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Introduction: Regarding the extensive use of IUD, as contraception. The present study was conduced to evaluate the complications resulting from muliload 375 and T Cu 380A IUD inserted in women referred to the health and treatment settings of Kermanshah medical sciences university in the year 2002.
Materials and Methods: The study was descriptive-analytic, on 122 women using M.L 375 IUD and 245 others using T 380A IUD were fully assessed. The tools used to collect data were questionnaires evaluating the following variables: Pregnancy, bleeding, ectopic pregnancy, uterine perforation, and expulsion, pelvic inflammation disease (PID). To analyze the data, descriptive statistic and X², student-T and Fisher tests were used.
Results: Severe bleeding during menstrual cycle was the most common complication in the two study groups, especially in the multiload 375 IUD group (75% vs. 41.6%; P<0.001). The multiload 375 IUD had a significantly higher dysmenorrhea rate compared to the T cu 380A (%70.8 vs. %40.8; P<0.001). The rate of intera-uterine pregnancy was low for the two device %1.7 vs. %2, and occurrence of ectopic pregnancy in multiload 375 IUD was 0.8% and in T Cu 380A group was not reported. There was no uterine perforation observed for either device.
Conclusion: According to the results gained, the common complications in each group were not dangerous and their severe and threatening complications were uncommon. The most frequent complications were severe bleeding during menstrual period, dysmenorrhea and spotting which were not life threating and could be controlled by supporting and training their users, although these complications were seen more among those using M.L 375 IUD. These two device were effective enough to prevent pregnancy. It seems that using T Cu 380A IUD is more suitable for those who want to have a long-term contraception.

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Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy in humans. A number of treatment modalities are available. We performed this study in order to determine the efficacy of Mohs micrographic surgery in treatment of basal cell carcinoma.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was performed on 194 basal cell carcinoma (in 175 patients) were treated in Isfahan Al-Zahra Hospital from september 1999 to March 2003 with Mohs micrographic surgery. Data were obtained from patient's files and were analized by SPSS software.
Results: Of the 175 patients (with 194 basal cell carcinomas), 110 (62.85%) paticnls were male and 65 patients (37.14%) were females. The mean age of patients was 58±12.38 years. The majority of tumors were located on face and scalp. 180 of tumors were primary and 14 were recurrences. 17% of tumors were larger than 2cm. Recurrences of the tumor occured in 3 patients. The cosmetic results were excellent and good in 81%. The incidence of recurrnce rate was 0.9%.
Conclusion: Kecurrence rate is low when basal cell carcinomas treated with micrographic surgery so this treatment modality (when indicated) is also strongly recommended in Iran for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma.

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Introduction: Saffron (crocus sativus L.), an important spice rich in carotenoids, is used in folk medicine to treat numerous diseases. This study examines the effects of saffron consumption on innate and humoral immunity of healthy male students.
Materials and Methods: 41 healthy volunteered university students in two control and case groups were included in this study and consumed respectively milk and milk containing saffron for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the subjects at weeks 0, 3 and 6. Innate immunity was evaluated by determining the percentage and counts of monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, platelets and the total white cells, CRP concentration and C3 and C4 concentrations and humoral immunity was assessed by deterning the percentage of lymphocytes and the concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA.
Results: Three weeks after saffron consumption, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration increased significantly (P<0.05, P=0.01). Total white blood cells and platelets count also reduced significantly (P<0.05). After 6 weeks, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration reduced significantly (P<0.05, P< 0.001) and platelets count increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared with week 3.
Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that saffron consumption enhances innate and humoral immunity systems and has anti-inflammatory effects. These effects depending on the duration of saffron consumption.

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Introduction: Children play an important role in the future of every country. In under developed countries like Iran, because of cultural and economic poverty, most children have malnutrition which will be result in physical and psychological growth disorders. In as much as zinc is one of the most important and essential elements in metabolism of different substances and human growth, this study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on percentile weight of children with growth disorders.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate syrup on increasing the weight and percentile weight of children, a double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 70 children aging 9 to 36 months. The subjects lacked any associated disease-by laboratory testing. Thirty-five children consume zinc sulfate syrup 0.6% for three months (case group) and other consume daily placebo for the same time and dose (control group). The increase of weight percentile of children were measured in three times with the interval of one month.
Results: Our findings showed that during three months, the average amount of increasing in weight percentile was 4.5% and 3.7%, respectively. T test showed that the comparison of increasing in weight percentile between two groups was not significant
Conclusion: This investigation revealed that zinc supplementation had not any remarkable effects on increasing of weight and weight percentile of children with growth disorders.

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Introduction: Previous studies indicated that children, who acquired conversation concept, produce adjectives better than other mental retarded.
Other studies showed that Down syndrome children have lower linguistic abilities than other mental retarded children. The main goal of this research was to study the effects of Down syndrome on production of semantic skills.
Materials and' Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on girls who studied in exceptional primary schools of Semnan city.
Samples were chosen systenlaticaly. At first, 38 Down syndrome girls, who were monolingual and with no sign of sensory and motor deficits, were selected.
Then, 37 mental retarded girls (non-Down syndrome), that mental retardation had no specific ethiology, were matched on date of birth, educational level, failuer in previous classes, parent's job and education. These 75 pupils participated in operative tests and those who were able to comprehend the concept of conversation were examined by Raven Colourd Progressive Matrices. At final stage, 30 educable girls were participated in production test.
Results: Our findings showed that:
1. The production of nominal and superlative adjectives were equivalent between two groups, but Down syndromes had lower ability in production of comparatives;
2. The simplisity of adjectives were as fallow: nominal> comparative> superlative, and big-small> tall-short> thick-thief> wide-narrow.
3. There were few samples able to produce superlatives.
Conclusion: This investigation revealed that girls suffering from Down syndrome have lower ability on production of semantic skills.

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Introduction: Preclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition characterized by hypertention, proteinuria and generalized edema. The condition usually occurs in the third trimester and word wide is one of the most common causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. No study concerning the immunological etiology and pathogenesis of preclampsia has been done in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of some immunological factors involved in the pathogenesis of preclampsia.
Materials and methods: This research was a clinical trial study. We measured C3, C4, IgG, IgA and IgM levels in 20 women with preclampsia, 20 normal pregnant women and 20 non-pregnant women matched for age, BMI, parity and gestational age. Seven patients had developed severe and thirteen mild preclampsia. After written informed consent was obtained, blood samples of subject group.
Collected serum collected was analyzed for immunological parameters by the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method of Mancini.
Results: C4 level was significantly decreased in women with severe preclampsia than in women with mild preclampsia and normal pregnancies, whereas C3 level did not differ between groups. IgG concentration was significantly higher in non-pregnant women than in women with preclampsia and normal pregnancies. There was a significant decrease in IgA concentration in normal pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women. There was a not significant difference between the IgM concentrations of both groups.
Conclusion: Our data show several changes in immunological factors in preclampsia which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disorder in Iranian women.

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Introduction: Radius end fracture is one of the most common fractures of the upper limb, the treatment of which is controversial, and improper treatment can have significant side effects. In this study, we intend to examine the results of treatment with an external fixative method.
method: It was easy to study without control and sampling. The study was performed on 30 fractures (26 patients) for one year, based on radiographs of the fracture site of type 4 universal 5. Surgery with standard techniques was performed under general or regional anesthesia, and patients were followed up for up to one year after surgery and examined for shortness of breath, joint surface angle, range of motion, and pain.
Results: Twenty-four men and two women with a mean age of 5.28 years were examined. In all patients, clinical and radiographic effusion occurred. There were two cases of mild infection at the site of the pin, which were treated with medication. In one case, there was a slight sensation in the sensory branch of the radial nerve, which disappeared after a while, and in no case was there a tendon lesion. The mean deviation to the palm was 6.6.5.5 and the ulnar deviation was 4.5 to 12.5.
There were 4 cases of pain during strenuous activity, 2 cases of mild movement restriction and one case of severe movement restriction.
Conclusion: Compared to other studies, the results of this study are much better in many cases and it is recommended to use this treatment in the treatment of unstable fractures of the lower end of the radius and especially if it develops into the radiocarpal joint.

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Introduction: Sexual instinct which is the cause of numerous changes in one’s life could be influenced by numerous factors such as menopause and aging. This study was focused on comparison of women’s sexual functioning disorders before and after menopause. Materials and Methods: This is an analytic cross sectional study in which data related to before and after menopause sexual activities of 174 married women (living with their spouses), referring to health centers in Isfahan in 2003 was collected and investigated. Data was collected by a self constructed sexual dysfunction inventory in which reliability and validity were reached by content validity and α chorenbach index. Findings were analysed through descriptive and inferential (MC-Nemar) statistics. Results: Findings showed that relative frequency of sexual functioning disorders in productive period was 38% and in menopausal period 72.4%. There was a significant association between sexual functioning disorders before and after menopausal period (P < 0.001). Frequency distribution of sexual functioning disorders in productive period of these women according to severity of disorders were: sexual desire disorder (49/2%), dyspareunia (34/3%), arousal dysfunction (26/8%), orgasmic dysfunction (23/8%), and vaginismus (16/4%). Frequency distribution of sexual functioning disorders in menopausal period of these women were: arousal dysfunction(75/3%), sexual disire disorder (62/6%), orgasmic dysfunction (56/3%), dyspareunia (34/9%) and vaginismus (15/8%).
Conclusion: As revealed by the findings of the study,a high percentage of women experience sexual functioning disorders in productive and menopausal periods. Menopause can be a cause to occur, or continue these disorders. The role of health care professinals in conselling and education is emphasized.

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Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent complaints of women which is due to Prostaglandin release and is treated by chemical drugs. Today regarding side effects of these drugs, scientists are increasingly moving toward using herbal drugs. This study is planned to comparison the effects of Thymus Vulgaris and Mefenamic acid on primary dysmenorrhea.
Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial study. Target population was women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea and study population was women reffering to marriage consulting center. Based on α=0/5, β=0/20, sample size was calculated 214 which were divided into two groups randomly. Samples were asked to determine their pain severity before using the drug, by a visual scale (0-10cm). In the study group each sample cosumed 15 grams Thyme leaf brewed in a glass of water and in control group samples used 250mg Mefenamic acid capsules. Then pain severity was determined again 1, 2 and 3 hours after using drugs. Data was analysed by mean and standard deviation indexes and K-S, man-whitney and chi-square tests. Helsinki declaration was regarded at all stages of the research.
Results: Pain severity mean, before using the two drugs had no significant difference between groups. In each group, pain severity was significantly decreased before and after using the drug (p=0.05). But the rate of decreasing pain between the two groups showed no significant difference.
Conclusion: Regarding results, it seems both Mefenamic acid and Thymus Vulgaris decrease pain at the same level which seems to be due to Thyme,s antiprostaglandin and antispasmodic effects.

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Introduction: Cystic hygroma is a disorder in lymphatic vessel formation that involves the adjacent organs and can affect them due to its fast growing nature . The main treatment for cystic hygroma is surgical intervention that can have many complications after surgery. Treatments other than surgical interventions is the use of sclerosing agents. The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of Beliomycin in treating cystic hygroma . Materials and Methods: This quasi experimental study was carried out clinically at st-al Zahra and Kashanie hospitals of Isfahan from 1372 to 1383. A checklist including age, sex, cyst location, cystic hygroma volume before and after Beliomycin injection and/or surgery, was completed for each patient. Data was analyzed by T and paired T-Tests. p<0.05 was considered meaningful. Results:The study was carried out on 72 patients. 24 patients were treated with Beliomycin and 48 patient by surgery. Patients age was below 1 month up to 18 years old . Cystic hygroma was mainly located at neck region(46.8%). The average size of cystic hygroma was 103.9±29.66cm3 before Beliomycin injection and 34.91 16.19cm3 after that (p=0.004). and 43.511±7.81cm3 before surgery and 1.39±1.39 cm3 after that(p=0.006). The rate of recurrence of lymphingoma in the surgery treated group was 25.1% and in the group treated with Beliomycin was 29.2% with no significant difference. Conclusion: Regarding the considerable decrease in cyst volume after Beliomycin injection and it,s low complication compared to surgery, this method can be used as a primary treatment or supplementary to surgery.

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Introduction: Free radical-mediated peroxidation of biological molecules, such as lipids, is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and it's animal model experimental allergic encephalomyelitis(EAE). Low concentration of antioxidant vitamin E has been observed in serum of multiple sclerosis. However, it is not known whether vitamin E has protective effect in EAE. Vitamin E may inhibit EAE by effect on the level of uric acid and Nitric Oxide (NO) production. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study some male C57BL/6 mice were placed in two therapeutic groups (n=8 per group) with age and weight-matched as follow: 1)Vitamin E-treated EAE mice (10mg/kg/every two days of vitamin E given i.p from day-3 until day+19 after disease induction, 2) Non-treated EAE mice (EAE control) received vehicle alone with same schedule. In addition, 5 age and weight-matched male C57BL/6 mice served as normal (non-EAE) controls. Clinical score of disease, uric acid and NO levels of the groups were analysed. Results: Results showed that vitamin E-treated mice had significantly less clinical score of EAE (4±0.8) than non-treated EAE induced mice (5.3±0.44), (p<0.01). Also, there was difference at the onset day of the disease between vitamin E-treated and non-treated EAE-induced mice (day 13±1 and day 11±1, respectively), although was not significant. Concentration of uric acid in vitamin E treated mice were significantly lower than EAE control (p<0.001). There was no difference at the level of NO between the groups. Conclusion: Vitamin E had no effect on NO level, but decreased serum uric acid level. It suggests that vitamin E can reduce or delay the onset of EAE by increasing uric acid consumption.

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Intruduction: Testicular feminization syndrome is a disorder with the prevalence of 1 in 20000 to 64000 male births. It,s characteristics are female phenotype, male caryotype (64XY) and normal to increased testosterone and LH levels. In this article a case of testicular feminization is reported. Case: The patient was a 16 years-old woman with primary amenorrhea and without secondary sexual characteristics. The patient had normal female external genitalia, absent axillary and pubic hair, immature breast, and repaired bilateral inguinal hernia with pathology report of immature testicular tissue. FSH and LH levels were elevated. Testosteroe level was normal. Sonography and CT scan of pelvis did not show uterus and adnex. Karyotype was 46XY. Conclusion: It is recommended that due to the risk of neoplasia, the existing testes must be removed. Also hormone therapy must be done for the patient.

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Introduction: Investigations has showed that prenatal exposure to Morphine causes drug dependency and behavioral complications in new born rats. In this study effect of prenatal Morphine on the development of basal ganglia in rat embryos is investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 36 female rats with body weight between 250-300 grams were selected. After crossing with male rats they were divided into six groups of 12days control-Morphine, 14days control-Morphine and 17days control-Morphine groups. Morphine groups received 0.01mg/ml Morphine through their drinking water until the 12, 14 and 17th day of pregnancy (20ml each rat). Then rats were anesthetized and embryos were taken out and fixed. Their body weight and crown-rump length were measured. Then 5 micrometers sections were provided and stained using H & E method which were then evaluated using mutic program. Results: Body weight and length of embryos were reduced significantly in the 12&14th day of Morphine group rats in compare to their controls. The significant reduction of Basal Ganglia thickness was also found in all Morphine groups compared to their controls. Conclusion: Results showed that prenatal Morphine exposure may cause impairment in change development of Basal Ganglia.

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Introduction: Therapeutic use of D-penicillamine is associated with several side effects. Proteinuria is the most common side effect of it, often due to membranous glomerulopathy. In this article we have reported a case of D-penicillamine induced focal segmental glomerulonephritis with systemic sclerosis. Case: In This article, we have presented a patient who had been under treatment with D-penicillamine and complicated by nephrotic range proteinuria resulting from focal segmental glomerulonephritis. Proteinuria was resolved one month after discontinuation of D-penicillamine without any additional treatment. She had no finding in favour of renal crisis of scleroderma. Conclusion: Such this pathologic form of renal involvment (FSGN) resulting from D-penicillamine has not been reported in the literature yet.

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Introduction: Regarding the fact that dissanitation in swimming pools can cause a lot of diseases such as Dermatophytosis in swimmers, this study is done with the aim of determination of Dermatophytic infections in covered public swiming pools of Qom city during 2004. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 480 samples were taken from six public swimming pools. Samples were carried to the laboratory where they were passed through milipore filters. Filters then were trasfered to mycosel agar medium and incubated for three weeks at 25 Co. Data was analyzed using fisher test. Results: Among 480 samples, eleven Dermatophytes (8/8 percent) were isolated and indentified as follow: Trichophyton Mentagrophytes (2/4%), Trichophyton Tonsuranse (1/6%), Trichophyton Equinum (1/6%), Trichophyton Verrucosum (0/8%) Trichophyton Rubrum (0/8%), Trichophyton Schoenlinii (0/8%) and Epidermophyton Floccosum(0/8%). There was a significant relationship between prevalence of Dermatophytes and disregarding of personal hygiene standards (p=0/0001) and no significant relationship between residual Chlorine of swimming pools and prevalence of Dermatophytes. Conclusion: Because the majority of isolated Dermatophytes were anthropophilic and had been transferred from swimmers to the swimming pools it is necessary to care personal hygiene standards and provide good sanitation conditions in water and environment of the swimming pools.

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Introduction: Adenosarcoma is a rare uterine tumor composed of benign epithelial and malignant stromal elements. In 20% of cases stroma contains heterologous elements (usually from stratified muscle type). Association between Tamoxifen usage (exogenous strogen) or ovarian thecoma (endogenous strogen) and occurance of this tumor has been reported. This is a case report of a uterine Adenosarcoma. Case: The patient was a 45 years old woman with history of 16 years OCP use who was admitted with a uterine mass and undergone total hysterectomy. Microscopic assessment of slides, stained by H&A, was indicator of Adenosarcoma with cartilage heterologous elements. Conclusion: Uterine Adenosarcoma is a rare tumor. Although there is a few reports of cartilage heterologous elements in uterine Adenosarcoma, this case had multiple cartilage points in stroma. Also in this case, the coexistance of this tumor with long- term OCP use was considerable. 

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Introduction: Flexor tendon entrapment of the digits (FTED) is a disorder characterized by snapping or locking of the thumb or fingers (with or without pain) and called trigger finger. Corticosteroid injections are one of the most commonly used treatments for chronic tendon disorders. Despite their popularity, the systematic evidence for their benefits are largely lacking. This study tries to determine the efficacy of local corticosteroid injection in treatment of trigger finger. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial research. Variables including local tenderness, trigerring stage, pain during isometric flexion and passive stretching of the tendon (based on VAS) were evaluated before local injection of corticosteroid and then 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after the injection. Data was collected by special forms and analyzed using Chi square and ANOVA Tests. Results: The difference between persence of A1 pulley tenderness in 4 examinations was significant (p<0.0001). The difference between pain induced by isometric flexion and pain induced by stretching the tendon passively in extension was also significant (both p<0.0001). The difference between frequency distribution of triggering was significant (p<0.0001). Patients satisfaction was 90% . Conclusion: The rate of success in local corticosteroid injection was 90% (only with one injection). The high rate of success and low side effects, make this method a suitable treatment for trigger finger.

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 Introduction: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis distinguished by infiltration of leukocytes into the central nervous system. Changes in composition and levels of unsaturated fatty acids, affect the integrity of blood-brain barrier. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Sesame oil on the leukocyte infiltration into the brain of MOG35-55 induced EAE male C57BL/6 mice. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, male C57BL/6 mice were placed in two therapeutic groups (n=10 per group) with age and weight-matched as follow: 1.Sesame oil-treated EAE mice received 4ml/kg/day of Sesame oil given i.p. from day -3 until day +19 after disease induction, 2.Non-treated EAE mice (EAE control) received Phosphate buffer alone with same schedule. EAE was induced by immunization of mice with MOG35-55 peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant. Leukocytes infiltration into the brain was investigated 20 days after immunization. Data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The results show that Sesame oil-treated mice had significantly less clinical score of EAE (2.6±0.4) than non-treated EAE induced mice (4.2±0.6), (p<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference at number of the infiltrating cells in brain between Sesame oiltreated (80±20) and non treated EAE-induced mice (150±30), (p<0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate that Sesame oil reduces infiltration of leukocytes into the brain of EAE mice, therefore lessening the histological changes and clinical signs and thus ameliorating the disease.

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Introduction: Clubfoot is one of the most common foot deformities in children. The initial treatment of clubfoot is nonsurgical. The succes rate of this treatment is 5-80%. If clubfoot does not respond to this treatment, surgery is indicated. Surgical treatment of clubfoot has several complications. The preferred method of surgical release in textbooks is a modified Mc Kay procedure with Cincinnati incision but it may have various complications such necrosis, excessive scar, infection, dehiscence and recurrence. The purpose of this article is to investigate surgical treatment of clubfoot with two incision procedure instead of Cincinnati incision. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 50 children (81 feet) with clubfoot disease who did not respond to nonsurgical treatment, since 1999 until 2002, in Al-Zahra hospital were selected and underwent soft tissue release procedure by posteromedial and lateral incisions. After operation they were followed for at least two years. Every six months patients were assessed for early postoperative complications, clinical and radiologic recurrence. Data was presented using descriptive statistics. Results: 74% of patients were male. Their mean age was 3.40.69. There was positive family history in 14% of patients. Clinical recurrence was seen in 6 patients, (9 feet) (5 male, one female) that all had bilateral involvement. The most common type of recurrence was metatarsus adductus. There was no skin necrosis or deep wound infection after surgery but 2 cases of superficial infection was seen which were treated by drugs. Conclusion: Regarding the excellent results of this procedure and obtained correction and the least skin complications in comparison to textbooks we suggest the two incision procedure instead of Cincinnati incision in treatment of most club foots

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Introduction: Abdominal pregnancy is 1 in 10000 live births and advanced abdominal pregnancy is rare. Abdominal pregnancy is associated with high morbidity and mortality with the risk for death 7 to 8 times greater than tubal ectopic pregnancy and 90 times greater than intrauterine pregnancy. In this article a case of advanced abdominal pregnancy is reported. Case: The patient was a 35 year’s old (G4P3) woman presented with undelivered pregnancy after two years. After diagnostic procedures laparatomy was done. During the operation, fetus adhesion to the omentum was released. A 9 kg calcified fetus was delivered. Then the placenta and left adnex was removed completely. Conclusion: Regarding the high mortality rate of abdominal pregnancy, in every pregnancy specially in the precence of it’s risk factors (such as PID, history of ectopic pregnancy, history of infertilitry and using drugs to induce ovulation, IVF, prior tubal surgery and …) and also suspicious symptoms, this probability and early intervention must be considered.