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Background: The purpose of this study was to review the effect of a mobilization exercise and strengthening program with dynamic splint on prevention of repeated shoulder dislocation in professional athletes. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective quasi experimental study, 18 athletes with mean age of 25 years suffering from repeated anterior shoulder dislocation with effective trauma were reviewed in a mobilization and strengthening program with dynamic splint of shoulder. The results were evaluated by Constant Shoulder Score (CSS), descriptive analysis, and t- test. Results: The decreased range of motion in shoulder joint in abduction and external rotation in comparison with healthy shoulders was 36 degrees. The training program had a significant effect on reduction on repeated anterior shoulder dislocation. In radiology, 3 cases of premature arthritis which had restriction in external rotation were observed. Conclusion: Rate of instability after mobilization and strengthening program with dynamic splint was low but due to the restriction that dynamic splint induces in external rotation of shoulder joint, this program should be done by professional athletes in a way that in the final stages of the training program splints are used less.

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Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is chronic cyclical pelvic pain associated with menstruation in absence of an identifiable pathological condition. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among athletes and non-athlete girls and its relation with body composition.

Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study 223 healthy students aging 20-30 years old from Guilan university randomly divided to two groups (72 athletes and 151 non-athletes). The athletes group engaged in regular physical activity for at least one year, three sessions a week and the non-athletes group were not engaged in any sports activity.  Data were collected by questionnaire and anthropometric measurements.

Results: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was lower in athletes than non-athletes group (61.1% vs. 88.8%, p<0.001). A significant difference was observed in mood symptoms, physical symptoms and severity of pain between two groups (p<0.05). Also there was statistically significant relationship between body fat and physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea in both groups. However, no statistically significant relationship was observed between physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea, BMI and WHR.

Conclusion: It seems that performing regular exercise can be used as a preventing, treating or supplementary method in control of the early dysmenorrhea.

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Background and Aim: one of the key concepts in physical education and sport science is the process of talent identification. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of PPARα gene polymorphism on some of the athletic performances of non-athlete 10-12-year-old children. Materials and Methods: The present project was carried out in the form of semi-experimental and field-based research with salivary sampling. To determine the polymorphism of the genes, the methods used included saliva sampling, salvary DNA extraction and PCR-RFLP method and exercise tests included the Shuttle run, standing broad jump and 20m sprint. Our subjects consisted of 118 non-athletic healthy boys of Marand from 10 to 12 years old. After comparison with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, frequency of genotype was tested with Leven, Fisher and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Using one-way covariance analysis, the mean group phenotypes was compared with each other. Type of polymorphism as a predestine variable and the athletic performances of 20m shuttle run, standing broad jump and 20m sprint test were considered as the criterion variable. All analyzes were performed by SPSS 22. Findings: The results showed that the subjects with PPARα gene GG polymorphism had better performance in the endurance tests than subjects with CC and GC polymorphism. Conclusion: It can be concluded that GG polymorphism is related to the endurance activities, but CC and GC polymorphisms do not have a particular predominance in the endurance, speed and power activities.

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Background and Aim: The concept of resilience has been recently extensively considered concerning sports studies; accordingly, in most qualitative studies, it has been used to explore the attitudes of coaches, athletes, and sports psychologists. In this regard, the present study aimed to determine resilience in athletic students based on dark triad personality and psychological wellbeing.
Methods & Materials: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The population of the study consisted of all male students of Guilan University of Physical Education in the first semester of the academic year 2019-2020. A sample of 200 individuals was selected by convenience sampling method; then, the required data were collected using Sheard et al.’s (2009) Resilience Scale for Adults, Jonsson and Webster’s Dark Triad Personality Questionnaire, and Ryff’s 18-item Psychological Wellbeing Scale (1989). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.GUMS.REC.1398.121).
Results: The present research results suggested a positive and significant correlation  between the resilience of the examined athletic students and narcissism (r=0.495, P<0.001), self-acceptance (r=0.598, P<0.001), purposefulness in life (r=0.556, P<0.001), personal growth (r=0.648, P<0.001), the mastery of the environment (r=0.645, P<0.001), positive correlation  with others (r=0.569, P<0.001), and independence (r=0.381, P<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between antisocial behavior (r=-0.557, P<0.001) and Machiavelli’s aspect (r=-0.604, P<0.001), and the explored students’ resilience. Additionally, multiple regression analysis data revealed that dark triad personality and psychological wellbeing predict 62% of resilience in the study subjects.
Conclusion: The current investigation results signified a significant correlation between dark triad personality and psychological wellbeing, and resilience in athletic students. Accordingly, educators and teachers need to pay more attention to the role of psychological wellbeing and different dimensions of athletes’ personalities for promoting the health and performance of students.

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Background and Aim: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems in the elderly that Can affect their daily activity. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of a period strengthening core stabilization exercise with the Knee strengthening exercises on improving pain in female athletes with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome.
Methods & Materials: In this study, 20 female athletes with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome participated. They were accidentally divided into two groups: strengthening core stabilization exercise (10 people( and strengthening knee exercise (10 people). A visual analog scale measured patients’ pain before and after eight weeks of practice interventions. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used at the significant level of (P<0.05) to analyze the results.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bu Ali Sina University Hamedan (Code: IR.BASU.REC.1398.032).
Results: The results showed that the pain level in both groups decreased significantly after strengthening core stabilization exercises (P=0.006) and the Knee strengthening exercises (P=0.000). Although intergroup comparison did not show a significant difference in the results (P̀=0.064), the calculation of the effect showed a more significant effect of strengthening knee exercise [ES=1.8) on the improvement of pain compared to the strengthening core stabilization group (ES=0.7).
Conclusion: The results showed that knee strengthening and core stabilization exercises reduced the pain. But due to the higher effectiveness of knee strengthening exercises in improving pain, it is recommended to use this protocol to reduce the pain of these patients.

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Abstract
Background and aim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is very common in athletes. This study aims to investigate the impact of transcranial electrical stimulation of alternating current on response inhibition and selective attention in athletes with ADHD.
 Materials and methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design with the control group. The statistical population was 160 elite athletes with ADHD aged 9 to 11 years (60 girls and 100 boys). Of these, 120 athletes with ADHD were randomly selected and assigned to three groups of 40: control, sham, and tACS. First, a pretest was done, and then all subjects in the sham and experimental groups received F3(Anodal) and F4(Cathodic) fake and real stimulations, respectively, with a current of 1 mA (10 Hz) for 15 minutes in 10 sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention, then each group was re-examined. A follow-up test was done after two weeks. The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Stroop were used in this study. For data analysis, Mixed Anova, one-way ANOVA, and Benferroni's post hoc test were used with using Spss version 21 statistical software (p≤0.05).
Ethical considerations: This study is approved sport sciences Reserch Institute with ethical registration code IR.SSRI.REC.1401.1361.Parents gave written informed consent form.
Results: The results showed that tACS was effective in the response inhibition and selective attention of athletes with ADHD and led to the improvement of response inhibition and selective attention of these subjects.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, the tACS protocol of 1 mA can be used as an effective treatment to improve inhibition and selective attention of athletes with ADHD.
 

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Abstract
Introduction: Insomnia and sleep disorders are related to a decrease in physical and mental health and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on blood sugar, cortisol and insulin levels in athletes compared to non-athletes.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 14 healthy men participated in two groups of athletes (7 people) and non-athletes (7 people). One night of sleeplessness (8 hours) was applied to the subjects of both groups. According to the objectives of the research, blood samples were taken from all the subjects in two stages. The data were analyzed using the dependent t test for intra-group comparison and independent t test for inter-group comparison at a significance level of 5%. In conducting the research, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, the general guidelines for ethics in research with human subjects and the regulations governing it were observed and the code of ethics was issued by the ethics committee of Lorestan University.
Findings: Insomnia did not lead to a significant difference between the blood sugar and insulin levels of athletes and non-athletes when faced with a (p≤0.05). Also, insomnia did not cause a significant difference in the amount of cortisol between two groups of athletes and non-athletes (p≤0.05). Conclusion: It seems that changes in blood sugar, cortisol and insulin are related to the duration of insomnia and are not affected in short-term and intermittent insomnia.

Keywords: Insomnia, blood sugar, cortisol, insulin, athlete, non-athlete