Background and Aim Inferior turbinate hypertrophy is one of the most common causes of nasal obstruction after nasal septal deviation. Enlargement of the turbinate is the result of the position of turbinate bone or swelling of turbinate submucosal. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the SubMucosal Resection (SMR) method with electrocautery method in the treatment of inferior turbinate hypertrophy.
Methods and Materials A total of 140 patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy complicated with nasal congestion and rhinorrhea and candidate of surgery were randomly divided into two groups. In the first group, after induction of anesthesia, we performed SMR of inferior turbinate hypertrophy. In the second group, after induction of anesthesia, we performed monopolar cauterization with 20-gauge angiocath in three anterior, middle, and posterior regions and crests of the inferior turbinate.
Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: 91.133.3).
Results In the electrocautery group, a significant improvement was observed in nasal congestion after 6 months (P=0.017). In the SMR group, a satisfactory headache improvement was reported (P=0.034), one month after the operation. Also, the electrocautery group reported less pain and burning in the site of surgery, sneezing, coughing, and itching (P=0.013). 
Conclusion Electrocautery can be superior over SMR because of its less bleeding, shorter time of surgery, the availability of primary equipment, and relative improvement in decreasing the rhinorrhea. However, if the patient suffers from isolated inferior turbinate hypertrophy, SMR as a suitable method is recommended.

Background and Aim: The genus of Lactococcus lactis belonging to the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) group, is a gram-positive, faculative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, and non-motile bacterium. The present study aimed to introduce LAB, especially non-pathogenic, non-invasive, and safe Lactococcus lactis. Accordingly, we examined the previous studies concerning the advantages, limitations, promotion methods, and future prospects of oral vaccines based on this bacterium. This is because it is a potentially promising strategy for the vaccine production and prevention of some infectious diseases.
Methods & Materials: In this review article, 62 studies related to Lactococcus lactis and its application in producing oral vaccines were collected through searching databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus published from 1981 to 2020.
Ethical Considerations This article was approved by the Ethical Research Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences with the number 1396/99.
Results: Lactococcus lactis, as a safe microorganism, is widely used in the food industry. Live recombinant Lactococcus lactis as a "biologic drug" is orally administered as one of the live vaccines expressing viral and bacterial antigens.
Conclusion: Recombinant Lactococcus-based vector can be suitable substitutes for live attenuated vaccines. Moreover, it can be a safe and food-grade host for manufacturing the desired products of human consumption over other systems. It also presents a high potential for vaccine delivery, especially through mucosal methods to prevent or treat certain diseases.