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Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of the serious complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to identify biochemical alterations of renal bone disease in hemodialysis patients of Qazvin province. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive study, fasting blood samples of arterio-venul shunt, before starting hemodialysis, were taken from all CKD patients and Ca++, P-- and ALP were measured by colorimetric methods and PTH by IRMA method. Descriptive statistics was used to present data. Results: In 4% of cases there were no abnormalities of mentioned parameters but in 96% of patients one or more parameters were abnormal. The most prevalent abnormality was related to P-- (increased) and the least one to ALP (increased). 51% of patients had raised PTH level (hyperparathyroidism) and higher abnormalities of other biochemical parameters. No differences were seen in the mean of age, duration and number of hemodialysis and also sex ratio of hyperparathyroid patients and all studied patients. Conclusion: The Biochemical and hormonal results revealed a predominance of mild to moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal bone disease in CKD patients, so there is a need to control the disease with specific treatments.

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Introduction: In this study the effect of extracellular trans zinc and voltage sensitive calcium channels on different aspects of learning and memory has been investigated. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study in which the effect of a calcium channel antagonist (Verapamil) and zinc chelator (Ca-EDTA), on passive avoidance learning (shuttle box apparatus) has been examined by intraperitoneal administration of defferent doses of these drugs. Data was analyzed using one way analysis of variance. Results: Result of intraperitoneal injection of 100 milimolar Ca-EDTA indicated that it has no effect on the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of passive avoidance learning. Verapamil (100 and 150 micrograms) as a L-type voltage gated calcium channel antagonist, decreased acquisition and consolidation but not retrieval of passive avoidance behaviour. These effects were dose dependent. The simltaneous effect of Ca-EDTA and verapamil was also studied. Ca-EDTA (100milimolar) and verapamil (100 micrograms) have negative effects on consolidation of passive avoidance learning. Conclusion: Probably, common mechanisms are involved in acquisition and consolidation of passive avoidance learning, and zinc and calium ions play interactive roles in this aspect.

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Abstract Background: Prevalence of urolithiasis is increasing in children and maybe hematury is only sign. This study was conducted to investigate clinical manifestation and etiology of urolithiasis in children younger than 14 year-old. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and case-series study was carried out on 100 patients referring to Sahamie Pediatric hospital in Qom in 2007-8. Age, sex, family history, clinical manifestation (fever, dysuria and Pain) and laboratory tests (Na, K, Ca, P, urea, Cr, Albumin, Alkaline phosphates of serum ABG, urine sediment, urine culture Na, K, Ca, P, Cr, oxalate and citrate of urine/24h and cysteine in random sample of urine) were determined. Ceratenin correcting formula was used for adequacy controlling of urine collecting. Results: Hypocitraturia (56.8%), hypercalciuria (29.4%), hyperuricosuria (26.3%), hyperoxaluria (14.7%), phosphaturia (8.4%) and cystinuria (6.3%) were detected. Also, 54% patients had urinary tract infection. Pain (27.7%), fever (33.3%), irritability and dysuria (62.2%) and hematuria (77.7%) were seen. Positive family history was reported in 23% of patients. Conclusion: Most common clinical manifestations in children with stone were hematuria, dysuria, fever and pain. The common etiology of urolithiasis respectively was hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, phosphaturia and cystinuria.

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Background: Major depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric diseases, whereas schizophrenia is one of the worst human diseases. Therefore, finding low-cost treatment methods with few side effects can be of great help to patients. The present study was done to compare the serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous in individuals with major depression and schizophrenics with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous were assessed in 100 major depressive, 100 schizophrenic, and 100 healthy subjects. Subjects with a history of renal failure, hepatic failure, parathyroid disease, and consumption of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous supplements were excluded from the study. SPSS software version 15 was used for data analysis. Results: Depression was accompanied with decreased serum levels of vitamin D and increased serum levels of parathyroid hormone (p>0.001, p=0.01), but there was not a significant difference between depression and healthy subjects in calcium and phosphorous serum levels (p=0.69, p=0.15). Schizophrenia presented a significant correlation with decreased serum levels of vitamin D and phosphorous (p>0.001, p=0.01), but there was not a significant difference between schizophrenic and healthy subjects in calcium and parathyroid hormone serum levels (p=0.47, p=0.67). Conclusion: Since depression and schizophrenia are accompanied by decreased serum level of vitamin D, consumption of supplementary vitamin D can be helpful in the treatment of these patients.

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Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent type of cancer and the second cause of death among American men. Its prevalence has a direct relationship with increasing age. The present study was carried out to determine the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and calcium level in blood in men with prostate cancer and BPH in Arak.

Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, out of 400 Arak males, were selected from different inner-city areas through cluster sampling during a period of two years (august 2011-august 2012). After the population was approved to have the necessary criteria to be included in the study, their PSA and calcium level was measured and its mean in over 40 years. In order to determine mean difference among the seven groups T-test analysis and to determine "PSA", PSA Assay and Tandem-R kits were utilized and for measurement of serum calcium, pars azmoon kit was used.

Results: In this study, there was a markedly relationship between age and serum calcium and serum PSA in both groups.in this way that there was a negative relationship between age and serum calcium and a positive relationship between age and serum PSA.

Conclusion: With respect to the findings of the study, it could be confirmed that was a markedly relationship between serum PSA and serum calcium only in prostatic cancer patients,according to this study in future maybe we used serum calcium as a tumor-marker for screening for prostate cancer.

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Background: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) consists of repetitious physical and psychological symptoms that occurs in luteal phase of menstrual period and will be over when menstrual period starts. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of calcium therapy plus vitamin D and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the parameters of PMS symptoms in women suffering from PMS.

Materials and Methods: This study has an experimental plan of pretest and post-test of the control group. The statistical society is 250 female staff of Tehran Universities in academic year 2013-2014. Premenstrual syndrome screening tool (PSST) questionnaire was used as an evaluation tool. The collected data were analyzed using the indexes of the descriptive statistics and covariance analysis (p<0.05).

Results: The minimum age of the statistical society was 24, 52.5 % of them held a master's degree and 60% were single. Cognitive behavioral therapy method, calcium and vitamin D therapy were significant in improving the parameters of symptoms at p<0.05 level of significance.

Conclusion: Combining cognitive behavioral therapy and calcium supplementation and vitamin D is significantly effective in improving components of PMS sympotoms and applying these methods is recommended by the consultants and gynecologists.

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Background: Few studies have examined the effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on metabolic profiles in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).This study was conducted to determine the effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on metabolic profiles among overweight women with PCOS.

Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among 104 overweight and obess women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups to receive: 1) 1000 mg/d calcium+ vitamin D placebo; 2) 50000 IU/weeks vitamin D; 3) 1000 mg calcium/d and 4) calcium placebo + vitamin D placebo for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 8 weeks intervention to measure metabolic profiles.

Results: After administrating calcium plus vitamin D supplementation, a significant decrease was observed in serum insulin (-3.3±11.4 vs.-1.1±8.5, -1.4±3.0 and +3.1±6.1 µIU/ml, p=0.03), insulin resistance (-0.7±2.4 vs.-0.3±2.5, -0.2±0.6 and +0.8±1.9, p=0.04), malondialdehyde (-0.6±0.3 vs.-0.1±0.2, -0.5±0.2 and +0.6±0.4 µmol/L, p=0.009) and a significant rise was seen in total antioxidant capacity (+35.2±21.7 vs.+22.5±37.7, +21.1±34.1 and -153.8±65.2 mmol/L, p=0.006) and glutathione (+216.0±79.3 vs.-47.5±60.2, +3.9±31.3 and -160.8±82.9 µmol/L, p=0.001) compared with vitamin D, calcium and placebo groups.

Conclusion: In conclusion, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation for eight weeks among women with PCOS had beneficial effects on metabolic profiles.

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Abstract

Background: Vitamin D was recognized with protective effects on nerve cells of Parkinson’s patients. The relationship between several VDR gene polymorphisms and age and risk of the disease was determined. Also, the relationship between VDR gene FOKI genotypes and PD was specified. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the relationship between polymorphic loci of FokI, TaqI, BsmI, ApaI and serum factor related to vitamin D metabolism in Isfahan population.

Materials and Methods: Case- control study of 125 Parkinson’s patients with their matched control individuals has been investigated based on Parkinson's disease brain bank criteria of Great Britain. After receiving consent, serum levels were measured. The genetic material was isolated by Miller protocol and polymorphisms has been analyzed and confirmed by repeated PCR-RFLP.

Results: Comparing the five serum factors between healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease, we have  shown a significant reduction in the levels of calcium, ALP and PTH (p<0.01). However, none of the levels of vitamin D and phosphate show any kind of significant relationship between patients and control subjects. Concentration of blood serumic factors including calcium and PTH showed p-values less than 0.01 between Parkinson's patients and control subjects according to different genotypes containing FokI-F allele,ApaI-A allele and BsmI-b allele .

Conclusion: The result of this study showed that each of FokI and ApaI recessive alleles can influence serum calcium and parathyroid hormone between healthy individuals and Parkinson's patients significantly.

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