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Introduction: Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) has been recognized as a common disorder in childhood and is an important and common factor in formation of renal stones. Recurrent urinary tract infection is a clinical presentation of hypercalciuria. Regarding that Hydrochlorothiazide is effective in hypercalciuria treatment, therefore in this study we assessed the efficacy of Hydrochlorothiazide in preventing recurrent UTI in hypercalciuric girl patients. Materials & Methods: This research was a single blind randomized clinical trial. 100, 1 to 12 years old girls, who were followed by pediatric nephrology outpatient clinic in Vali-Asr and Amir Kabir hospitals, with the diagnosis of idiopathic hypercalciuria and at least two urinary tract infections in year, were included in study. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. First group received a general preventive treatment consisted of a liberal fluid , urination every 2 hours , reducing dietary salt intake , washing genitalia from front to back , wearing cotton loose underwear and complete urination. In second group, in addition to the general treatment, Hydrochlorothiazide was used with initial dose of 1mg/kg/day in a morning dosage.Then, urinary tract infection recurrence in two groups was assessed by student T test. Results: All patients who received Hydrochlorothiazide were normocalciuric. In each group, incidence of UTI non recurrence was 34% (17 cases), that was not significantly different. Conclusion: This study rejected the presence of hypercalciuria treatment effect in preventing recurrent urinary infection. Therefore, the association between UTI and IH needs to be closely studied with the attention to eliminate confounding factors.

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Introduction: Chronic and relapsing abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons that bring children to pediatric clinics. About 20% of these children are suffering from idiopathic hypercalciuria. Since Hydrochlorothiazide is effective in relieving hypercalciuria, we assessed its effects on reducing these relapsing pains in girls with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Materials and Methods:In this single blind clinical trial study, 100 girls, aged 5-12 years old, with chronic relapsing abdominal pain and hypercalciuria were divided to two groups by random block design. All children and their parents were trained about consuming plenty of liquids and decreasing salt in foods. In addition to these measures, Hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/kg/day) was also administered to children in the case group. The control group was assessed for the number of abdominal pain episodes for 3 months following the commencement of the diet and the case group for 3 months after becoming normocaciuric. The results were analyzed by T-test. Results: The mean number of pain episodes in Hydrochlorothiazide group in the first, second, and third months were 0.38, 0.4, and 0.26 respectively much lower than the corresponding months in the control group which were 1.60,1.94, and 1.84 in that order (p<0.001). Conclusion: It seems that single dose daily Hydrochlorothiazide is a safe and effective drug in the treatment of chronic relapsing abdominal pain in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria.

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Background: Hirsutism in women is identified as the increasing growth of terminal hair in areas of skin that are sensitive to androgen. The most common causes of hirsutism are PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and idiopathic hirsutism. The role of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia as the most important pathogenesis mechanism of PCO is quite obvious, but there is not enough information on the role of insulin resistance in idiopathic hirsutism. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 16 to 40 year old women. Medical history and physical examination were completed for patients with PCOS and idiopathic hirsutism. Hormonal tests and sonography were run for both groups and insulin resistance was assessed using HOMA-IR formula. Data were analyzed using SPSS version. 17. Results: Mean of serum insulin levels in PCOS and idiopathic hirsutism groups were 16.04±1.4 and 7.32±6.85 µIu/ml, respectively (P<0.001). HOMA-IR values in PCOS and idiopathic hirsutism groups were 3.7± 3.36 and 1.67±1.75, respectively (P< 0.001). Mean of serum DHEA-S levels in PCOS and idiopathic hirsutism groups were 2.48±1 and 1.84±0.46 pg/ml, respectively (P< 0.001). These findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups. However, in terms of serum glucose, testosterone, androstendione, and follicular hormones levels, there were not any significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: In both PCOS and idiopathic groups, there was a significant relationship between hirsutism and insulin resistance. This relationship, however, was more significant the PCOS group

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Background: Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Male infertility affecting 15% of couples. Environmental and genetic factors are involved in male infertility. Paraoxonase (PON) is an antioxidant enzyme which plays an important role in various diseases and is associated with oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. The PON gene family consists of 3 genes, PON1, PON2, and PON3, that located on the long arm of chromosome 7. In this study, the association of PON1 gene polymorphism at position 192 Q/R with idiopathic male infertility were investigated.

Materials and Methods: Blood Samples were collected from 120 patients diagnosed with idiopathic male infertility and 124 control subjects, and genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. To estimate the association between genotype and allele frequencies in cases and controls, P-values were assessed by Chi-square (&chi2) analysis.

Results: We observed a significant difference in genotype distributions of PON1 192 Q/R polymorphism between patients and controls (P= 0.0001). Our findings revealed individuals with the variant QR and RR had a significant decrease risk of idiopathic male infertility (RR: OR= 0.057, 95%CI=0.003-1.08, P= 0.05. QR: OR= 0.288, 95%CI= 0.132-0.394, P= 0.0001).

Conclusion: Our data indicate that the PON1 192 Q/R polymorphism maybe associated with decreased risk of idiopathic male infertility. Although more studies should be considered with larger number of patient and control subjects to confirm our results.

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  Background: Approximately, 50% of male infertility causes have remained unknown. It seems that genetic disorders may lead to many cases of idiopathic infertility. XRCC1 ( X-ray Repair Cross Complementing group 1) acts as a scaffolding protein in the base excision repair (BER) and single strand break repair (SSBR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of XRCC1 may influence DNA repair capacity. Thus, they had been considered as a risk factor for infertility. XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism was located on p rotected domain , BRCT1 . The aim of this study was to explore the p ossibility of association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and susceptibility to idiopathic male infertility.

  Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, the genotype and allele frequencies of Arg399Gln polymorphism were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) on a Guilanian population consisting of 144 men with idiopathic infertility and 166 healthy men. Statistical analysis was performed using the MedCalc 12 software.

  Results: According to our results, compared with Arg/Arg genotype, the Arg/Gln , Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln + Gln/Gln genotypes showed a significant association with an increased risk of idiopathic male infertility ( OR=4.19 95%CI 2.37-7.41, p<0.0001 ), (OR=3.42 95%CI 1.50-7.81, p<0.0034), (OR=4.06 95%CI 2.32-7.09, P<0.0001) , respectively. In addition, the Gln allele frequency in patients was significantly higher than that in controls(p=0.0004).

  Conclusion: In total, Arg399Gln polymorphism of XRCC1 gene can be associated with male infertility and Gln allele might be a risk factor of idiopathic male infertility in in this sample population. Larger population and different ethnicities should be studied to achieve a definitive conclusion.

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Introduction: Physical activity is one of the important lifestyle factors that can have positive or negative effects on the reproductive system, and more research is needed to reflect the effect of inactivity on fertility in order to provide safe lifestyle recommendations to help couples achieve pregnancy is required. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of describing and comparing the physical activity status of fertile and infertile men in Arak city in 2022.
Methods: The present study is a case-control study that was conducted on 220 fertile and infertile men (22 to 40 years old) referred to Arak University Jihad infertility centers that were selected through available sampling. Participants completed self-test questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were also measured. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association of infertility with physical activity level, sedentary behavior, and body composition.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Arak University (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1401.046).
Ethical Considerations: The present research has been registered with the code IR.ARAKU.REC.1401.015 in the Ethics Committee of Arak University.
Results: In this study, it was observed that the amount of physical activity (P=0.02) and body composition (P=0.001) in fertile men is more favorable than infertile men. In men with a low level of physical activity, the risk of infertility increases 2.97 times (odds ratio 2.97 and 95% CI: 1.03, 8.61, and P=0.04). On the other hand, in men with moderate level of physical activity, the risk of infertility decreases (odds ratio 0.27 and 95% CI: 0.08, 0.92, and P=0.03). Also, in men who sit for more than 6 hours a day, the chance of infertility increases by 3.02 times (odds ratio 3.02 and 95% CI: 1.28, 7.10, and P=0.01). An increase in body mass index increases the risk of infertility by 1.61 times in men (odds ratio 1.61 and 95% CI: 1.23 and 2.11 and P=0.001).
Conclusions: Since obesity, physical inactivity and infertility in Iranian men are increasing at the same time, so there should be more focus and seriousness on the issue of lifestyle modification and especially physical activity regarding reproductive health.