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Introduction: Glucose Six Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyses the first step in pantose phosphate pathway to produce NADPH. NADPH plays an important role in oxidation and reduction of hemoglobine and reduces H202 level. However, in absence of G6PD, NADPH also will be decreased, as a result of severe defect in function of red blood cells occurred. So we decided to survey is prevalence in our region by studying on the umbilical cord blood. Material and Methods: Our study were descriptive-analytic and samples were gathered by Simple Sampling Method. EDTA was used as an anticoagulant. Enzyme activity was measured with the method of Fluorescent spot Test (FST). Chi-Square and logestic regression were used to analyses the data and P<0.05 was considered as significant. Result: From a total of 2160 neonates, 1103 case (51.1%) were male and 1057 case (48.9%) were female. 3.5% of the males and 0.8% of females and over all 2.2% of the neonates were G6PD deficient. Due to chi-square analyses and logestic regression, positive RH increases the risk by 1.6 as compare to negative RH. However we could not find any significant relationship between blood groups and prevalence of G6PD. Conclusion: As our results showed, the G6PD deficiency is more common in male than female. Relation between positive RH and G6PD deficiency were significantly increased. Prevalence of G6PD in Arak City showed 2.2% which is lower than that of north our country (8.7%) as well as lower than other part of the world (10-14.9%). We suggest using the screening umbilical cord blood test on the neonates to diagnose the G6PD deficiency and to promote the primary health care quality and public as well as reduction the social and economical problem of the society.

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Introduction: A high prevalence of HCV infection among hemodialysis patients has been reported worldwide. Risk factors such as history of blood transfusion, duration of hemodialysis and recently nosocomial transmission of HCV in hemodialysis units have been identified. In this study the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus antibody and risk factors in hemodialysis patients in Markazi province is investigated. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analythical study, blood samples were obtained from all 204 hemodialysis patients. Samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies by using third generation enzyme immunoassay. The reactive samples on ELISA were confirmed by the third generation RIBA. Risk factors were evaluated by a questionnaire. Data was analysed using Chi square and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of anti-HCV antibody among hemodialysis patients was 4.9%.Duration of hemodialysis was identified as a major risk factor in transmission of HCV (p=0.004). There was a significant relationship between anti-HCV positivity and previous renal transplantation (p=0.032). Female sex was another risk factor for HCV infection (p=0.030). There was no significant relationship between anti-HCV positivity and history of blood transfusion. Conclusion: Nosocomial transmission of HCV within hemodialysis units seems to be a route of infection in patients on hemodialysis in Markazi province. Application of dialysis precautions recommended by CDC can reduce the prevalence of HCV infection among hemodialysis patients in this province.

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Introduction: Candidiasis is the second common cause of vulvovaginitis. We evaluate the frequency of species of Candida in vaginal candidiasis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional anaiythical study, 220 patients with typic and nontypic signs and symptoms of vaginal Candidiasis were studied. Smear and culture were done. For positive culture, evaluation of germ tube, clamidospor production and carbohydrate assimilation and fermentation was done. Data was presented by descriptive statistics and analyzed using Chi square, Man-Whitney and Kolmogrov tests. Results: 40% of patients showed positive culture and smear. Frequancy of Candida Albicanse (42.03%), Dublininsis (29.5%), Glaberata (14.75%), Gilermondy (6.81%), Norvejensis (2.27%), Tropicalis (2.27%), and Kefayer (2.27%) were determined. There was no significant relationship between antibiotic and OCP consumption and type of identified Candida. Conclusion: Frequency of non Albicanse species is increasing. We suggest treatment based on culture and smear, because non Albicanse vaginitis usually is resistant to Azols.

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Introduction: Based on statistical and epidemiological studies, cancer is the third most common cause of death after heart diseases and accidents, therefore planning to control cancer is essential for public health. Cancer registration is an important part of cancer control, and the collected data could be useful in etiological studies, and health programming to prevent and treat the disease. In this study cancer incidence and cancer registration in Markazi province investigated. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, data related to cancer were collected from the health center of Markazi province, from 2001 to 2006. Then the prevalence and incidence of different kind of cancer were determined. Results: Results showed that the top ten cancers among women were: 1-Breast 2-Skin 3-Stomach 4-Colorectal 5-Lung 6-Uterus 7-Bladder 8-Lymphoma 9-Thyroid 10-Esophagus, and the ten most prevalent cancers among men were: 1-Skin 2-Bladder 3-Stomach 4-Lung 5-Prostate 6-Colon and Colorectal 7-Esophagus 8-Lymphoma 9-Testese 10-Gall bladder. Conclusion: In this investigation we also compared cancer incidence and distribution in Markazi province with national rates and our results showed that in some years, cancer statistics is different from national statistics which it may be due to different environmental and epidemiological factors.

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Background: TTV is the first human circoviridae that was isolated from Japanese patients with unknown hepatitis in 1997. Since then, several studies have been done on different aspects of TTV pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of TTV in patients with chronic hepatitis using two different primer sets. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, blood samples from 240 patients with chronic hepatitis C at Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center were assessed in terms of the presence of TTV DNA in plasma through the nested polymerase chain reaction using two primer sets. Results: Of the 240 patients, TTV-DNA was detected in 220 (92%) patients with chronic hepatitis C using 5΄-UTR primer and in 12 (5%) patients using N22 primer. According to the demographic data, there was not a significant difference between male female patients in prevalence of TTV infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of TTV DNA in plasma samples from patients with chronic HCV by using 5΄-UTR primer was high and it was congruent with studies done in other countries however, N22 primer showed a lower prevalence of viral DNA in the samples. Overall, there was not a significant correlation between sex and the presence of viral DNA in patients. Controversial or high prevalence of this virus in HCV infected people necessitate further studies for determining the relationship between HCV and TTV infection.

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Background: Food insecurity is defined as the limited or uncertain availability of enough food for an always active and healthy life. Diabetes mellitus, one of the most common metabolic diseases, has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality and it is considered a health priority in Iran. Recent studies indicate the widespread prevalence of food insecurity and diabetes mellitus in Iranian society. This study reviews the status of food insecurity and effective socio-economic factors in people with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 135 patients, aged between 30 and 55, who had recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and food insecurity status were assessed using demographic and the 18-item USDA household food security questionnaires, respectively. Physical activity also was evaluated by MET, physical activity questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression.

Results: Prevalence of food insecurity was 66.7%. Food insecurity was significantly associated with economic status, education level, income, having child under 18 years of age, family size, and number of children (p<0.05) however, there was not a significant relationship between food insecurity and occupation, marital status, family history of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease, age, and the amount of physical activity.

Conclusion: Considering the higher prevalence of food insecurity in diabetic patients, it can be said that it is likely that the incidence of diabetes is higher in food insecure people.

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Background: The speech disorders may produce irreparable damage to childs speech  and language development in the psychosocial view. The voice, speech sound production and fluency disorders are speech disorders, that  may result from delay or impairment in speech  motor control mechanism, central neuron system disorders, improper language stimulation or voice abuse.

Materials and Methods: This study examined the prevalence of speech disorders in 1393 Arakian students at 1 to 6th grades of primary school. After collecting continuous speech samples, picture description, passage reading and phonetic test, we recorded the pathological signs of stuttering, articulation disorder and voice disorders in a special sheet.

Results: The prevalence of articulation, voice and stuttering disorders was 8%, 3.5% and%1 and the prevalence of speech disorders was 11.9%. The prevalence of speech disorders was decreasing with increasing of student’s grade. 12.2% of boy students and 11.7% of girl students of primary school in Arak had speech disorders.

Conclusion: The prevalence of speech disorders of primary school students in Arak is similar to the prevalence of speech disorders in Kermanshah, but the prevalence of speech disorders in this research is smaller than many similar researches in Iran. It seems that racial and cultural diversity has some effect on increasing the prevalence of speech disorders in Arak city.

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Background and Aim: Musculoskeletal disorders are mainly prevalent among college students who experience direct contact with patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pains among Rehabilitation, Dentistry, and Nursing students at Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2017-2018.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 538 students of Arak University of Medical Sciences were recruited using the convenience sampling approach. Variables included age, sex, body mass index, study field, hours of using smartphone per day, and nine symptom sites being neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, low back, wrist/hands, hips/thighs, knees, and ankles/feet. The researchers assessed the musculoskeletal pain by using the Nordic questionnaire and demographic questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V. 18.
Ethical Considerations: The Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences approved this study (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.253).
Results:  In this study, 538 students (205 males and 333 females) were studied with Mean±SD age of 22.04±2.53 years old. The results showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the spine (neck 29.4%, upper 24.3%, and lower back 37.2%) was higher than in upper and lower extremities. Musculoskeletal pain in the shoulder, upper, lower back, and thigh were significantly different based on sex. Also, musculoskeletal pain in the neck and ankle, and foot were significantly different based on age (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between musculoskeletal pain of back and ankle based on smartphone use hours per day.
Conclusion: This study suggested that rehabilitation, nursing, and dentistry students are at risk for musculoskeletal pain, especially in the lumbar, cervical, and upper back. 

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Background and Aim This study aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hydatid cyst disease in patients admitted to Imam Reza, Imam Hossein, and Bisotoon hospitals in Kermanshah City, Iran, from 2014 to 2018. 
Methods & Materials In this descriptive study, we studied and analyzed the medical records of 350 patients with hydatid cysts who were hospitalized and underwent surgical treatment in Kermanshah hospitals from 2014 to 2018. Also, the demographic characteristics of patients, including gender, age, occupation, place of residence, and affected organs, were extracted and recorded.
Ethical Considerations The Ethics Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences approved this study (Code: IR.KUMS.REC.1398.366).
Results In total, 350 patients with a Mean±SD age of 43.2±19.7 in women and 43.3±20.7 in men were admitted with a diagnosis of hydatid cyst. The highest and lowest prevalence of hydatid cysts were in the age groups of 41-50 (16.5%) years and 1-10 (4.8%) years, respectively. The prevalence was 181 (51.7%) in women and 169 (48.2%) in men. The organs mostly infected with hydatid cysts were the liver, lung, and brain, with 241 cases (68.8%), 55 (15.7%), and 24 (6.8%), respectively. 
Conclusion This study shows that hydatid cyst disease is an important disease, especially in rural areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran.