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Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Narrative Review
Ameneh Omidi, Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi, Parsa Veisi,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause respiratory tract infections in humans. SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of this family initiated in late 2019 and its related disease is known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia and shortness of breath.
Methods & Materials: In This narrative review a literature search was conducted in scientific databases including Google Scholar and PubMed to find studies published from December 2019 to May 10 2020 on the role the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. 
Ethical Considerations: Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors.
Results: In addition to respiratory symptoms, involvement of various organs such as gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, skin, olfactory system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidney, and eyes was also reported. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 included anosmia, ageusia, skin rash, chickenpox-like blisters, acute cardiac failure with increased troponin levels, kidney inflammation and edema, common gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. diarrhea, nausea and vomiting), elevated liver enzyme levels, neurological disorders (e.g. stroke), nonspecific symptoms (e.g. headache and dizziness), and decreased consciousness level.
Conclusion: The hypothetical mechanisms of various organ involvements during COVID-19 include immune-mediated inflammation such as cytokine storm, respiratory dysfunction, hypoxemia, cellular damage, or combination of these mechanisms. Further studies should be conducted on the causes of various COVID-19-induced damages to determine the exact relationship between the pathogenesis, prognosis and severity of the disease. 

A Systematic Review of Genetically Challenging Changes of SARS-CoV-2 Variants; Escaping the Immune System and Vaccine Effectiveness
Javad Sarvmeili,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (8-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim So far, extensive research has been conducted on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and its disease in different regions of the world. The aim of these studies is to present practical findings and suggestions about more familiarity with the characteristics of this virus, including its structural and genetic characteristics, origin of genesis, evolution, genomic changes, biological cycle and pathological function, that can be used to adopt efficient strategies in controlling and treating the pandemic.
Methods & Materials In order to perform genomic analysis, the complete sequence of the desired coronaviruses with accession numbers obtained from GenBank or GISAID was stored from databases such as NCBI and BV-BRC, and then the sequences were aligned with Workbench CLC Main software. In the next step, the phylogenetic tree was drawn by Neighbor-Joining method with 1000 repetitions (bootstrap) by MEGA X software and FigTree version 1.4.4 was used to display the tree more clearly. 
Ethical Considerations All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results In the current study, mutations and the effect they may have on transmissibility, pathogenicity and vaccine effectiveness, molecular features, epidemiology and the place of emergence of coronaviruses, focusing on variant of concern (VOC) including alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) are presented.
Conclusion The occurrence of mutations and continuous evolution have led to the rapid and simultaneous emergence of different variants, each of these changes can contribute to the escape of therapeutic methods such as neutralizing antibodies (Nab) and convalescent plasma, as well as reducing the effectiveness of vaccines. Therefore, increasing monitoring for documentation, understanding the spread of different lineages and more detailed study of these mutations in identifying variants and effectively dealing with them is of great importance.

A review on Antiviral Activity of Phytogenic Compounds against SARS, MERS and Covid-19 Coronaviruses
Dr Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Dr Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Coronaviruses are mainly the cause of respiratory disease in humans, and among the known species, the coronaviruses that cause SARS, MERS, and Covid 19 cause severe respiratory disease. So far, no specific treatment has been found for these diseases. Considering the beneficial effects of medicinal plants as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, the use of herbal compounds can be effective in mild infection of coronaviruses.
Methods: PubMed database was used to search for articles containing the terms coronavirus, SARS, MERS, as well as human and herbal medicine. The inclusion criteria were all full articles with the mentioned keywords and the exclusion criteria were summary articles and articles presented in conferences. A total of 36 articles on human coronaviruses were found. Most of the studies were about SARS (SARS-CoV) with 26 articles (72.22%). Two articles (5.55%) were found about Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and only one article (2.77%) about MERS (MERS-CoV). It should be noted that one study included SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and six studies (16.66%) also investigated SARS, MERS and Covid-19 at the same time. Ethical principles have been respected in writing the article, according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and COPE regulations.
Results: Some medicinal plants have been identified with effective antiviral activity against SARS, MERS, and Covid-19 coronaviruses, including green tea, cinnamon, licorice, cure, sage, chives, rhubarb, nettle, and blackberry. Considering that these medicinal plants have already been used with different therapeutic effects in the human medicinal pharmacopoeia, it is recommended to conduct clinical trials on humans in order to achieve an effective dose against common human coronaviruses.
Conclusions: Although some medicinal plants have been recommended for use in the treatment of coronavirus respiratory syndrome in humans, the effects of these plants on other biological factors have not been studied, until now. It is necessary to evaluate their side effects simoultaneous with clinical trials and confirming the effectiveness of these compounds.
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