---

Background: Noticing the sensitivity and restlessness of medical centers, aggression in the workplace as an agitating factor is one of the dangers of medical profession that is threatening to the health and hygiene of the society. The aim of this study was to determine the types and contributing factors of aggression toward physicians and students of medicine in hospitals of Arak in 2009. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 of accessible physicians and students of medicine working in hospitals of Arak in 2009. A self-made questionnaire, containing 14 questions which surveyed the status of aggressions, was used. Results: On the whole, 205 individuals returned the forms. Most of them (71.7%) had faced a form of oral, physical, or sexual aggression and had been violated by a male companion of patients. They also viewed the use of drugs or alcohol by patients or their companions, lack of security facilities, patients’ death, and lack of educational possibilities for the prevention, as influential factors in the occurrence of aggression. The majority of participants saw increasing the security personnel, presence of psychological counselors and psychologists of the ward, increasing the rest hours, decreasing the work hours of the physicians, and having a codified program for the prevention of aggression, as anti-aggression factors. Conclusion: Oral and then physical aggression toward physicians are quite prevalent. Hence, taking immediate actions and providing useful instructions for prevention are of priority in designing effective programs.

---

Background: Nowadays, the question of how the moral aspects of health can be put into the framework of patient-physician relationship has turned into a current debate in the area of medicine and patients’ rights. This study was conducted to examine the effect of virtual education through sending emails to physicians on their application of Islamic and Quranic codes of ethics. Materials and Methods: In this interventional study, 75 general practitioners and specialists in Kermanshah were selected through non-randomized simple sampling method. The means of data collection were physicians’ ethical conduct checklist and a questionnaire which was prepared by the researcher according to the ethical traits extracted from Quran and Hadith. Concepts extracted from Islamic resources were sent to the physicians email addresses 3 times a week. Data were analyzed through dependent t-test using SPSS software version15. Results: The major findings of the study indicated the positive effects of online Quran teaching on enhancing the application of the ethical codes of conduct and stabilizing the professional codes of ethics. Conclusion: Although improving professional ethical conduct requires long-term training programs, the findings of this study indicated that religious education can be effective in using the general codes of ethics.