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Introduction: Treatment of urinary tract infections(UTIs), as one of the most common nosocomial and community acquired infections, has remained an important medical problem. Differentiation between susceptibility patterns of nosocomial and community acquired pathogens is important epidemiologically and helps the administration of appropriate antimicrobial drugs. The goal of this study was isolation of the most common causative bacteria, in two groups of 13-35 years old women in Shahrekord city within 6 months period(April-September 2004). Also, the resistance patterns of common isolated organisms in these two groups were compared. Materials and Methods: This is an analythical-cross sectional study. 100 urine samples from women aged 13-35 years old hospitalized in different wards of Hajar and Kashani hospitals(group one) with positive urine cultures were obtained performing clean-catch midstream method. Also 100 urine samples from 13-35 years old women with positive urine culture and acute UTI symptoms from Shahrekord private laboratory (group two) were obtained. The most common causative bacteria in the two groups and the antibacterial sensitivity patterns of isolated organisms were evaluated. Data was analysed using T test. Results: Totally, the most common nosocomial UTI pathogens were E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter spp. In group two, E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Citrobacter spp. were isolated predominantly. The highest bacterial resistance rate belonged to Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole. Antibiotics useful in treatment of nosocomial UTI were Ceftizoxim, Nitrofurantoin, Nalidixic acid, Cephalothin and Gentamicin respectively. Nitrofurantoin, Nalidixic acid, Ceftazidim, Gentamicin and Cephalothin were the most effective antibiotics in community acquired UTIs. Conclusion: The emergence of pathogens with alarming rates of resistance, highlights the need for a more rationalized and restricted use of antibiotics in order to minimize the spread of resistant bacterial strains.

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Introduction: Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus strains are the most important agents of nosocomial infections. The conventional antibiotic susceptibility methods such as disk diffusion are not suitable for detection of these strains due to their heteroresistancy. Therefore, in this study, agar screen and duplex-PCR were compared in determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from nose of personnel in Hajar hospital of Shahre-kord, 2007. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study a total of 204 nasal swabs from personnel of Hajar hospital over a period of 6 months were collected. The specimens were cultured on mannitol salt agar for primary isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains and their susceptibility pattern to oxacillin was assessed using agar screen method. Finally, using duplex PCR, the isolates were tested for the presence of mecA gene. Results were compared and sensitivity and specificity of the method was determined. Results: In this study, 23 of the 52 (44%) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin using agar screen method. However, mecA gene was detected in 27 of the 52 strains (52%). Our results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of agar screen method in determination of MRSA strains were 81.5% and 96%, respectively comparing with PCR. Conclusion: Oxacillin agar screen, comparing PCR, is an inexpensive, applied and phenotypical method with low false positive and suitable for screening of MRSA. However, due to its relatively high false negative results is not appropriate for screening of MRSA strains isolated from hospital-employed nasal carriers.

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Background: Muscle mass is known to be a significant predictor of bone mineral density (BMD), and myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth. The aim of present study was investigate the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density and serum myostatin in healthy young men. Methods and Materials: In this clinical trial thirty young men were assigned to resistance training (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The training group participated in 6 mounths of progressive whole-body resistance training. Total body fat, lean body mass, total body BMD, femoral neck BMD and L2-L4 spine BMD were determined by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) before and after 6 mounths of resistance training. Serum level myostatin measured by enzyme immnoassay. Results: Resistance training caused significant increases in chest press (52.36±6.36 vs 62.20±8.96 kg), leg press (135.24±13.77 vs 146.91±17.66 kg), lean body mass (61.00±0.96 vs 62.58±2.08 kg) and femoral neck BMD (1.115±0.078 vs 1.131±0.088 g/cm2), whereas myostatin were decreased (102.91±10.18 vs 94.03±13.93 ng/ml) (P<0.05). Total body BMD and L2-L4 spine BMD did not change with 6 months resistance training. Conclusion: A 6 month resistance training program increases muscle mass, power and improves BMD of the femoral neck in young men, and myostatin inhibition may play an important role in increasing BMD which is induced by resistance training.

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Background: Adiponectin is a protein which is initially secreted exclusively by adipocytes but its secretion decreases in obese and overweight individuals. With its anti-inflammatory properties, adiponectin acts as an agent which can decrease the risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine adiponectin serum levels in type II diabetic men and explore its relationship with insulin resistance following aerobic exercise. Materials and Methods: In this semi- experimental study, 30 men with type II diabetes were randomly assigned to training and control groups. The training group went through an 8-week training program which consisted of three 40-50 minute aerobic exercise sessions a week (running on treadmill at intensities corresponding to 30to 75% of maximal heart rate (35-75% HR max)). For measuring adiponectin and insulin serum levels, blood samples were obtained through ELISA technique in 2 stages, weeks zero and eight. For determining insulin resistance, insulin resistance index was utilized. In order to evaluate the results, dependent and independent t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results did not indicate the presence of a significant relationship between adiponectin and insulin resistance following training (P=0, r=-0.14). In comparison with the control group, training induced a 39% decrease in adiponectin serum levels, a 10% decrease in BMI and bodyweight, and a 48% decrease in insulin resistance (P>0.001) Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that in response to the 8-week aerobic training program, adiponectin serum levels significantly increased while insulin resistance got decreased. In addition, there was not a significant relationship between adiponectin serum level changes following training and insulin resistance index.

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important causes of nosocomial infection which due to extended spectrum-beta lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-beta lactamase (MBL) producing strains is resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to detect ESBL and MBL producing P.aeruginosa isolated from patients and investigate the effects of methanol extracts of Zataria multiflora, Myrtus communis, and Peganum harmala on them. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, samples were obtained from 245 patients, referring to Shafa Hospital, Kerman, Iran. ESBLs producing strains were detected by double disk synergy test and phenotypic confirmatory test. In addition, E-test strips were used for MBL detection. P.aeruginosa MIC was determined for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, azteronam, imipenem, and meropenem. Methanol extracts of Zataria multiflora, Peganum harmala, and Myrtus communis plants were prepared by Agar perculation method. Results: Out of 245 patients referring to the burn unit, 120 P.aeruginosa isolates were detected from which 41 contained ESBL but they lacked MBL. 60% of isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, 66% to ceftazidime, 42% to azteronam, 3% to imipenem, and 5% to meropenem. Among the extracts, Zataria multiflora had the highest antibacterial effect on standard strains of P.aeruginosa in comparison with Peganum harmala and Myrtus communis. Conclusion: The prevalence of ESBL producing P.aeruginosa strains is high. In addition, noticing their high antibiotic resistance, utilization of herbs, such as Zataria multiflora may be considered an appropriate alternative for treatment however, more investigations are needed.

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Background: Leukemia is a malignant and progressive disease. Over-expression of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), such as survivin and its anti-apoptotic variants, including sur-ΔEx3, is the main cause of resistance to apoptotic effects of chemotherapy drugs. In the present study, the effects of CBX on apoptosis and expression level of survivin and sur-ΔEx3 and K562 cells (experimental model of chronic myeloid leukemia) were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, human K562 cells were cultured and exposed to CBX. Trypan blue exclusion test was used to evaluate growth inhibitory and viability effects of the drug. Fluorescent microscopy (acridine orange/ ethidium bromide double staining) and DNA electrophoresis were applied to the study of apoptosis. The expression level of survivin and sur-ΔEx3 was studied by semiquantative RT- PCR. Results: The results showed that after the 48 h treatment of K562 cells with 150 µM CBX, significant growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects (up to 50%) were induced. In addition, after 2-4 h of treatment with CBX (150 µM), down-regulation of survivin and sur-∆Ex3 were observed. However, the expression level of survivin and sur-ΔEx3 increased to the level of control cells with longer treatment times (6-12 h). Conclusion: Noticing the apoptotic and down-regulatory effects of CBX on survivin and sur-∆Ex3 expression, this drug can be used as a potential candidate for further studies on CML treatment, especially for inhibition of drug resistance in leukemia cells.

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Background: The effects of acute and chronic exercises on insulin resistance index may be related to one or more factors, including morphological changes and hormonal modifications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single session of resistance training on adiponectin levels and insulin resistance until 24 hours post-exercise. Materials and Methods: This experimental study, which followed a pretest-posttest design, was conducted on a group of 10 healthy male volunteers (23±1.4 years) with no history of participation in any regular exercise programs, weight changes more than 2 kg, special diseases, and smoking over the past 6 months that had normal body mass index (BMI) (23.7±1.6 kg.m-2). The subjects performed a single session resistance training (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1 repetition maximum). Adiponectin, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index levels were measured before and 24 hours after the exercise. Results: There were no significant differences for adiponectin (μ g.ml-1) pre- (6.98±1.9) and post-exercise (8.07±1.4) and glucose (mg.dl-1) pre- (81.3±7.6) and post-exercise (80.7±6.4). However, insulin resistance index pre- (1.34±0.27) and post-exercise (1.06±0.11) and insulin concentration (UΙμ.ml-1) pre-(6.64±0.88) and post-exercise (5.37±0.43) decreased significantly 24 hours post-exercise (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be suggested that a single session of resistance training with no significant changes in adiponectin level can have positive effects on glycemic indices in sedentary men.

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Background: Nowadays, one of the basic problems of tuberculosis treatment is drug resistance. This study was done to determine the drug resistance of mycobacterium strains isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to anti-tuberculosis drugs and determine the affecting factors. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, all patients with tuberculosis who were covered by Markazi Province Health Center (917 persons) during 2005 to 2010 were included in this study. For all patients with resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, culture and antibiogram by standard method (proportional) were done. Effective factors in drug resistance were identified by logistic regression model using SPSS software. Results: Overall, the rate of resistance in patients with smear-positive was 7.3% and the rate of MDR-TB was equivalent to 4.3%, and 0.5% of smear positive patients were resistant to all five drugs. The most resistant strains were isoniazid (68.8%), rifampin (62.5%), pyrazinamide (25%), ethambutol (21.9%), and streptomycin (21.9%), respectively. The highest rate of resistance was in the 15-45 years age group. The incidence of resistance was significantly associated with sex, grade of smear positivity, relapse of TB, and HIV infection. Conclusion: The study of drug resistant mycobacterium strains over six years showed a growing trend. Therefore, close attention to prevent the production and dissemination of resistant strains is very essential.

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human opportunistic pathogen which is considered one of the agents causing nosocamial infection. Recent studies have reported increased resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem. The aim of this study was to determine resistance to antipseudomonal antibiotics including imipenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains obtained from clinical samples of patients in hospitals in Arak, Iran, were identified and isolated through microbiological methods, including Gram staining, oxidase test, Indol test, and oxidative-fermentative test. Then antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime by disk diffusion method according to NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) .Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done for determining imipenem-resistant strains Results: Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that resistance rates to imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime were 35%, 35%, 14%, 9%, 23% and 15%, respectively. Also, MIC test showed that 30 strains were resistant to imipenem, 27 to ceftazidime, 35 to cefepime, and 35 to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated a high rate of antibiotics resistant of Pseudomonas aeroginosa strains to different antibiotic groups. Therefore, new and more effective methods should be found for controlling Pseudomonas infections and preventing the outbreak of its antibiotic-resistant strains.

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Background: Enterococcus is known as an important pathogen in Iran like all around the world. The increasing use of vancomycin makes vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) an important nosocomial pathogen. Vancomycin in combination with an aminoglycoside can provide effective treatment for severe enterococcus infections, while resistance to vancomycin antibiotic is increasing in enterococci. In this study, the pattern of antibiotic resistance and prevalence of vancomycin resistance enterococci have been explored. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after isolating and identifying 150 strains of enterococci from clinical specimens, the antibiotic resistance pattern of these strains to erythromycin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole and linezolid was examined. The MIC test by using micro dilution broth method was performed for the vancomycin resistance enterococci specimens with the vancomycin and teicoplanin antibiotics. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility test showed 14% and 5.3% of the samples were resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin respectively. Resistant to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, linezolid and gentamicin were 64, 40, 38.6, 6.6, 0, 38.76 percent respectively. Fourteen samples had high resistance to vancomycin which MIC were ≥ 256 µg/ml. Conclusion: Based on the results of present study, there are vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Arak as well as other parts of the world. The percentage of vancomycin resistance enterococci is high in Arak and appropriate treatment of infections caused by enterococcus is essential

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Background: Staphylococcus aureus is considered a common pathogenic factor in infections. Increase in infections caused by this bacterium in developing countries has led to many problems. The aim of this study is to identify the antibiotic patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in the central hospital of Arak.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 100 samples were isolated from hospital patients during one year. The isolates sensitivity to cefoxitin and oxacilin disks were evaluated through disk diffusion. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the isolates were tested for the presence of mecA gene. Finally, antibacterial resistance patterns of the isolates to 13 antibiotics were determined.

Results: In this study, 80 samples in a total of 100 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant. Evaluation and assessment of antibiotic resistance showed the greatest resistance to penicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.50%), levofloxacin (85.70%), and ciprofloxacin (85.70%), respectively, while the lowest levels of resistance were observed to antibiotics chloramphenicol (5.70%), netilmicin (5.70%), and mupirocin (0%), respectively.

Conclusion: This study showed increased resistance to different antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus that is a serious warning to the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium in the region. Therefore, in order to prevent increased resistance to other antibiotics, it is essential to withhold prescriptions and unessential use of available antibiotics.

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Background: The emergence of drug-resistant strain of M.tuberculosis is one of the most critical issues facing TB researchers and clinicians. Rapid diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis is essential for the prompt initiation of effective second-line therapy to improve treatment outcome and limit transmission of this obstinate disease. The aim of this study is to develop a Real-time PCR assay for the detection of mutations in RRDR (rifampcin resistance determinant region) of rpoB which conferring rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

 Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the primer and probe set were designed for a RRDR region of rpoB gene using a specialized software. Clinical specimens that had previously been evaluated resistant or sensitive by using convential method, were used for assessing the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay.

Results: The clinical sensitivity of the assay was determined 100%. The primers and the probes were rpoB specific and no cross-reaction was observed with other microorganisms and human genome bioinformatically. The clinical specificity of developed Real-time PCR assay was examined experimentally using 25 negative samples and determined to be 100%.

Conclusion: The developed real-time PCR assay can be used as an appropriate and efficient tool for the rapid detection of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Background: Increased insulin resistance, inflammatory factors and parameters of oxidative stress are associated with the development of diabetes complications. This study was designed to determine the beneficial effects of synbiotic Gaz on insulin resistance, inflammatory factor and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods: This randomized crossover double-blinded controlled clinical trial was performed among 62 diabetic patients aged 35-70 y. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume of either the synbiotic (n=62) or control Gaz (n=62) for 6 weeks. A 3-week washout period considered. The synbiotic Gaz was consisted of a probiotic viable and heat-resistance strain Lactobacillus sporogenes (1×107 CFU), 0.04 g inulin and 0.05 g stevia per 1 g as sweeteners' substances. Control Gaz (the same substance without probiotic bacteria and prebiotic inulin) was. Patients were received synbiotic and control foods in a 7 g package thrice a day. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 6-week intervention to measure insulin resistance, hs-CRP and biomarkers of oxidative stress.

Results: Consumption of synbiotic Gaz, compared with control, resulted in a significant decrease in serum insulin (p=0.02) and hs-CRP levels (p=0.008). Supplementation with synbiotic Gaz led also to a significant increase in plasma total glutathione (p<0.0001) compared to the control.

Conclusion: In conclusion, consumption of synbiotic Gaz for 6 weeks resulted in decreased levels of serum insulin, hs-CRP and increased levels of plasma total glutathione.

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Background: Interleukin-1&beta (IL-1&beta) as a cytokine act in relationship to development of obesity and Insulin resistance. purpose of the study was compare the effects of Ramadan fasting (as dietary pattern) and aerobic exercise training on IL-1&beta and Insulin resistance in non-active obese subjects.
Materials and Methods: This study was semi-experimental research with repeated measures design. In this study, 18 obese male in Mashhad (between 40 to 50 years old and body mass index>30 Kg/m2) randomly was selected and after it was divided into fasting (N=9) and fasting and aerobic exercise training (N=9) groups. While the first group performed the fasting, then other group was performed aerobic exercise training for 27 sessions. They also performed the fasting. Finally, blood samples were taken for four different times.
Results: Statistic analysis shown that body fat percent of subjects was significantly decreased in both groups (p<0.05). Also, amount of insulin resistance was significantly decreased in fasting group (p<0.05). In addition, amount of IL-1&beta was significantly decreased in both groups(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Research results shown that levels of IL-1&beta decreased by fasting and especially by aerobic exercise training and it may lead to the decrease of insulin resistance in obese subjects.

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Background: Multidrug resistance is the main reason for unsuccessful chemotherapy. The important reason of drug resistance is ATP dependent pumps shus as MDR1 that extrude drugs from the cell. MDR1 is high polymorphic. It seems that polymorphisms influent on gene expression and response to treatment. The aim of this study was investigation of C1236T polymorphism MDR1 gene and it’s association with response of treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, C1236T polymorphism of MDR1 was investigated in 44 acute lymphoblastic leukemia childhood and 40 healthy individual by ARMS-PCR technique. Association of this polymorphism with response to treatment was also investigated. Data were analyzed using Chi-squre test and SPSS software. P values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results: There was no significant difference in frequencies of C1236T polymorphism between patients and healthy group (p=0.876). Frequency of C1236T polymorphism of MDR1 between responder and non responder was not significant (p=0.304).

Conclusion: It seems that there is no correlation between C1236T polymorphism of MDR1 gene and response to treatment. So the role of C1236T polymorphism in gene expression MDR1 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and response to treatment is still controversial.

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Background: The overuse of therapeutic antibiotics results in the drug resistance. The excessive use of antibiotics causes the mutations in the microorganisms and the emergence of new microorganisms which are resistant against the common antibiotics. With regard to limitations and known side effects of antibiotics, the exploring of antimicrobial compounds seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Chevil against Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435, Yersinia enterocolitica PTCC 1221 and Enterobacter aeruginosa PTCC 1151 and to compare them with the common therapeutic antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after collecting plants from the highlands of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity, Disc diffusion test with Kirby-Bauer method was used. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by using the dilution method.

Results: The highest inhibition zone diameter in 40 mg/ml was related to Staphylococcus epidermidis and the minimum diameter in this concentration was related to Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter aeruginosa. MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterobacter aeruginosa 64 and 32 mg/ml and MBC of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Enterobacter aeruginosa were 128 and 64 mg/ml respectively.

Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the Chevil compared with the common therapeutic antibiotics had more inhibitory effect on studied bacteria. Furthermore, Chevil extracts showed greater inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria in comparison with Gram-negative bacteria.

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Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of training, and noise stress on serotonin plasma level of Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: For many years, physical activity have been used for the treatment of different neuropsychological dieases. Twenty one male witar rats (9-10 weeks old and 170.82±20.57g weight) were randomly divided into three groups: the noise group (n=7), training+noise group (n=7), and the control group (n=7). The aerobic training was performed 5 days per week, for a 60-day period. The noise stress included exposure to traffic noise 5 hrs/per day over a 60-day period (range:85-110 dB).The control group was not exposed to any noise or exercise, and was kept away from the sources of stress the rats were kept under the same conditions. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and plasma serotonin concentrations were determined.For the statistical data analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were used (&alpha&le0.05).

Results: Plasma serotonin concentration significantly decreased in noise groups, in comparison with the controls (21.9±2.1, vs.40.8±7.3 &mumol/m, respectively p<0.000). The plasma serotonin levels in the noise +training groups (36.2±3.1) were apparently near to the controls However, resistance training could significantly increase plasma serotonin concentration in the noise+training group rats.

Conclusion: Increased serotonin level following resistance exercises might reduced stress in subjects.

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the major etiologic agents of nosocomial infection among burn patients that has high resistance to antibiotics. Integrons can extend antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern and the prevalence of integron among P. aeruginosa isolates.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 73 P. aeruginosa isolated from burn wound infections among hospitalized patients in Ahvaz Taleghani hospital. Antibiotic resistance pattern of these bacteria was investigated to 9 antibiotics by Disk Agar Diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to investigate the prevalence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test. A P-value of <0.05 was considered as a statistical significance level.

Results: The most antibiotic resistance level was seen against ofloxacin (94.5%), aztreonam (94.5%), and ceftazidime (93.6%). Fifteen isolates of P. aeruginosa were resistance to all of the antibiotics. The study of molecular results showed that class 1 integron was detected in 35.6% of isolates, while none of them harbored class 2 and 3 integron.

Conclusion: The rates of antibiotic resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics such as ceftazidime, oflaxacin, aztreonam, cefepime, and ceftriaxone is very high. Although, class 1 integron were detected in 35.6% of isolates, there was no statistically significant differences between the presence of integron and resistance to a specific antibiotic, that it shows the role of the other antibiotic resistance mechanisms among pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Background: Delayed muscular soreness after resistance exercises or eccentric trainings is probably because of muscle damage and injury. Nutrition by playing a crucial role in both protein synthesize and catabolism can influence the extent of muscle injury. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of single portion of Glutamine supplement consumption on injury indices of muscle after a session eccentric resistance exercise.

 Materials and Methods: This study used a randomized, double blind design that consisted of 80 volvnteer non-athletic males (aged 22.2±2.2 years, height 175±5 cm, weight 71.64±9 kg, body mass index 23.2±2.2 kg/m2, and body fat 17.5±2.4%). A total of 40 participants were divided randomly into 2 groups, supplement group (receiving 0.1 g/kg Body weight/day Glutamine) and placebo group (receiving 0.1 g/kg Body weight/day Maltodextrin). Serum keratine kinase (CK) was determined by photometric method, muscle pain and knee joint range of motion were measured using, respectively, a standard scale of PAS and goniometer before, 24 and 48 hours after a resistance test involving knee flexion.

Results: Glutamine supplement consumption caused no significant differences in CK levels reduction in none of the measured times, but it reduced the muscle pain at the times of 24 and 48 hours in comparison with the placebo group. In addition, the knee joint range of motion was significantly improved at 24 hours after the test.

Conclusion: It seems that this dose of Glutamine supplementation can reduce the apparent signs apart from muscle injury indices reduction.

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Background: Irisin, a recently identified myokine that seems had important role in hemostasis regulatation and improving insulin resistance. The effect of exercise training on serum irisin levels in type 2 diabates (T2D) is controversial. This study aims to investigate the effect of 6 weeks selective aerobic training on serum irisn levels and insulin resistance in women with T2D.

Materials and Methods: This research is a semi experimental study with pre-and post-test design. Research subjects were 20 women with T2D (mean age 47.4±5.6 years and BMI 29.92±3.42). Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups: exercise group (n=12) and control group (n=8). Training protocol performed in 6 weeks (4 times a weeks, 40-65 min per session) and main training intencity and time were increased per week (50%-80% Hrmax). Main aerobic training was performed in 6 blocks, each block consisted of 32. Blood sample was collected before the and after end of training protocol.

Results: The results showed significant decrease in blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index and significant increase in serum irisin levels in exercise group compared with the control group (p≤0.05), but there is no significant correlation between serum irisin levels and insulin resistance.

Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training can have considerable impact on serum irisin levels, fasting blood glucos and insulin resistance index in women with T2D.