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Introduction: Androgenetic alopecia is a very common disease. According to some reports, up to 96% of people have some form of this disease. In this paper we compared the effect of an herbal drug composed of the urticadioica, chamomilla, thymus vulgaris, equisetum arvense and foeniculum vulgare with 2% Minoxidil solution in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia.
Materials and Methods: We evaluated 82 patients suffering from androgenetic alopecia in a double blind prospective study. We counted terminal and vellous hair in 1 square centimeter of the predetermined area of scalp before and after treatment. After 6 months of treatment, the results were evaluated
Results: According to our findings, herbal drug and Minoxidil were effective in regrowthing the hair (45% vs. 35% respectively) and there were no meaningful differences between efficiacies of these two drugs
Conclusion: Herbal drug can be used as an adjunct or as an alternative to Minoxidil for treatment of the androgenetic alopecia.

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Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases that causes miscarriage and infertility in animals and causes human fever. The use of the common SS9 strain of Brucella abortus has several side effects for livestock. Brucella P39 protein is one of the plasma peripheral space proteins that is considered as one of the important immunogenic indicators. With the production of the new protein combination of P39, more studies can be done on the ability of this protein to stimulate immune responses against Brucella. Therefore, in this research, the production and purification of this protein in Escherichia coli bacteria has been done as a new compound.
method: In this experimental study, using the polymerase chain reaction, the P39 gene was propagated by the bacterium Brucella abortus. After purifying the P39 gene, it was cloned into plasmid carriers pSK+ and pGEX4T1. Therefore, pSK+-P39 and pGEX4T1-P39 structures were prepared. To produce the recombinant protein P39, the plasmid structure pGEX4T1-P39 first entered the Escherichia coli bacterium BL21. The protein was then produced by IPTG by induction of pGEX4T1-P39 plasmid. The resulting protein was purified using the orderly purification protein glutathione S-transferase. The amount of purified protein was measured using the Brad Ford method.
Results: The nucleotide sequence of the gene propagated by the cloned PCR in the plasmid carrier  pSK+ was exactly the same as the P39 gene of Brucella abortus. Production of P39 protein was performed by induction of pGEX4T1-P39 plasmid. The purified protein content was 200 micrograms per milliliter.
Conclusion: The production of the new protein P39 compound Brucella Abortus, which is unstable in the cytoplasm of the Escherichia coli bacterium, is possible using carriers with additive proteins such as pGEX4T1 in the host of Escherichia coli strain BL21.

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Introduction: Type of anesthesia is important in the maternal and fetal well being. There are different informations about effect of general and spinal anesthesia on Apgar score, so in this study a comparision was made on Apgar scores of neonates following these two methods. Materials and Methods: This study is a clinical trial and 168 term pregnant women were selected from elective cesarean candidates and divided in to general and spinal anesthesia groups by randomized allocation method. Then Apgar scores in first, fifth and twentieth minutes were mesured in infants. Also maternal age, cause of cesarean, sex and duration of cesarean section time were all documented. Data was analyzed using T and Chi square tests. Results: Mean Apgar scores were 8.66±0.68, 9.8±0.42 and 9.970.15 at first, fifth and twentieth minutes in general anesthesia group, and 90.38, 9.880.32 and 10 at first and fifth and twentieth minutes in spinal group. The group differed significantly for first minute Apgar score (p<0.001) but there were no significant differences in fifth and twentieth minutes Apgar scores. Conclusion: First minute Apgar score of newborns of mothers under spinal anesthesia was more than those of mothers under general anesthesia but there was no difference between their five minute Apgar score.

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Introduction: Streptolysin O (SLO) is an antigenic protein that is secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcal infections are diagnosed with anti streptolysin O. At present, streptolysin O is produced by vectors that have fusion protein. In this study streptolysin O without fusion protein vectors is produced. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Streptolysin O gene was amplified by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and subcloned to prokaryotic expression vector pET28a. Escherichia coli BL21-DE3-plySs were transformed with pET28a-SLO and gene expression was induced by IPTG. Then it was purified by Ni-NTA kit. The concentration of SLO was assayed by Bradford method. To confirm recombinant SLO Western Blot was used. Results: The sequencing result was confirmed by Sanger method and was the same as SLO gene. Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS was transformed with pET28a-SLO and gene expression was induced by IPTG. The expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography with Ni-NTA resin. The concentration of purified protein was 100µg/ml. The integrity of product was confirmed by Western Blot analysis using a mouse anti streptolysin O. Conclusion: Data showed that recombinant SLO protein can be produced by pET28a in Escherichia coli. This protein maintains its antigenic effect very well. Therefore, recombinant SLO has same epitopes with natural form of this antigen.

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Introduction: Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus strains are the most important agents of nosocomial infections. The conventional antibiotic susceptibility methods such as disk diffusion are not suitable for detection of these strains due to their heteroresistancy. Therefore, in this study, agar screen and duplex-PCR were compared in determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from nose of personnel in Hajar hospital of Shahre-kord, 2007. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study a total of 204 nasal swabs from personnel of Hajar hospital over a period of 6 months were collected. The specimens were cultured on mannitol salt agar for primary isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains and their susceptibility pattern to oxacillin was assessed using agar screen method. Finally, using duplex PCR, the isolates were tested for the presence of mecA gene. Results were compared and sensitivity and specificity of the method was determined. Results: In this study, 23 of the 52 (44%) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin using agar screen method. However, mecA gene was detected in 27 of the 52 strains (52%). Our results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of agar screen method in determination of MRSA strains were 81.5% and 96%, respectively comparing with PCR. Conclusion: Oxacillin agar screen, comparing PCR, is an inexpensive, applied and phenotypical method with low false positive and suitable for screening of MRSA. However, due to its relatively high false negative results is not appropriate for screening of MRSA strains isolated from hospital-employed nasal carriers.

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Background: One of the best examples of epimorphic regeneration in the mammals is the formation of new tissues formed from blastema in holes punched in the ears of rabbits. The aim of this research is to investigate speed and percentage of regeneration in different geometrical shaped holes and different regions of rabbit's ear. Methods and Materials: In this experimental research different region of rabbit's ear (proximal, medial and distal) were punched as different geometrical shaped holes (circlc, quadrangle and triangle) with the same area (50 mm2) Ubyg a puncher which designed for this purpose. The regeneration of wounds was evaluated and the percentage of regeneration was calculated. After punching, each 3 days (36-40 days). Results: Results showed speed and percentage of regeneration in circular holes was significantly (P<0.05) more than quadrangular and triangular holes. In addition, regeneration speed of holes located in proximal regions of ear, was more than peripheral holes. Conclusion: Wound regeneration in rabbit's ear is related to the geometrical shape of holes. Speed and the percentage of regeneration in circular shapes is more than angular shapes.

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Background: Angiogenesis is a complex process that occurs in many physiologic and pathologic conditions such as invasion and metastasis of tumors. Therefore, it is the target of many clinical treatments. Rapamycin is one of the immune system inhibitor drugs that recently has been used for controlling different types of cancer. In this study, the effect of Rapamycin on angiogenesis in chicks' chorioalantoic membrane was investigated. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, we used 42 Ross fertilized eggs that were divided into 3 random groups: control, sham-exposed (treated by Dimethyle sulfoxide-DMSO- ) and treated with Rapamycin. In 2th day, a window was opened on eggs in the sterile condition. Later, in 8th day, a gelatin sponge appeared on chorioalantoic membrane and was soaked with 5 μl Rapamycin in treatment group and 5 μl DMSO in the sham-exposed group. In 12th day, CAMs were examined and photographed by Research Photostereomicroscope in all cases. The numbers and lengths of vessels around the sponges were measured and compared with each other by T-Test (p<0.05). Results: The mean of number (42 ±7.26 ) and length (57.25±5.05 cm ) for vessels in the control group and mean of number (42.93±8.37 ) and length (55.66±10.44 cm) in sham-exposed group was'nt any significant differences. There was a significant decrease in mean number (29.36±5.28) and length (44.55±10.22) of vessels in Rapamycin with control group. Conclusion: It seems Rapamycin has an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis in chicks' chorioalantoic membrane. It decreases the number and length of vessels around treated area

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Abstract Background: Fetal Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) develops viability and proliferation of nerve cells. Also this fluid contains many valuable factors for protection of nervous system injury cells. In this research, the effect of cerebrospinal fluid intraperitoneal injection on alpha motor degeneration after sciatic nerve compression in rat was determined. Materials and Methods: In this experimental-laboratory study, 18 male Wistar rats divided randomly in 3 groups (control, compression, and experimental). In compression and experimental group, right sciatic nerves were highly compressed. CSF was injected in experimental group each three days. After 1 month care, all rats were cordially perused by 10% formaldehyde and their L4-L6 lumbar segments of spinal cord were sampled and with processed for histological examination, the paraffin blocks were serially cut (7mm). Slices were stained with toluidine blue and numerical densities of motoneurons in spinal ventral horn were estimated stereological (dissector) technique. Quantitative data were analyzed by T-test. Results: Significant reduce in motoneurons number of compression group (47026) in comparison with control group (173978) was seen. Also there was significant difference between compression and experimental groups (992±141) in neuron density. Conclusion: CSF intraperitoneal injection may have a beneficial effect in neural regeneration.

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Abstract Background: The University is a stressful place can cause depression symptoms and it's a critical context for studying of students’ psychological health. Because of moving away from family, living with other students, academic atmosphere pressures and uncertain future, students are often in risk of depression. This study was done to determine prevalence and related factors of depression in students of Arak, Iran. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 304 undergraduate medical and basic students in Arak universities, from May to July 2008. General Health Questionnaire -28 question (GH-28) has been used for data gathering and analyzed by T-test, chi2 and logistic regression tests. Results: Mean of students' general health was 26.18±11.02 and 52.3% of students were scored above the threshold of GHQ- 28, that indicating depression. Female sex, major uninteresting, uncertain future and positive family history were the most important risk factors of depression but significant relationship between age, education Course and year were not seen. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was higher than society and in girls is more than boys students. But there wasn’t any difference between medical and non medical students. So attention to financial and occupational future of graduated and under graduated students is essential.

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Abstract Background: Employed women like men, with their income have many physical and psychological problems and their mental health has been threaded. In our country the most rate of employed women are in Health and Education Ministries. So, we decided to determine the mental health of employed women in this both areas. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was compared the mental health of 131 employed women in University of Medical Sciences with Education office in Arak city with General Health Questioner (GHQ) in 2008. Also effective factors on mental health based on age, education, income, number of children, mental and physical diseases history, marital status, habitancy condition, job satisfaction and experience were determined and data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: There was difference between mental health level in women working in Medical Sciences University and Education office of Arak (p=0.041). Also income, age, mental disease history and job satisfaction had direct relationship with mental health Conclusion: Difference between psychological health level of women working in office of Medical Sciences University and Education were significant and income level, age, experience, mental disease history and job satisfaction are the most important factors for mental disorders.

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Abstract Background: Vitamin A is an important messager molecule for differentiation setting, cells proliferation and morphogenesis. In this research, an effect of vitamin A on limb bud development of Balb/C mouse was determined. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 10 female pregnant mice were divided to control and experimental groups. Control mice were maintained in natural situation and experimental mice were received vitamin A 15000IU/kg intraperitoneal injection at gestational day 10.5. Control and experimental mice were dissected in day 15.5 of gestation and after a morphology study their embryos were prepared for histological studies with microscope and were stained by Hematoxylin & Eosin method. Results: Comparison of crown- rump length, fore limb width, length of zone 1 (finger and palm) and zone 2 (wrist) of fore limb and total length of hind limb in experimental embryos with control group didn’t have significant difference in means. But, mean of embryos weights and length of total fore limb and length zone 3 (arm and forearm) of experimental embryos fore limb were more then control (p<0.001). Also, in comparison mean of hind limb width of experimental to contol embryos, increase was observed (p<0.006). But number and size of chondrocyte in 4 zones of fore and hind limb in experimental group didn’t have significant difference to control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Concentration of 15000IU/kg vitamin A has progressive effects on the fetuses’ weight and fore limb bud development of Balb/C mouse.

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Background: The existence of estrogen and progesterone receptors, p53, human epidermal receptor-2(HER-2) and cathepsin-D are among the prognostic markers for breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the relationship between these factors and lymph-node involvement. Materials and Methods: In this case-control analytic study, 105 patients with breast cancer were investigated. After detecting breast mass, surgical biopsy was done and the status of the estrogen and progesterone receptors, p53, HER-2, and cathepsin-D were studied. Collected data were registered in a checklist and were subjected to analysis. Results: There was no relationship between lymph-node involvement and estrogen and progesterone receptors, p53, cathepsin-D and HER-2. Conclusion: In order to get more precise results about hormonal receptors, p53, HER-2 and cathespin-D, a similar research with a larger sample size over a longer period of time is needed.

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Background: Myopia is the most common refractive defect and degenerative myopia is one of the five causes of blindness in the world. The aim of this study is to examine degenerative myopia and its related risk factors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data was collected through a questionnaire along with the auto-refraction apparatus, which was utilized for determining the myopic degree. The inclusion criteria for this study were the age above the 10, myopia or astigmatic myopia, apparent media (in fonduscopic examination), and the absence of age related retinal defect. Results: A total 65 patients participated in this study 51% of whom had degenerative myopia. Choroid neovascularization was observed in 17.65% of the subjects. There was a significant difference in the relationship between hypertension(r=28%), diabetes mellitus (r =22%) and glaucoma, and degenerative myopia however, this difference was not observed between cataract and myopia. The correlation coefficients between hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and degenerative myopia were 28% and 22%, respectively. This correlation was very low in the case of glaucoma. The greatest correlation existed between the myopic crescent and hypertension (r=0.295%). In all of the cases, the correlation coefficient between diabetes mellitus and all the myopic complications was positive but below 40%. Conclusion: The majority of the patients had degenerative myopia. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common co-existing diseases. Noticing the correlation coefficient existing between hypertension and myopia, the need for controlling hypertension and diabetes mellitus for preventing retinal complications is emphasized. Also, for preventing the adverse effects of degenerative myopia in retinal defects, controlling glaucoma is suggested.

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Background: Following the reduction of neurons due to peripheral nervous injuries, the number of neuroglial cells also decline because of not receiving vital factors. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effects of curcuma longa total extract on spinal cord neuroglia cell degeneration after sciatic nerve compression in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental clinical- trial, Wistar rats were categorized in five groups (control, compression, treatment1, treatment 2 and treatment 3), each including six rats. For inducing the injury in the compression and treatment groups, the right sciatic nerve in the upper thigh was compressed using clamp forceps. In the treatment groups, 100mg/kg doses of the extract were injected in group1(3 times a day), group 2 (6 times a day) and in group3 ( 9 times a day). After 28 days, following being anesthetized, the rats underwent perfusion and samples were taken out of the lumbar segments of their spinal cord. Then the samples, after going through tissue processes, were cut in 7 m serial sections and stained in blue toluidine. Through the stereological quantitative technique, neuroglial cells were counted. Results: A significant decrease was seen in the number of neuroglial cells in the compression group (6913±208) in comparison with the control group (10184±791). Also, through the comparison of the compression group with treatment group 1(7077±293), treatment group2 (9372±252) and treatment group 3 (8715±252) a significant difference among dnsity of neuroglial cells in groups and 3 with conppnessin group was seen. a remarkable increase in the numerical density of neuroglial cells was obtained (p<0.05). Conclusion: Due to its antioxidant effects, curcuma longa extract increased the numerical density of neuroglia cells following the compression of the sciatic nerve. The antioxidant effects of this extract probably inactivate the apoptosis channels which have been activated due to peripheral nerve injuries.

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Background: One way of embryo preservation is cryopreservation, but this process may damage and lead to the loss of the embryos, and bring about chromosomal abnormality. This has led researchers to seek techniques for short term preservation of embryos in 0-10 ºC temperatures. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short time exposure to 4°C temperature on the expression profiles of mono-carboxylic transporter genes 1,2 ,3, and 4(MCT1-4) in 4-cell mouse embryos. Materials and Methods: In this fundamental study, forty 4-cell mouse embryos from NMRI strain were randomly divided into two groups. The first group consisted of fresh 4-cell embryos, and the second group included 4-cell mouse embryos that were exposed to 4°C temperature for 24 hours. After RT-PCR, the samples were electro-phoresised for expressing the MTC1-4 genes. Results: The expression of MCT 1-3 was observed in the first group, but the obtained results did not indicate their expression in the second group. Conclusion: Preservation of 4-cell embryos in 4°C for 24 hours inhibits the expression of MCT 1-3 genes. Keeping embryos in 4°C temperature is not a proper way for their short time preservation.

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Background: Salvia staminea, belonging to lamiaceae family, has positive effects on the nervous system and possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the neuro-protective effects of salvia and its total ethanol extract on spinal cord motoneurons in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods:In an experimental trial, 54 male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups of six: Control, compression, treatment A (ethanol extract of root in 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg doses), treatment B (aqua extract of root in 25 and 50 mg/kg doses), treatment C (aqua extract of leaves in 50 mg/kg doses), and treatment D (ethanol extract of leaves in 75 mg/kg doses). In compression and treatment groups, 28 days after inducing impairment in α motoneurons, sampling of the left leg sciatic nerves was done in the rats. Following tissue passage, 7 micron cuts were obtained and painted with blue toluidine. Neuralgia motoneurons count was, then, carried out through steriology and dissector methods. Results: Neuron number density in the rats treated with 50 mg/kg doses of total aqua and ethanol extracts of leaves and 75 mg/kg dose of ethanol extract of root showed significant differences in comparison to that of the compression group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study prove the neuroprotective effects of these extracts on neuralgia motoneurons of spinal cord.

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Background: Influenza is a contagious respiratory infectious disease out breaking in cold seasons of the year. The outbreak of the new influenza A (H1N1) virus in 2009 involved large populations of the world with considerable mortality. Hemagglutinin (HA) molecule, the main surface glycoprotein of the influenza virus, is one of the key factors for serological diagnostic kits and vaccine development. Thus establishment of HA gene bank of the circulating influenza viruses is essential in gaining quick access to large amounts of protein. Materials and Methods: The first step in providing such a bank is detection and isolation of HA full genome and its subunits by using specific primers and cloning them in proper vectors. For this purpose, using standard virus genome (A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)) cultured on MDCK cell, HA coding gene was proliferated by RT-PCR using specific primers. Results: Isolation and cloning of the HA gene was verified by RT-PCR, enzyme digestion and determining nucleotide synonymy. Through the use of specific cloning primers, different HA gene constructs were propagated for expression of the gene in insect cells and E.coli bacteria. Conclusion: The results indicated the complete compatibility of the extracted HA gene with the influenza (A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)) hemagglutinin. It makes it possible to use the gene as a source of cloning in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems

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Background: Angiogenesis is one of the most important biological processes which is characterized by the formation of new blood vessels in many developmental and pathological stages. Therefore, angiogenesis blockage using anti-angiogenic drugs can be effective in treatment of such diseases as hemorrhages and cancers. Citrullus colocynthis (bitter melon) is a medicinal plant with cytotoxicity effects that its anti-angiogenic effects were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, at first, Citrullus colocynthis alcoholic extract was prepared. Then, 30 Highline fertilized eggs were randomly divided into control, sham-exposed, and treatment groups. On the seventh day of incubation, the sham-exposed group was treated with normal salin and the treatment group was treated with the plant extract. On the 10th day of incubation, CAMs were examined and photographed by research photostereomicroscope. The number and length of vessels around the treated region were measured and analyzed through SPSS and t-test (p<0.05). Results: According to data analysis, the number (31.40±5.87) and length (46.60±7.33 cm) of vessels in the control group did not reveal a significant difference in comparison to the number (27±5.16) and length (42.40±5.05 cm) of vessels in the sham-exposed group. However, a significant decrease was observed in the number (6.70±2.05) and length (14.79±3.34 cm) of vessels in the treatment group in comparison to the control group(p<0.05). Conclusion: The alcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynthis seems to have had a repressive effect on angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane. Therefore, it decreases the number and length of vessels around the treated area.

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Background: In pyoderma infections, the density of pus is related to desoxiribo-nucleoproteins. The use of streptodornase (DNase) in combination with streptokinase can help dissolve purulent secretions of infections which results in healing the wound through the discharge of pus from the necrotic tissue. The aim of this study was to produce recombinant streptodornase from group A strain of Streptococcus pyogenes which is highly efficient in terms of active streptodornase production using expression vector. Materials and Methods: In this applied-fundamental study, genomic DNA of streptodornase gene (sd) was extracted by phenol-chloroform. Then by using specific primers of streptodornase gene, it was amplified through PCR. The resulting streptodornase gene was cloned in pGEX4T1-sd transformer for expression and the pGEX4T1-sd plasmid was transferred to the sd. E.coli BL21. Protein production was done by induction via IPTG and optimization of the conditions. The recombinant protein was purified using the glutathione sepharose 4B kit. Results: The nucleotide sequence of PCR and group A streptodornase Streptococcus was totally the same. The production of the streptodornase recombinant protein was done by inducing pGEX4T1-sd plasmid via Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside. Protein purification was done through affinity-chromatography by using glutathione sepharose 4B. The recombinant protein was reacted with anti-streptodornase mouse serum through Western-Blot method. Conclusion: Recombinant streptodornase can be produced by pGEX4T1 in E. coli. The recombinant protein maintains its antigenic property desirably. Noticing the domestic need in Iran, low rate of production, and pathogenesis of streptococci, production of this recombinant product is feasible.

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Background: Hyaluronidase A is an antigenic protein that is secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes. Nowadays, streptococcal infections are diagnosed by tracking down anti-hyaluronidase A antibodies. In this study, the attempt was made to generate recombinant hyaluronidase A in E. coli. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, through designing specific primers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hyaluronidase A gene was amplified and after purification, it was sub-cloned in plasmid expression vector pET32a. Then pET32a-hylA was transferred to E. coli BL21-DE3-plySs. Protein generation induced by IPTG. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA kit and its concentration was assayed by Bradford method. Western-Blot analysis was run for verifying the recombinant hyaluronidase A. Results: The nucleotide sequencing of the gene amplified by PCR was the same as hyaluronidase A gene from Streptococcus pyogenes. Production of the recombinant hyaluronidase A via induction by pET32a-hylA plasmid was done through IPTG. The expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography by Ni-NTA resin. The concentration of purified protein was 500µg/ml. analysis using a mouse anti-hyaluronidase A serum was reacted with the generated protein using Western-Blot analysis. Conclusion: Recombinant HylA protein can be generated in E.coli and the resulting protein maintains its antigenic properties desirably.