an important factor in dentists' choice of treatment techniques. Despite the relatively low attitude of parents towards the use of the "parental presence/absence" technique, dentists still use this technique during pediatric dental treatment. The present study was conducted with the aim of simultaneously investigating the dentists' attitudes regarding the "presence/absence of parents" technique during the treatment of 4-10-year-old children and determining the factors affecting this attitude.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the attitudes of 83 dentists regarding the "presence/absence of parents" technique were evaluated using an investigator-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire scored dentists' attitudes regarding the above technique and evaluated the background factors affecting the child's attitude. Data were analyzed with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The mean attitude score of the participants was 60.61±12.99. Also, 55.4% of participants considered this technique "unsuccessful". The factors "type of treatment", "child's age", "child's behavior", "parental behavior" and "implementation of the presence/absence technique", significantly affected the participants' attitudes.
Conclusions: Dentists do not hold a highly positive attitude toward the "presence/absence of parents" technique. According to dentists working in pediatric dentistry, this technique has low success in guiding children’s behavior.