Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences

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Effect of Eight Weeks of Endurance Training on Brain Lactate Uptake of Diabetic Rats During Hypoglycemia State

Malihe Aveseh, Rohollah Nikooie, Vahid Sheibani ,
Volume 17, Issue 5 (8-2014)

Abstract

Background: Considering to the frequency of occurrence of hypoglycemia in diabetes, alternative substrates for glucose play an important role in maintaining brain metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of endurance training on brain lactate uptake during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, seventy-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups: Control, Trained, Diabetic control and Diabetic trained. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneally injection of streptozotocin. After 8 weeks of endurance training, Hypoglycemia was induced by an intraperitoneally injection of insulin. One-half hours after hypoglycemia, lactate (4 mmol/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into animals. Animals were killed at intervals of 10, 20, and 30 min after injection, plasma and brain concentration of lactate and glucose were measured.

Results: A significant difference was found for plasma lactate concentration at intervals 20 (p<0.05) and 30 (p<0.05) between healthy groups and also between diabetic groups (p<0.05). Thirty minutes after injection, significant increase in brain lactate concentration was found between control and trained (p<0.05) and control diabetic and diabetic trained (p<0.05). Brain/plasma ratio of lactate had a similar pattern with brain lactate concentration. Increase in brain lactate concentration had no effect on decreased level of brain glucose concentration.

Conclusion: Endurance training can increase the brain lactate uptake of diabetic rats during hypoglycemia.

Prevalence of Adverse Events and Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Novel Antidiabetic Medications

Ebrahim Mohammadi, Laya Hooshmand, Arash Masumi,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2025)

Abstract

Introduction: Novel antidiabetic medications are employed to manage glycemic control and mitigate the long-term complications of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of adverse events, including hypoglycemia, associated with these novel antidiabetic agents in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 157 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Endocrinology Clinic at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, during the summer of 2024. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit participants. Data on demographics, the incidence of hypoglycemia, and reported adverse drug reactions were collected from all eligible patients through a structured interview. Subsequently, patients were stratified into three treatment groups based on the specific novel antidiabetic medication they received.
Results: In patients receiving sitagliptin, the most prevalent adverse events included arthralgia and rheumatic problems (26.31%), dermatological manifestations (36.84%), and allergic reactions (21.06%). Nausea (52.94%) and abdominal pain (17.65%) were the most frequent adverse events observed in patients treated with liraglutide. Polydipsia (28.72%), weakness and lethargy (26.6%), and dry mucous membranes (27.66%) were commonly reported in patients receiving empagliflozin. Hypoglycemia was observed predominantly in male patients aged 51-55 years receiving sitagliptin.
Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate a low incidence of hypoglycemia among patients treated with modern antidiabetic medications. Prevalent short-term adverse events observed included gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, and dermatological manifestations.

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