---

Introduction: Depression is one of the psychiatric disorders that causes loss of energy, decrease of concentration and daily activity that these also became decreased in motivation and educative activity of students. The aim of this study was assesed to determine the prevalence of depression and it's related factors of Arak university of medical sciences in 79-80.
Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional and the sample of study consisted of all medical sciences students that came to university on fall of 79 (N=153) that were screened for depression at the biginning time of educational course and then 3 terms later by using personal data questionair and short form (21 statements) of Beck Depression Inventory Test.
Results: From 153 students, 38 (%22.1) respondants at biginning of course obtained the score in between 17 and>17 were determined as depressive case, then after 3 terms this figure increased to 58 (%38.5), this differences was significant differences between depressive and nondepressive groups in variables such as proper of dornitory condition 3, satisfaction of field of study 3.64, satisfaction with the educative conditions of the university 3.49, satisfaction with student-management relationship 3.77, appropriate cmotional-supportative and security condition in between family and students 4.32, economical condition of safe and families 3.58, at biginning time and then 3 terms later in arrangement of above were 2.82, 3.66, 3.37, 2.79, 2.66, 4.17 and 3.67 that these diffrences due to constant samples were significant and has had significant roles in prevalence of depression.
Conclusion: This study showed that depression was increased in students of Arak University of Medical Sciences after 3 terms and it is related with some stressful factors such as family, social and economical factors.

---

Introduction: An association between depression and altered immunity has been suggested by a number of studies but has not been consistently demonstrated .The effect of maternal depression response on fetal immune system have not been investigated. Thus in this study we evaluated the effects of depression on some parameters of innate and humoral immune system of pregnant women and their infants. Materials and Methods: 62 pregnant women (including 32 depressed and 30 healthy) and their infants in Taleghani hospital of Arak in 2004 were included in this study. All depressed mothers had a diagnosis of depression by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and clinical interview based on DSM-IV system. The level of immunoglobulins and components were evaluated by single radial immunosdiffusion (SRID) method of Mancini. Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were determined by Hycel (an automated cell counter) and for more accurancy were also evaluated by manual method. Statistical analysis was performed using K-S, Mann-Withney, One way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson tests. P<0/05 was considered significant. Results: Serum IgM level and serum C4 level of infants of mothers with depression were significantly lower than infants of healthy mothers. Lymphocyte number and percentage in infants of depressed mothers was also significantly higher than infants of healthy mothers. The mean cord/maternal blood ratio of IgG in infants of depressed mothers was also significantly lower than infants of healthy mothers. Serum IgG level of depressed mother was significantly higher than other mothers. Conclusion: Fetal impact of stress and depression during pregnancy is just beginning to be understood and research in this area is developing. Our results indicated that maternal depression adversely affects the development and function of fetal immune system. These results are in agreement with the immunological findings of preterm and LBW infants.

---

Introduction: Nowadays, depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders and is a prevalent mood disorder. Recently researches about depression etiology, show that in addition to different neurotransmitters and life events, internal stressors such as serum cholesterol, triglyceride and some coagulation factors can have an effect. This study was focused on the relationship between major depressive disorder and serum cholesterol level. Materials and Methods: This research is a case control study that was performed in the year 2006. Case group were 62 patients referred to Hashemi Senejani psychiatric medical center and control group were chosen from ENT ward patients of Amir-Kabir hospital. Both groups were paired match for age, gender and education. In order to determine serum cholesterol level, 5cc blood sample was taken of each person from both groups. Data was analyzed using K-S and Mann-Witheny U tests. Results: The mean age of samples was 35.5±9.9 years. 77% were female, 67.2% married, 25.8% single and 6.5% divorced. Average serum cholesterol level in case group (215.6 ± 47.6 mg/dl) in comparison to control group (183.1 ± 31.2 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the results, it seems that serum cholesterol is an internal stressor for depressive disorder so everyone with high serum cholesterol level must be evaluated for depressive disorder.

---

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common affective disorders, and in addition to different neurotransmitters and life events, various internal stressors such as blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and other factors are responsible for it. Considering hyperglycemia as a possible risk factor of this disorder and inconsistency in results of previous studies, we decided to assess the relationship between different levels of HbA1C and major depression. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analythical study that is carried out on 134 samples. They were chosen randomly among patients with type2 diabetes reffering to Vali-e-Asr hospital. The patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of their HbA1C test results patients with HbA1C less than 7% (group A), consisting 55 persons and patients with HbA1C more than 7% and equal to it (group B), including 79 persons. Participants were assessed by Hamilton scale of depression. The relation between HbA1C levels and major depression in these 2 groups was assessed using Chi square and Mann Whitney U tests. Results: We found that 40% of depressed patients had HbA1C level lower than 7% and 60% of them had HbA1C level higher than 7%. No significant correlation was found between HbA1C and major depression. But the duration of disease, using Insulin and being hypertensive simultaneously was correlated to major depression in this study. Conclusion: This study indicates that uncontrolled diabetes and high level of blood glucose is cosidered of less importance as an undelying mechanism of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes.

---

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of all cancer in women. In this study form various methods for treatment of depression due cancer. This study conducted for comparison drug therapy and drug-cognitive therapy on decreasing depression, effect of drug and cognitive theray on decreasing depression. Methods and Materials: This is a clinical trial study. Form patient refered to oncology clinic and ward of vali-e-Asr hospital 78 women were selected by simple sampling. Based on Beck depression test, 42 of them had depression. They randomly divided to case and control groups. Both groups received antideresant drug as usual. But case group had also cognitive- drug therapy. Afrer 6 Month treatment both group were tested again for depression. Data was analyzed by spss using independent and paired t tests. Results: The mean depression score hadnot signigiant difference between case and control grops beor and after treatment. The mean depression score in control group had no significant deference before and after treatment the mean depression score in the case group was significantly different after treatment (p<0.05). The mean score of depression in control group was more than case group after treatment. Conclusion: In the present study cognitive therapy cause a significant decrease in depression score of case group.

---

Background: Skin Sympathetic Response (SSR) is an electrophysiological technique and a central polysynaptic process. In mood disorders there are some changes in the cortex, hypothalamus activity, limbic system and basalganglia. Therefore, we compare the SSR changes in the patients with depression, mania and healthy persons. Methods and Materials: The patients with depression and mania were chosen based on DSM IV criterion by the psychiatrist. In cross-sectional analytic study, control group was selected away healthy men and women. The SSR was written by physiograph. The stimulat electrod was fixed on the middle finger of the left hand and 5 sympathetic responses were recored for every sample. The mean of amplitude, duration and latency time were computed and compared among three groups. Results: The mean of latency in control, mania and depressed groups were not statistically difference (p=.8). There were no difference between mean of duration in latency time in three groups. The mean of amplitude were not significant in three groups. Conclusion: It seems hypothalamus has not direct effect balance of sympathy skin responses.

---

Abstract Background: The University is a stressful place can cause depression symptoms and it's a critical context for studying of students’ psychological health. Because of moving away from family, living with other students, academic atmosphere pressures and uncertain future, students are often in risk of depression. This study was done to determine prevalence and related factors of depression in students of Arak, Iran. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 304 undergraduate medical and basic students in Arak universities, from May to July 2008. General Health Questionnaire -28 question (GH-28) has been used for data gathering and analyzed by T-test, chi2 and logistic regression tests. Results: Mean of students' general health was 26.18±11.02 and 52.3% of students were scored above the threshold of GHQ- 28, that indicating depression. Female sex, major uninteresting, uncertain future and positive family history were the most important risk factors of depression but significant relationship between age, education Course and year were not seen. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was higher than society and in girls is more than boys students. But there wasn’t any difference between medical and non medical students. So attention to financial and occupational future of graduated and under graduated students is essential.

---

Background: Different studies have proposed the cognitive deficits as one of the main aspects of schizophrenia furthermore, the presence of psychosis in these patients can influence the degree of deficiency in executive functions .The purpose of this study is to compare the executive function in patients with schizophrenia, non-psychotic major depression and normal individuals. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 28 patients with schizophrenia, 28 patients with non-psychotic major depression and 28 normal subjects were selected from hospitals in Tehran through available sampling method which were matched according to age, sex, and level of education. The executive functions of subjects were evaluated using Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Turkey post-hoc test. Results: Schizophrenic patients had poorer performance in comparison with non-psychotic depressives and normal individuals in all variables of Wisconsin test (P<0.001). Also, depressive patients showed more preservative error than normal subjects (P<0.001), but no significant difference was found between the two groups in the number of categories and specific error variables. Conclusion: Greater impairment in the executive functions in the Wisconsin card sorting test is mainly associated with psychosis which might be introduced as a special profile of schizophrenia. Noticing the amount of deficiency in executive functions in each group of patients, the positive or negative prognosis can be diagnosed initially.

---

Background: Major depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric diseases, whereas schizophrenia is one of the worst human diseases. Therefore, finding low-cost treatment methods with few side effects can be of great help to patients. The present study was done to compare the serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous in individuals with major depression and schizophrenics with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous were assessed in 100 major depressive, 100 schizophrenic, and 100 healthy subjects. Subjects with a history of renal failure, hepatic failure, parathyroid disease, and consumption of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous supplements were excluded from the study. SPSS software version 15 was used for data analysis. Results: Depression was accompanied with decreased serum levels of vitamin D and increased serum levels of parathyroid hormone (p>0.001, p=0.01), but there was not a significant difference between depression and healthy subjects in calcium and phosphorous serum levels (p=0.69, p=0.15). Schizophrenia presented a significant correlation with decreased serum levels of vitamin D and phosphorous (p>0.001, p=0.01), but there was not a significant difference between schizophrenic and healthy subjects in calcium and parathyroid hormone serum levels (p=0.47, p=0.67). Conclusion: Since depression and schizophrenia are accompanied by decreased serum level of vitamin D, consumption of supplementary vitamin D can be helpful in the treatment of these patients.

---

Background: Depression is one of the most commonly observed problems in menopausal women. This study was conducted to determine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on menopausal depression in women referring to No. 1 Health Clinic of Ahvaz, Iran, in 2010.

Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was done on 70 menopausal women experiencing various levels of depression. After administering the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-21), the participants who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into intervention group (n=35) receiving a 2gr omega-3 capsules and control group (n=35) receiving 2 gr placebo capsules. After 8 weeks of intervention, data were collected and analyzed by Chi-square, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures using SPSS software version 17.

Results: Mean depression scores decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the intervention group (13.36±2.23 to 8.72±3.71). Also, mean depression scores decreased (p>0.05) in the control group (13.25±2.04 to 11.78±2.93) however, it was not significant. The comparison of depression scores did not indicate a significant difference regarding the reduction of depression after intervention between the two groups (p=0.08).

Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, administration of omega-3 capsules (2gr/daily) for 8 weeks decreased menopausal depression. However, there was not a significant difference between omga-3 and placebo groups in this study. For a more precise observation of the effects, further studies with longer periods of intervention are needed.

---

Background: Depression is one of the most common problems in postmenopausal women. Diosgenin present in fenugreek seeds present study the effects of menopause on depression in menopausal women took the city in 1390.

Materials and Methods: In a randomized controlled trial enrolled 60 women with complaints of depression caused by menopause. Beck Depression Inventory on a sample of postmenopausal women and the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The samples were divided randomly into two groups, Diosgenin (6 g Fenugreek seed daily containing 25 mg Diosgenin) and sorbitol (25 mg daily) for 8 weeks were placed before and after 8 weeks of intervention questionnaire, Beck completed SPSS software was used to test the statistical Paired test scores before and after treatment were compared.

Results: Mean depression score decreased after 8 weeks took Fenugreek containing Diosgenin and sorbitol as compared with before of intervention of this study and it was significant.The comparison did not indicate a significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusion: According to the finding of this study, administration of 6 g Fenugreek seed containing Diosgenin for 8 weeks decreased menopausal depression . The need for further studies with longer duration and higher doses before any recommendations can be felt.

---

Background: Depression is one of the common psychiatric disorders which are more common in women in the reproductive ages. So this study is to investigate the effect of Depo-Provera on depression.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 70 women who had chosen Depo-Provera as contraception. Beck test was done at arrival and repeated 3 months later, and the scores obtained were compared by paired t test.

Results: The participants BDI scores at baseline were equal to 7.89±3.85 while 3 months after treatment with the scores were equal to 7.09±3.63 which were significantly decreased.

Conclusion: Since Depo-Provera reduces depressive symptoms in women who take it and does not increase these symptoms in women with a history of depression, it seems that Depo-Provera is an appropriate choice as contraception.

---

Background: According to the Erikson`s generativity vs staqnation theory this study examines the impact of old women transition experiences on depression, feel aging and physical changes in rehabilitation institute of charity in Arak.

Materials and Methods: In this quasi- experimental study, 30 elderly women living in nursing homes aged over 65 years and tested geriatric depression score of 9 and above earned were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people .one group was selected as control and the other test group. Questionnaires included: geriatric depression questionnaire, feel Aging questionnaire and physical changes. program experience with that already was set to be repeated during ten sessions on group test. finally independent and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Although ten sessions to transfer the experience were able aging feeling and depressed elderly women reduce but the decrease was not significant between the test and control groups, as well as reduced physical changes between test and control groups were not significant.

Conclusion: The lack of suitable components severely needed to establish an effective interaction model for hinder the effectiveness of the meetings was to conduct experiments requiring more study.

---

Background: Depression is on the top list of mental disorders which account for about 25 percent of patients referred to health centers in your world. So, is presented in different ways to treat it. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy in reducing depression in mothers of children with disabilities.

Materials and Methods: This study is quasi-experimental and consists of experimental and control groups. This study population was mothers referred to mobility, occupational therapy and physiotherapy centers who had depressive symptoms. 8 patients in each group were selected by convenience sampling. The research instrument were the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders and the revised Beck Depression Inventory form (1996). Dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy groups were instructured for 2 months (8 sessions of 2 to 2.5 hours). But the control group did not receive intervention.

Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between the mean depression scores of dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive therapy group with control group (p<0.001). Also, there is a significant difference between the mean depression scores of dialectical behavior therapy with cognitive therapy (p<0.001).

Conclusion: In the area of treatment and working with depressed people and those who are in crisis mode, it seems that dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive therapy group in view of its nature is very efficient and promising.

---

Background: Meta-cognitive therapy and schema therapy are two important methods in treatment of mental disorders special in treatment of anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of meta-cognitive therapy and schema therapy on decrease symptoms of anxiety and depression in nursing and midwifery students.

Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and 2 mounts follow-up design. The statistical population included all girl students of nursing and midwifery faculty that referred to counseling center of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. Totally 60 students with anxiety and depression were selected through available sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups. The experimental groups educated 10 sessions of 70 minutes by meta-cognitive therapy and schema therapy methods. All groups completed the questionnaire of Cattell anxiety and Beck depression.The data were analyzed by using the SPSS-19 software and by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) method.

Results: The findings showed in the post-test, schema therapy unlike meta-cognitive therapy significantly led to decrease symptoms of anxiety and depression. But in the follow-up state each two methods of meta-cognitive therapy and schema therapy significantly led to decrease symptoms of anxiety and depression and in the follow-up state, there wasn't any significant difference between two methods (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The results showed though the effect of schema therapy appears earlier than meta-cognitive therapy, but there is no significant difference between two treatments in long time Therefore, counselors and therapists can use meta-cognitive therapy and schema therapy for decreasing symptoms of anxiety and depression disorder.

---

Background: There are numerous negative side-effects of child sexual abuse such as post- traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems. The purpose of this study is the use of Specific Recall Training on depression and anxiety in children with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by Sexual Abuse.

Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and with a control group.34 children with post-traumatic stress disorder caused by sexual abuse were selected by available sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group was educated over 7 sessions of 1.5 hours by Specific Recall Training method. To collect data, the Spence children's anxiety questionnaire and children's depression questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS-20 software and multivariate analysis of covariance method.

Results: The findings showed that specific recall training, significantly reduce depression and anxiety scores. In follow up, the pre-test effect, the long term effect of treatment on depression was observed (F=5.943, p=0.021), but it can't effectively reduce anxiety.

Conclusion: The results showed that specific recall training was effective on depression and anxiety in children with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by sexual abuse. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use this method for the treatment of children with mentioned disorder.

---

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory in patients with major depression.

Materials and Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest and post-test and follow-up with control group. The research population comprised female outpatient referrals to private psychiatric centers and psychological counseling centers in Tehran in the first half of 2016, They had received a diagnosis of depression by a psychiatrist at least once. Of these, 30 females were selected as a sample group with convenience sampling method and based on the criteria of inclusion and exclusion and were divided randomly into two groups , experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) group. The experimental group received transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in 10 sessions, While this intervention was not provided to the control group. The data were collected by N-BACK. Analysis of variance with repeated measurments was used to test the research hypothesis.

Results: The results showed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) had a significant effect on increasing working memory and the impact will continue to follow up.

Conclusion: Therefore, this approach can be used to improve working memory in people with major depression.

---

---

---

Background and Aim: Food restriction (FR) affects on depression and anxiety behavior. Previous studies have pointed to the role of sulpiride in the treatment of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of dopaminergic system and food restriction on depression and anxiety. Materials and Methods: Forty two adult male Wistar rats (180-220g) were divided into 7 groups including: control, sham, 25%, 50%, 75% FR, 75% FR with sulpiride and sulpiride(50µg/rat). The treatment period was 21 days. Day 19 surgery and cannulation was performed and Sulpiride was injected intracrebroventricularly (icv) on the 21st day. Depression and anxiety tests (Tail suspension test and Elevated Plus Maze), was taken from the rats on the 21st day. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Ethical Considerations: Ethical points were observed according to the declaration of Helsinki and acts of Bioethics Committee at Urmia University (Ref No: AECVU-180-2018). Findings: Mobility time in FR groups and sulpiride compared to control and in 75% with sulpiride compared to 75% had significant increase. immobility time in FR and sulpiride had significant decrease compared to control. Open arm entry in 75% FR had significantly decreased compared to control and in 75% FR with sulpiride had significantly increased compared to 75%. Open arm spend time in 75% FR with sulpiride had significant increase compared to 75%. Motor activity was reduced in FR groups and injection sulpiride. Conclusion: It seems that sulpride and FR play a role in improving semi-depression circumstances. Sulpiride also play a role in controlling the anxiety behavior induced by FR.