---

Background: Nausea and vomiting are prevalent after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery and physicians need to use drugs, such as ondansetron, propofol, metoclopramid, and ramostrogen, for controlling them. This study was done to evaluate the effect of gabapentin 300mg and 600mg administration on controlling nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 105 ASA patients (classes 1 and 2) were randomly divided into 3 equal groups including placebo group, 300 mg gabapentin group, and 600 mg gabapentin group. The same technique of anesthesia was used for all groups. The patients were controlled for nausea and vomiting each 2 to 6 hours and after that every 4 to 18 hours. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean degree of nausea in the control group was 2.8, in second group which took 300 mg gabapentin was 0.67, and in third group which took 600 mg of gabapentin was 0.55 (p<0.001). In addition, the severity of vomiting in the control group was 0.326, in second group was 0.126, and in third group was 0.053 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Administration of one dose of 300 mg gabapentin can reduce nausea and vomiting, and with increasing gabapentin dosage to 600 mg, these complications will decrease even more. Therefore, using gabapentin in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery is recommended

---

Background: Seizure is an abnormal electrical activity probably due to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is a chemical convulsive agent abundantly used in laboratory animals. PTZ induces a change in glutamate and GABA in the brain which this study investigates the persistence of this change.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups. Three i.v doses of PTZ 20, 25 and 30 mg/ml were used to determine the effective PTZ dose. Convulsive behaviors were monitored as tonic clonic and myoclonic twitches. Hippocampal glutamate and GABA contents were measured using a biochemical method.

Results: Dose of 20 was resulted in long latency to and short lasting TC convulsions with a high volume of injected PTZ solution. On the other hand, dose of 25 and 30 led to short latency and long lasting convulsions with low volume of injecting solution. However there was high rate of mortality (100%) in dose of 30 mg/ml. Hippocampal glutamate content was decreased in zero and 20 min groups while GABA content was decreased only in 20 min group.

Conclusion: It is concluded that dose of 25 is the appropriate i.v dose to induce TC convulsions in rats which decreases glutamate and GABA while increases the ratio of glutamate to GABA. Therefore, alteration of glutamate and GABA may be the basis for subsequent seizure induced changes.

---

Background: About 40% of postmenopausal women experience sleep disruption which can affect their quality of life. Various medications were used for managing the sleep disruption. There are some studies on the effectiveness of gabapentin in the management of post menopausal vasomotor symptoms and sleep disruption. The aim of present study was to assess the effect of gabapentin on improving quality of life and sleep of post menopausal women .

Materials and Methods: In this double blind clinical trial, 90 post menopausal women with sleep disruption were selected and randomly divided into two groups for 12 weeks intervention (300 mg gabapentin, twice daily) and control groups. SF36 questionnaire of quality of life and PSQI questionnaire of sleep quality were surveyed and compared before and after the intervention in patients.

Results: The mean age of participants were 52.7 ± 3.14 and 53.4±3.68 years in intervention and placebo groups respectively. There was no significant difference in demographic information and the mean score of SF36 and PSQI questionnaires between groups before the intervention (p>0.05). Significant improvement was seen in score of SF36 and PSQI in gabapentin group after the intervention and in comparison with placebo group (p=0.0001).

Conclusion: According to the results of present study, it seems that gabapentin 300 mg/twice daily for 12 weeks can improve quality of life and sleep of post menopausal women.

---

Abstract

Background: Parsley is one of the medicinal herbs used for gastrointestinal disorders. However, spasmolytic activity of Petroselinum crispum (parsley) extract has been reported, there is a lack of information to support the mechanism of this antispasmodic activity. Taking this into account, the purpose of the present work was to investigate the role of GABA_A receptor on antispasmodic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of parsley seed in isolated rat ileum.

Materials and Methods: In this study, terminal portion of ileum (2 cm) was dissected out and mounted in an organ bath containing air bubbled Tyrode solution (37^οC, pH=7.4). Under 1gr resting tension, ileal contraction was induced by KCl (60 mM) and recorded isotonically. The effects of non-cumulative (0.1-0.5 mg/ml) concentrations of extract on KCl-induced contractions were examined.  After evaluating the effect of agonist and antagonist GABA_A receptor, the effect of parsley extract was assessed in the presence of muscimol (25 µM) and bicuculline (10 µM) as agonist and antagonist of GABA_A, respectively. 

Results: Parsley seed extract reduced the KCl-induced ileal contraction in a concentration-dependent manner (n=7, p<0.001). Both muscimol and bicuculline exerted relaxant effect on ileal contraction (n=7, p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Surprisingly, agonist and antagonist of GABA_A both potentiated the spasmolytic effect of extract (0.2 mg/ml). Altogether, spasmolytic effect of extract was not attenuated in the presence of GABA_A antagonist.

Conclusion: It seems that GABA_A receptor is not involved in the antispasmodic effect of parsley seeds extract in rat ileum.

---

Background: Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain that affects on the patient’s quality of life. Use of herbal instead of synthetic drugs recently has been increased due to side effects of synthetic drugs and herbal effective components. Flavonoids are herbal compounds that have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Because Allium cepa L. has a great amount of flavonoids, this study has been designed to evaluate analgesic effects of alcoholic extract of Allium cepa L. on neuropathic pain behavior in chronic constriction injury model in rats.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI model) in Rats. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 for each): Sham, CCI model, receiving red onion hydroalcoholic extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg and a group receiving gabapentin (100 mg/kg). Red onion extract and gabapentin were administered by gavage for 21 days. Using thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical and thermal allodynia tests, the analgesic effects of extract have been measured.

Results: Findings of this study revealed that CCI surgery on rats induced hyperalgesia, mechanical and thermal allodynia. Daily intakes of alcoholic extract of red onion and gabapentin significantly increase the paw withdrawal latency; increase the threshold to mechanical allodynia and decrease in response to acetone.

Conclusion: Oral use of alcoholic extract of Allium cepa L. reduces neuropathic pain behavior in CCI model in rats.