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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluting of salivary estriollevel in hospitalized women with diagnosis of preterm labor.
Materials and Methods: This was an analytic observationat investigation. During this study, salivary estriol specimens were obtained from 43 women at 24 to 34 weeks 6 days gestational age with symptoms of preterm lab or .We compared maternal salivary estriollevels between case group with preterm labor.
Results: This study showed that the mean of salivary estriollevels in 31, 32, 33, 34 weeks in case group were higher than control group. Reciever-operator curve showed that exceeding a 0.1875 ng/ml salivary estriollevel was associated with occurrence of preterm delivery.
Conclusion: This study showed a wide range of salivary estriollevels in different pregnants and this distinction became more extent with lengthening gestation. Detection of increased estriollevel may be clinically helpful in defining at risk woman for preterm birth.

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Introduction: Diagnosing parturients in risk of cesarean section early in the beginning of active phase of labor, is very important. This may let take necessary action to accelernate labor (delivery) and prevent maternal mortality and morbidity due to late cesarean section. Materials and Methods: During a period of 8 months from July 2004 to March 2005, 216 primiparous women, with term pregnancy and cephalic single fetus, referred to Imam Reza hospital in (during) active phase of labor, were studied. Changes of cervical dilatation and descent of the conceptus were observed. Parturients were devided to two groups, vaginal delivery and cesurean section. Protraction or arrest disorders were the indications of cesarean deliveries. Findings were analysed through using T-Test, unilateral variance and Chi square test. Results: The more changes in cervical dilatation in the first 2 hours of active phase of labor, the less possibility of cesarean delivery (p<0.001). Also the more rate of the conceptus descent in the first 2 hours of active phase of labor, the less rate of cesarean section (p<0.001). There was no significant statistical relationship between condition of membranes at the onset of active labor and method of delivery, however there was a significant relationship between oxytocin augmentation and method of delivery (p<0.001). Conclusion: In primiparous women with term pregnancy, vaginal delivery would be fairly predictable by observing changes of cervical dilatation and conceptus descent during the first 2 hours of active phase of labor.

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Background: There has been an increase in the number of women willing to have a caesarean birth because of their fear of childbirth. It seems the childbirth preparation educational class is a good way to remove or alleviate fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth.This research designed to identify the effect of childbirth preparation classes on childbirth fear on the primiparous women. Methods and Materials: The present study is a clinical trial which was carried out in 2007 at Milad Hospital, with 100 nulliparous pregnant women. Childbirth fear was measured by childbirth attitudes questionnaire. Normal pregnant women in the second trimester with childbirth fear score was 28 or more were randomly selected and dirided into experimental and control group with 50 subject in each qroup. The experimental group attended nine childbirth preparation class sessions and control group received routine antennal care. Results: The mean scored fear of childbirth in case and control group were 39.35±6.96 and 40.71±6.23 respectively. There was not significant difference between two groups. After the sessions, comparing childbirth fear score between two groups in third trimester showed the mean score of childbirth fear among experimental group was lower than control group (29.82+/- 7.18 compare to 38.03+/-9.27), and the differences statistically was significant (p<0.001). Mode of delivery was significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Primiparous women attended childbirth preparation classes acquired lower score of childbirth fear in compare to women received routine prenatal care. The results of this research showed relaxation training decreased childbirth fear and increased normal vaginal delivery.

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Background: Every year over 150 million pregnancies occur in developing countries however, delivery is not satisfactory for some mothers and, in fact, it is a painful and frightening experience. One solution for pain relief is using En2nox gas. Because of opposite stances of people and society on En2onox, this study was done to highlight the real experiences of people and describe mothers' experiences of pain relief using En2nox. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative, phenomenological study, deep interview is conducted with 30 pregnant women who chose painless delivery using En2nox at Taamin Ejtemaee Hospital. Data analysis was done via Collaizzi method. Validity and reliability were obtained noticing such measures as real value, applicability, continuity, and authenticity. Results: The reasons for choosing En2nox were being easy-to-use and having minimal side effects. Most mothers had a positive attitude towards self-administration of the method and their main satisfaction was with the reduction in pain without severe side effects following withdrawal from usage of the method. The mothers’ major complaint was with dizziness following the method. Conclusion: Based on the mothers’ positive experience of En2nox painless delivery, using this method with the aim of decreasing labor pain and elective cesarean is recommended. Furthermore, the use of this type of analgesia at other centers, with larger sample sizes, and in comparison with other analgesia methods is recommended.

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Background: Multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder, is one of the most common diseases of the central nervous system. Two-thirds of patients with multiple sclerosis are women in their child bearing age, 20s and 30s. Multiple sclerosis is followed by neurological disability in young people. The purpose of this study was to determine pregnancy outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis and compare them with healthy pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In this cohort study,37 pregnant women with multiple sclerosis and 73 healthy pregnant women were compared in terms of pregnancy, child birth, and infant variables. Patient information was collected through questionnaires and evaluated using independent t-test, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: The results showed that pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and gestational symptoms in women with multiple sclerosis were higher than the control group (p=0.001). Instrumental delivery was more in women with multiple sclerosis (p=0.05) and there was not a significant difference between the two groups in terms of neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: The resultsof this study show that some of the complications of pregnancy are higher in women with multiple sclerosis. Also, normal delivery and instrumental vaginal delivery were more in women with multiple sclerosis that couldbe due to fatigue in this population. Hence, these findings should be taken into consideration in planning andmanaging pregnant patients.

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Background: Gene therapy is a recent promising treatment that effective gene transfer is considered as its most important step. Furthermore noninvasive method of transfer will be important to, when gene therapy is supposed to be applied. Administration of drugs in oral rout is more appreciated by patients. Loading and release rates are very important in targeting and effectiveness of transfer in all different methods that have been used for oral drug transfer. Here, we have studied packing of gene particles into two different enteric coats and compared these two coats in loading of entrapped materials and there release rate in vitro.

Materials and Methods: First, DNA was mixed with chitosan by coacervation technique and resulted polyplexes were coated using solvent evaporation technique. FTIR and two different pHs, less and more but near eudragit pKa, were used to evaluate formation of particles and their behavior.

Results: Formed particles have similar stability in low pH and their differences are trivial. Eudragit L100 release rate is really slower than L100-55 and gradual. Eudragit L100 shows better ability in loading rate.

Conclusion: According to two formed particles' behavior, eudragit L100-55 might be used in oral gene transfer targeting of initial part of small intestine and eudragit L100 might be used for wider surface of small intestine, from the initial to the end part, and colon.

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Background: Childbirth is a stressful event that requires a mental adjustment. Optimism is one of the important determinants of psychological adjustment which is a combination of interest and positive attitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of optimism training during pregnancy on attitude and intentions to choose the mode of delivery in nulliparous women.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial , 64 primipar pregnant women with normal pregnancies, 34-30 weeks, without indication for cesarean section referring to the health centers in Mashhad in 2014 were selected and were randomly divided into two groups , A (trained) and B (no training). Optimism training during 5 session of the 60-minute, with the group participation of participants and active exercises was conducted. Data were analyzed with using the software SPSS and statistical tests including variance analysis, Fischer exact test, willcoxon, Square-Chi and paired t-test.

Results: Average attitude score towards c/s delivery in the study group, before and after training has a significant difference (p<0.001). Average attitude score towards natural childbirth was significantly higher in intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.002). Frequency of intentions to choose the mode of delivery in the study group, before and after training has a significant difference (p<0.033).

Conclusion: Reults showed that optimism training in creating a positive attitude towards natural childbirth and thus reducing the rate of elective c/s delivery is effective.

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Introduction: The postpartum period is a dangerous potential time for postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is the reducer instrument for postpartum support. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effectiveness of postpartum supports on the postnatal women depression after childbirth.
Methods: This study a semi experimental study was conducted in Marand hospital. Two hundred sixty mothers agreed to take part and were randomly allocated to an intervention group
(n = 130) or control group (n = 130). The intervention group received telephone counseling for 20- minute at the first week twice, second week till 6^th weeks once at week plus routine care. The control group received only the routine care. Also for evaluation of the unanticipated mother’s needs, 24-hour telephone access to researcher was provided. The main outcome measure was recording demographics data sheet, postpartum problem’s checklist and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) administered by presence interview questionnaire at six weeks after delivery. Control group received general postpartum education. The data were analyzed by χ², Fisher test and T test.
Results: At 6 week postpartum, mean of depression was obtained in the intervention group (15/80 ± 5/12) and in the control group (18/43 ± 5/90). On the EPDS scale, in the intervention group was significantly decrease to control group (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: The result of this research showed that Postpartum Fallow Up by midwife could effective to decrease women’s postpartum depression in the pureperium.

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Introduction: Nowadays, plant-derived compound is widely used in medical treatment as complementary therapies. Rosemary is one of these plants that have anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects. However, low solubility and low bioavailability lead to limited use of this compound. To overcome this limitation, the use of liposomes is beneficial. So, this study aimed to prepare liposomes containing rosemary alcoholic extract to obtain the best formulation with best properties to use in the antitumor study.
Methods: Liposomes were prepared by Thin-Film-Hydration method in different ratios of rosemary extract, hydrogenated-soybean-phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), Cholesterol, and mPEG2000 (F1-F6). The characterization of nanoliposomes includes size, PDI (Poly dispersity index), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and release rate was measured.
Results: The results showed that the average particle size and zeta potential were 113.4 nm and -10.8 mV, respectively. Encapsulation efficiency showed a range of 60- 90%. The average release rate of the extract was about 60%. Also, the results showed that the F1 formulation was transparent, had appropriate properties, and did not precipitate. F2 formulation was not transparent. F3-F4 formulations were precipitated, and F5-F6 formulations did not achieve the appropriate size.
Conclusions: This study proved that F1 formulation in a ratio of 55:30:5 HSPC/chol/mPEG2000 is the best formulation for the preparation of nanoliposomes containing rosemary alcoholic extract to achieve the best properties for use in cancer studies.