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Background and Aim: The new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak initiated from China in late December 2019, has posed a great global health threat. Since patients with high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are at high risk of COVID-19, this study aims to investigate the prevalence, severity, clinical manifestations, and mortality rate in COVID-19 patients with underlying diseases compared to those without underlying diseases.
Methods & Materials: This study was performed on 1408 patients with COVID-19 admitted to Golestan, Hajar, Khanevadeh and Besat hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Required data including disease prevalence, severity, clinical manifestations and mortality rate in patients with and without underlying diseases were collected and then analyzed using statistical tests in SPSS software, considering a significance level of P<0.05.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the AJA University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.AJAUMS.REC.1399.091). Ethical principles have been observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: Patients were 912 men (64.8%) and 496 women (35.2%) aged 18-98 years (Mean age= 57.8 years). Results reported that 27% of patients were intubated and 21.9% were died. Blood oxygen level in 53.7% of patients was less than 93 mg/dL; 36.1% had a history of hypertension, 24.1% had a history of diabetes, and 21.7% had a history of cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion: The severity, clinical manifestations, and mortality rate of COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension are significantly different compared to those without underlying diseases.

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Background and Aim: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a chronic and potentially life-threatening disease. Numerous factors affect its development and progression. Therefore, the present study attempted to identify characteristics impacting the prognosis and progression of AIDS using multistate models.
Methods & Materials: The present retrospective study consisted of 2185 patients affected with HIV referring to Behavioral Disease Counseling Centers in Tehran City, Iran, from 2004 to 2013. We considered multiple states of AIDS, tuberculosis, and tuberculosis/AIDS in the natural history of the disease (from the onset of HIV disease until death occurred). Then, we applied the multistate models, to examine the effect of contextual demographic and clinical variables on survival time; subsequently, the transition probabilities of HIV.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1396.117).
Results: HIV-Related deaths in individuals with an incarnation history were 2.40 times higher than in those without the prison history. Death risk was also 1.70 and 1.80 times higher in those aged 25-44 and 44 years, respectively, compared to the individuals aged less than 25 years. An inverse relationship was also found between CD4 levels and the risk of death in our participants.
Conclusion: Antiretroviral therapy, CD4 count, age, and history of imprisonment were the main factors in the progression of the disease and subsequent death in HIV patients. Thus, preventing the further spread of the disease to the community and controlling the disease in the patients requires targeted educational and therapeutic interventions; accordingly, the community will be familiarized with transmission routes and the preventing principle of disease. Furthermore, we can encourage patients to visit the healthcare centers early.

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Background and Aim: The human coronavirus is a member of the Coronaviridae family and causes upper respiratory tract infections. Despite repeated severe epidemics and the lack of appropriate antiviral drugs, not much progress has been made on the epitope-based vaccine designed for HCoV. 
Methods & Materials: The method of this study was to select the spike corona virus protein sequence from NCBI, retrieve the protein sequence and determine the T, B epitopes required to produce the chimer vaccine, evaluate the antigenicity and allergenicity and toxicity of the selected epitopes, respectively. Different servers were designed to configure the primary chimer composition of the epitope vaccine. Then, the chimer vaccine was evaluated in terms of structure and connectivity to B cells and MHCI and II compounds, and the two-dimensional structure and position of amino acids and bonds in the immunogenic model were studied, as well as the physicochemical and stability of the model vaccine by some other servers. Finally, it was tested for binding against HLA molecules using silico docking techniques to investigate the interaction with the epitope.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles are considered in this article. Participants were informed about the research objective and its implementation stages. They also made sure their information was confidential. The principles of the Helsinki Convention were also observed.
Results: The results showed that the immunogenic construct created in terms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure and the position of amino acids and bonds in the model of immunogenic structure, toxicity and allergenicity and antigenicity were in good condition. And had stability (instability index 33.93) and favorable half-life and suitable physicochemical conditions.
Conclusion: In general, the immunogenic structure that was prepared in this research process could have a favorable interaction with some components of the immune system (HLA) in the docking process, which indicates the optimal identification of this structure by the humoral and cellular immune system and stimulation in In order to produce immunity in the body of the host, of course, more reliable proof of it requires clinical phase processes.

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In December 2019, a new type of coronavirus called COVID-19 was identified as an unknown cause of pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The pandemic virus was transmitted to humans from a type of seafood that could spread significantly among humans in a short time. Clinical signs of coronaviruses include fever, severe sweating, cough, pneumonia, and a weakened immune system, with acute cases leading to death. One of the most important coronavirus receptors in the host cell is the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme. It is noteworthy that the patient’s recovery process increases during the inhibition of angiotensin 2 converter enzyme. Therefore, the administration of drugs that inhibit this enzyme can be effective in recovering a patient with coronavirus. Flavonoids are one the inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is abundant in fruits and vegetables. Fistula, a type of flavonoid known in nature as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of many, can be effective in the treatment of coronavirus by inhibiting the enzyme converter angiotensin 2.

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Introduction: Coronaviruses are mainly the cause of respiratory disease in humans, and among the known species, the coronaviruses that cause SARS, MERS, and Covid 19 cause severe respiratory disease. So far, no specific treatment has been found for these diseases. Considering the beneficial effects of medicinal plants as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, the use of herbal compounds can be effective in mild infection of coronaviruses.
Methods: PubMed database was used to search for articles containing the terms coronavirus, SARS, MERS, as well as human and herbal medicine. The inclusion criteria were all full articles with the mentioned keywords and the exclusion criteria were summary articles and articles presented in conferences. A total of 36 articles on human coronaviruses were found. Most of the studies were about SARS (SARS-CoV) with 26 articles (72.22%). Two articles (5.55%) were found about Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and only one article (2.77%) about MERS (MERS-CoV). It should be noted that one study included SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and six studies (16.66%) also investigated SARS, MERS and Covid-19 at the same time. Ethical principles have been respected in writing the article, according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and COPE regulations.
Results: Some medicinal plants have been identified with effective antiviral activity against SARS, MERS, and Covid-19 coronaviruses, including green tea, cinnamon, licorice, cure, sage, chives, rhubarb, nettle, and blackberry. Considering that these medicinal plants have already been used with different therapeutic effects in the human medicinal pharmacopoeia, it is recommended to conduct clinical trials on humans in order to achieve an effective dose against common human coronaviruses.
Conclusions: Although some medicinal plants have been recommended for use in the treatment of coronavirus respiratory syndrome in humans, the effects of these plants on other biological factors have not been studied, until now. It is necessary to evaluate their side effects simoultaneous with clinical trials and confirming the effectiveness of these compounds.

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Background and purpose: Anti-cytokine considerations in covid-19 patients can play a significant role in preventing death, therefore, physical activity by reducing risk factors, as well as saffron with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, are considered as anti-cytokine solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of saffron supplementation and endurance training on the concentration of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and cysteine in outpatients with coronavirus.
Materials and methods: The statistical population of this research is outpatients with coronavirus, 36 of whom were randomly selected. Cytokines and cysteine were measured using a special kit and ELISA method. The research hypotheses were checked using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.05 using ANOVA test with repeated measurements with between-group factor.
Results: The results showed that endurance activity and saffron supplementation caused a significant decrease in IL-6 levels and the ratio of interleukin 6 to interleukin 10 (P≥0.05). Also, endurance activity along with saffron supplementation caused a significant increase in serum L-cysteine concentration (P=0.035). The results showed that there is no interaction effect between the measurement stages and the group, as well as intra-group and inter-group differences in interleukin-10 variables (P=0.511).
Conclusion: The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 decrease due to saffron supplementation and endurance training, and the amount of cysteine increases, which helps the recovery of covid-19 patients.