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Saeed Pirmoradi, Hedieh Jafari,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Abstract

Background and Aim: The human coronavirus is a member of the Coronaviridae family and causes upper respiratory tract infections. Despite repeated severe epidemics and the lack of appropriate antiviral drugs, not much progress has been made on the epitope-based vaccine designed for HCoV. 
Methods & Materials: The method of this study was to select the spike corona virus protein sequence from NCBI, retrieve the protein sequence and determine the T, B epitopes required to produce the chimer vaccine, evaluate the antigenicity and allergenicity and toxicity of the selected epitopes, respectively. Different servers were designed to configure the primary chimer composition of the epitope vaccine. Then, the chimer vaccine was evaluated in terms of structure and connectivity to B cells and MHCI and II compounds, and the two-dimensional structure and position of amino acids and bonds in the immunogenic model were studied, as well as the physicochemical and stability of the model vaccine by some other servers. Finally, it was tested for binding against HLA molecules using silico docking techniques to investigate the interaction with the epitope.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles are considered in this article. Participants were informed about the research objective and its implementation stages. They also made sure their information was confidential. The principles of the Helsinki Convention were also observed.
Results: The results showed that the immunogenic construct created in terms of two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure and the position of amino acids and bonds in the model of immunogenic structure, toxicity and allergenicity and antigenicity were in good condition. And had stability (instability index 33.93) and favorable half-life and suitable physicochemical conditions.
Conclusion: In general, the immunogenic structure that was prepared in this research process could have a favorable interaction with some components of the immune system (HLA) in the docking process, which indicates the optimal identification of this structure by the humoral and cellular immune system and stimulation in In order to produce immunity in the body of the host, of course, more reliable proof of it requires clinical phase processes.
Morteza Ghasemi, Hamidreza Jamilian, Mansoureh Nourizadeh Ab-Barik,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Abstract

Background and Aim: The main purpose of this study was to compare the metacognitive beliefs of people with hypochondriasis Covid 19 and normal people.
Methods & Materials: In this research, the causal-comparative method has been used. The statistical population of the study included all people with hypochondriasis disorder Covid 19 in Arak, based on this, 30 people from the population with this disorder and 30 people from the normal population were selected by available sampling method and based on Age and education were matched. Data were collected based on the short form of the 1997 Wells Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Ethical Considerations: The present study has been registered with the code IR.IAU.ARAK.REC.1399.036 in the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University Arak branch. 
Results: There was a significant difference between metacognitive beliefs in patients with hypochondriasis covid 19 and normal individuals (P<0.001). These patients were significantly different from normal individuals in the components of positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about thought control, self-awareness, cognitive uncertainty, and the need to control thoughts. And in the components of positive beliefs about anxiety, negative beliefs. They got higher scores on controlling thoughts and cognitive self but on the components of cognitive uncertainty and the need to control thoughts compared to normal people.
Conclusion: Hypochondriasis disorder causes many problems for the individual and the health system, so by recognizing the dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs of these patients, metacognitive therapy can be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Seyedeh Sara Azadeh, Hoda Keshmiri Neghab,
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Abstract

In December 2019, a new type of coronavirus called COVID-19 was identified as an unknown cause of pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The pandemic virus was transmitted to humans from a type of seafood that could spread significantly among humans in a short time. Clinical signs of coronaviruses include fever, severe sweating, cough, pneumonia, and a weakened immune system, with acute cases leading to death. One of the most important coronavirus receptors in the host cell is the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme. It is noteworthy that the patient’s recovery process increases during the inhibition of angiotensin 2 converter enzyme. Therefore, the administration of drugs that inhibit this enzyme can be effective in recovering a patient with coronavirus. Flavonoids are one the inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is abundant in fruits and vegetables. Fistula, a type of flavonoid known in nature as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of many, can be effective in the treatment of coronavirus by inhibiting the enzyme converter angiotensin 2.
Mahbobeh Karbalaei, Jahangir Karami, Parvaneh Karimi,
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Abstract

Background and Aim: The type of circadian rhythms is essential in maintaining physical and mental health and recovery from the disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of circadian rhythms on sleep quality and corona anxiety in men and women.
Methods & Materials: The present study is a descriptive comparative causal description. The statistical population included all 18-50 who participated in the survey online. People who completed the questionnaire online were selected for sampling. The research instruments included the circadian inventory rhythms Horne and Ostberg (1976), Petersburg Quality of Sleep Questionnaire (1989), and Alipour et al.’s (2020) Corona-related Anxiety Scale in the Iranian sample. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the Scheffe test were used to analyze the data.
Ethical Considerations: This study was registered with the Ethics Committee Razi University Technology Units Development Center at Institute for Psychoanalytic Studies (No.: 99133).
Results: The results showed that the mean of mental and corona physical anxiety in women and men with evening type is higher than in other classes. Men and women in the evening type have a lower sleep quality than in the morning and middle types. The results also showed significant differences between the types regarding corona anxiety, sleep quality, and sex. The difference between the mean of the morning type and evening types’ mean was more than other differences between the means.
Conclusion: Individual differences in morning-evening types seem to play an essential role in the quality of sleep and the experience of corona anxiety
Ebrahim Rahbar Karbasdehi, Fatemeh Rahbar Karbasdehi,
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Abstract

Dear Editor
Since December 2019, the coronavirus has affected all aspects of our lives worldwide. This deadly crisis, for which no health care system was fully prepared, has created enormous pressures on health care delivery and has directly and indirectly affected the treatment of many common diseases. Cancer patients are a vulnerable group in the current epidemic due to their immunodeficiency status due to cancer and various anti-cancer therapies [1]. Research shows that cancer patients are at greater risk for more severe infections and subsequent complications, especially if surgery or chemotherapy is given in the month before the coronavirus infection [2]. These conditions have led to a significant increase in coronavirus mortality in cancer patients [3].
 

Dr Hamidreza Soodagar, Dr Ali Farhadimahalli, Ms Hamideh Rezaei, Sir Mousa Reza Es'haqgh-Pour Rezaee,
Volume 24, Issue 6 (1-2022)
Abstract

N/A
Fatemeh Mohammadi, Maryam Nikrou, Kimia Sadeghi, Farid Askarifard, Mohammad Sayyadi,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract

Background and Aim Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disorder that can affect many body systems, including the hemostatic system. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of hemostatic system and the blood coagulation in COVID-19.
Methods & Materials In this review study, the articles were searched using the keywords COVID-19, Respiratory infection, and Coagulopathy in Google Scholar, PubMed, Google Springer and Science Direct databases.
Ethical Considerations Ethical principles in writing this article were observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Results Many changes in the coagulation profile of infected patients were reported, including changes in the platelet count, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product, D-Dimer, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. With the increase in the number of patients with COVID-19, several studies found out the occurrence of thrombosis and coagulopathy in patients.
Conclusion Due to the increase in the occurrence of coagulation disorders in patients with COVID-19, the administration of anticoagulants is needed for their treatment; it can play an effective role in improving the prognosis of patients.

Javad Sarvmeili,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (8-2022)
Abstract

Background and Aim So far, extensive research has been conducted on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and its disease in different regions of the world. The aim of these studies is to present practical findings and suggestions about more familiarity with the characteristics of this virus, including its structural and genetic characteristics, origin of genesis, evolution, genomic changes, biological cycle and pathological function, that can be used to adopt efficient strategies in controlling and treating the pandemic.
Methods & Materials In order to perform genomic analysis, the complete sequence of the desired coronaviruses with accession numbers obtained from GenBank or GISAID was stored from databases such as NCBI and BV-BRC, and then the sequences were aligned with Workbench CLC Main software. In the next step, the phylogenetic tree was drawn by Neighbor-Joining method with 1000 repetitions (bootstrap) by MEGA X software and FigTree version 1.4.4 was used to display the tree more clearly. 
Ethical Considerations All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results In the current study, mutations and the effect they may have on transmissibility, pathogenicity and vaccine effectiveness, molecular features, epidemiology and the place of emergence of coronaviruses, focusing on variant of concern (VOC) including alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) are presented.
Conclusion The occurrence of mutations and continuous evolution have led to the rapid and simultaneous emergence of different variants, each of these changes can contribute to the escape of therapeutic methods such as neutralizing antibodies (Nab) and convalescent plasma, as well as reducing the effectiveness of vaccines. Therefore, increasing monitoring for documentation, understanding the spread of different lineages and more detailed study of these mutations in identifying variants and effectively dealing with them is of great importance.

Ms Nafise Mohamadi Farsani, Doctor Ebrahim Nasiri Formi, Ms Zohre Khodadadi Jahromi,
Volume 25, Issue 4 (9-2022)
Abstract

Introduction: The period of the epidemic of covid-19 is a critical situation where the operating room personnel are in the front line and are in more contact with the sick patient and his respiratory tract. The purpose of this study is to determine the preventive behaviors of operating room personnel of Isfahan teaching hospitals during the epidemic of Covid-19.
Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 100 operating room personnel of Isfahan teaching hospitals were investigated in 2019-1400. The required information was collected with the help of demographic information questionnaires and a standard questionnaire of specific questions related to preventive behaviors. Data collection was done from March 1999 to June 1400, then it was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The Research Ethics Committee of Sari University of Medical Sciences has registered this study with the code IR.MAZUMS.REC.1400.115.
Results: The average rate of compliance with preventive behaviors among operating room personnel was 64.53%, which was above the average level. The highest compliance rate was preventive behaviors after the patient with corona virus left the operating room (84.50%). In this research, 100 health care personnel of operating rooms participated in the study. The gender of the majority of them (74%) was female and 63% of them were under 30 years of age. The participants stated that after the patient with corona virus leaves the operating room, they often or always dispose of the patient's consumables correctly (85%), complete disinfection. It was done with detergents (87%), using UV rays (86%), storing and transporting samples in special double-layered containers and fully complying with hygiene principles (83%).
Conclusions: The results showed that at the time of admission of the patient without Covid 19, contraceptive protocols were observed to a lesser extent than when the patient with Covid was admitted. Preventive behaviors and staff knowledge and awareness about the proper use of personal protective equipment can play an effective role in reducing their incidence.

Farnaz Ghorbani, Mostafa Ghandi, Navid Yousefi, Maryam Shokri Mojdeh,
Volume 25, Issue 6 (3-2023)
Abstract

Introduction: Dentists are at high risk for COVID19 disease and spreading it to colleagues, families and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate COVID 19 epidemic anxiety among students and dental assistants of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: In this descriptive-Analytic cross-sectional study, 142 dental students who were willing to participate the study were surveyed. Data collection tools was included a demographic and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) questionnaire. After collecting information, each participant's anxiety score was measured from zero to 54. These raw scores were converted to standard T scores for comparability with other studies, and according to the scope of standard T studies, participants in one of three groups of no anxiety or mild (T≤ 39), moderate (60 ≤ T ≤ 40), And severe anxiety (T≥61), and then the data were analyzed with SPSS23 statistical software. Ethical code of this study is IR.QUMS.REC.1399.224 in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.
Results: According to the results, the level of anxiety was higher in older age groups, among men against women, and among married against single people, respectively. Also, the level of anxiety caused by Coronaviruses pandemic was higher in undergraduate against postgraduate students. However, difference was not statistically significant (P <0.05).
Conclusions: Based on the study, it can be stated that the level of coronaviruses anxiety in dental students is mild. In these situation, measures to maintain the psychological health of students should be a necessity of the planning of the directors and professors of the dental school.

Zeinab Safdari, Saeed Moosavi Pour, Zabih Pirani,
Volume 25, Issue 6 (3-2023)
Abstract

Introduction: The outbreak of covid-19 caused an impact on the process of education in schools and universities. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of virtual education based on interactive multimedia, video and educational factor on the learning rate and cognitive load of students in the conditions of covid-19 postgraduate students.
Methods: The method of the present research was quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the research included all master's students in the field of educational sciences in the course of research methods in the academic year 2019-1400, in the number of 36 people who were present in three different classes.
Results: The statistical sample also included a census of the research population, 36 people who were randomly assigned to three groups of interactive multi-media based education (9 people), film-based education (16 people) and training agent (11 people) And they responded to PASS (1994) cognitive questionnaire. To analyze the data, univariate covariance analysis was used through SPSS-23 statistical software. This research was reviewed in Islamic Azad University - Arak Unit and approved with the ethics code IR.IAU.ARAK.REC.1401.096. Informed consent was obtained from the participants and they were assured that their information would be confidential
Conclusions: The results showed that there is a significant difference in learning variables and cognitive load between each of the interactive multimedia groups and the video with the educational factor compared to the traditional group, with an error level of 0.05, and these groups performed better in learning variables and cognitive load. It can be said that virtual education based on interactive multimedia and video can be used to increase learning and cognitive load and cause students' academic progress.

Phd Zahra Akhavisamarein, Mis Shirin Ahmadi, Mis Rana Pourzargar,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract

Introduction: Considering the destructive effects of the prevalence of infectious diseases such as Covid-19 and the resulting social crisis on physical and mental health, a leading study was conducted to investigate Pattern of structural relationships of Covid-19 epidemic anxiety based on self-control mediated by emotional resilience.
Methods: The method of this research was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the present study included all students of Mohaghegh University in the academic year 2021-2022. Corona, resilience, completed the self-control questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient tests and structural equation modeling using Spss.25 and Lisrel 8.8 software were used to analyze the data.
Ethic: This research has been approved by the ethics code IR.ARUMS.REC.1400.045 in the ethics committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.
Results: The results showed that coronary anxiety was negatively associated with self-control and emotional resilience. Emotional resilience is also positively associated with self-control. Model fit indices also confirmed the path of self-control over coronary anxiety mediated by emotional resilience.
Conclusions: According to the results of the current study, psychiatric clinics, counseling centers and health networks can use the findings of the research in the field of mental health and to face the covid-19 epidemic.
Miss Homa Rastegari, Dr Davood Hekmatpou, Dr Ramiz Kamrani, Dr Moloud Farmahini Farahani,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract

Introduction: One of the common problems of patients with covid-19 is the occurrence of respiratory problems that may accompany the person for a long time. Also, based on clinical and research evidence, different degrees of anxiety and stress have been observed in those who have recovered from this disease. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of diaphragmatic breathing on dyspnea and state anxiety in patients with covid-19.
Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted in 2021-2022. The study population consisted of 78 patients with covid-19 hospitalized in Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Arak city, who were selected by available sampling and divided into two groups of 40. In this study, the Spielberger anxiety inventory, Borg scale, MRC breathlessness scale and measurement of blood oxygen saturation were used. The test group received diaphragmatic breathing training on the day of discharge and performed the exercise for ten minutes, and after discharge, they performed diaphragmatic breathing twice a day (ten minutes each time) at home for a week. Questionnaires were completed by the patients before the intervention, immediately after and one week later. The data was analyzed with SPSS software version 23 at the level (P < 0.05).
Results: The findings showed that the mean anxiety score of the patients immediately and one week after the intervention in the test group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.001). The mean oxygen saturation in the test group after the intervention was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the mean dyspnea scores using the MRC and Borg dyspnea scales after the intervention in the two groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: The results showed diaphragmatic breathing reduced anxiety and shortness of breath in patients with covid-19 after discharge. Therefore, teaching this simple and effective method is recommended for these patients during discharge from the hospital.

Dr Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Dr Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract

Introduction: Coronaviruses are mainly the cause of respiratory disease in humans, and among the known species, the coronaviruses that cause SARS, MERS, and Covid 19 cause severe respiratory disease. So far, no specific treatment has been found for these diseases. Considering the beneficial effects of medicinal plants as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, the use of herbal compounds can be effective in mild infection of coronaviruses.
Methods: PubMed database was used to search for articles containing the terms coronavirus, SARS, MERS, as well as human and herbal medicine. The inclusion criteria were all full articles with the mentioned keywords and the exclusion criteria were summary articles and articles presented in conferences. A total of 36 articles on human coronaviruses were found. Most of the studies were about SARS (SARS-CoV) with 26 articles (72.22%). Two articles (5.55%) were found about Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and only one article (2.77%) about MERS (MERS-CoV). It should be noted that one study included SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and six studies (16.66%) also investigated SARS, MERS and Covid-19 at the same time. Ethical principles have been respected in writing the article, according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and COPE regulations.
Results: Some medicinal plants have been identified with effective antiviral activity against SARS, MERS, and Covid-19 coronaviruses, including green tea, cinnamon, licorice, cure, sage, chives, rhubarb, nettle, and blackberry. Considering that these medicinal plants have already been used with different therapeutic effects in the human medicinal pharmacopoeia, it is recommended to conduct clinical trials on humans in order to achieve an effective dose against common human coronaviruses.
Conclusions: Although some medicinal plants have been recommended for use in the treatment of coronavirus respiratory syndrome in humans, the effects of these plants on other biological factors have not been studied, until now. It is necessary to evaluate their side effects simoultaneous with clinical trials and confirming the effectiveness of these compounds.
Fateme Halalkhor, Ameneh Poorrahim, Marefat Siahkouhian,
Volume 26, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract

Introduction: Anti-cytokine considerations in COVID-19 patients can play a significant role in preventing death, therefore, physical activity by reducing risk factors, as well as saffron with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, are considered as anti-cytokine solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of saffron supplementation and endurance training on the concentration of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and L-cysteine in outpatients with coronavirus.
Methods: The statistical population of this research is outpatients with coronavirus, 36 of whom were randomly selected. Cytokines and L-cysteine were measured using a special kit and ELISA method. The research hypotheses were checked at a significance level of P < 0.05 using ANOVA test with repeated measurements with between-group factor.
Results: The results showed that endurance activity and saffron supplementation caused a significant decrease in IL-6 levels and the ratio of interleukin 6 to interleukin 10 (P ≥ 0.05). Also, endurance activity along with saffron supplementation caused a significant increase in serum L-cysteine concentration (P = 0.035). The results showed that there is no interaction effect between the measurement stages and the group, as well as intra-group and inter-group differences in interleukin-10 variables (P = 0.511).
Conclusions: The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 decrease due to saffron supplementation and endurance training, and the amount of L-cysteine increases, which helps the recovery of COVID-19 patients.
Mohammad Douzandeh Nargesi, Zohreh Teymori, Mehnoosh Tavakkolifard,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (7-2024)
Abstract

Introduction: The stress caused by COVID-19 had affected many people in society, especially individuals at risk. The present study was carried out to investigate, firstly, whether COVID-19-related stress plays a mediating role in the relationship between rumination and aggression in drug-dependent people undergoing treatment. Secondly, the study was conducted to know whether rumination has an indirect effect on the aggression of substance-dependent people under treatment through the mediation of COVID-19-related stress.
Methods: In this correlational analytical study, 136 patients undergoing maintenance treatment with methadone who were willing to enter the study were investigated by the available sampling method in two addiction treatment centers in the 1st and 2nd districts. The data collection tools in the present study included the Corona Disease Anxiety Questionnaire, Rumination Questionnaire, and Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaire. After collecting the data, the anxiety score of each participant was measured from 0 to 54, the rumination score from 0 to 88, and the aggression score from 29 to 145. Then, the data was analyzed using Lisrel statistical software.
Results: Findings showed that the direct effect of rumination on aggression is 0.23, which is significant at the P < 0.01 level. Therefore, rumination has a positive and direct effect on aggression. Also, COVID-19-related stress plays a mediating role in the relationship between rumination and aggression in drug addicts under treatment. In addition, the indirect effect of rumination on aggression is 0.25, which is significant. Thus, rumination has an indirect effect on aggression through the mediation of COVID-19-related stress.
Conclusions: According to the high prevalence of psycho-social problems such as depression, anxiety, fear, addiction, job burnout, suicidal thoughts, violence, domestic and post-traumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the post-corona era, we have witnessed a high amount of mental and social injuries in the world. For this reason, governments must screen psychologically vulnerable groups in advance.
Alireza Rezaie Ashtiani, Ali Jadidi, Ali Khanmohammadi Hazaveh, Seyed Mohamad Aghae Pour,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (10-2024)
Abstract

Introduction: One of the clinical manifestations of coronavirus is neurological symptoms. However, due to the emergence of this virus, little information is available about its symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of neurological symptoms in patients with coronavirus at hospitals in Arak.
Methods: In this study, all patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in two hospitals in Arak who were willing to participate were selected by census. The questionnaires consisted of two parts: demographic information and the prevalence and severity of neurological symptoms, which were completed by interviews with patients.
Results: 208 patients with a mean age of 60.5±14.1 years participated in the study. Of the 20 neurological symptoms studied, only two (tingling around the mouth and cranial nerve palsy) were absent in patients. The most common neurological symptoms in patients were headache (82.5%), fatigue (81%) and muscle pain (74.9%), respectively. Also, according to the visual scale, participants reported the highest severity for headache (average: 7.5), followed by fatigue (average: 7.03), and muscle weakness (average: 6.9).
Conclusions: The results showed that the most common neurological symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease include headache, fatigue, and muscle pain and the most severe neurological symptoms in these patients are headache, fatigue, and muscle weakness. According to the findings of this study, these results can be used to diagnose patients and follow them up.
Sayed Hossein Mousavi, Ali Jafari, Hossein Basirian,
Volume 27, Issue 5 (12-2024)
Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of the "Health Communication" discussion plan, the most serious sparks of which were struck in the minds with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, revealed the importance of paying attention to improving health communication more than ever. For this purpose, in the current study, the formulation of a conceptual model of health communication capacities in pandemic conditions was examined from the perspective of health system experts.
Methods: This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and the foundation's data theory method. Sampling was done with a purposeful snowball method, which included 20 communication and media professors and health professionals. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and document reviews based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (open, central, and selective coding), which includes causal conditions, central idea, context, mediating conditions (intervenor), strategies, and consequences of analysis. Validation was done through the review of participants and experts in the health system.
Results: The findings of the research in the grounded theory section show that the dimensions of the paradigm model include the central phenomenon: health communication (effective and informative communication), causal conditions: health communication harms (infodemic), the context of harms (widespread and popular media, lack of authority of the health unit, mass information, politicization), strategies (holding officials accountable, reliable sources and producing practical content, anxiety management, avoiding exaggeration of people's participation, teamwork and combination of experts, using the experiences of other countries) and consequences including (attracting trust and forming beneficial relationships) took place.
Conclusions: According to the dimensions achieved in presenting the model for improving health communication capacities in pandemic conditions in the country, it can be said that on the one hand, "transparency and immediacy of information" and the other hand, "empathy and trust between people and officials" in such More than one situation should be considered.
Bahare Bayat, Kobra Rahzani, Davood Hekmatpou,
Volume 27, Issue 6 (1-2025)
Abstract

Introduction: The coronavirus crisis is a multidimensional phenomenon that affects even the family. The impact of the situation on the family has been less discussed. Therefore, a qualitative study was conducted to explain families' experiences with patients suffering from COVID-19.
Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with a content analysis approach in 2021. Sampling started with purposive sampling and continued theoretically until information saturation was reached. The primary data collection tool was a semi-structured, in-depth interview in which
10 participants were interviewed.
The participants were people from the family of a patient with COVID-19 who, while willing to participate in the study, were either involved in caring for the patient or were worried about the patient's infection. In addition, their patient recovered from Corona and was alive. The interview location was chosen according to the participants' opinion, whether it was at their home or a place that was convenient for them. The interviews were analyzed using the Granheim and Lundman method.

Results: After analyzing the data, initially, 391 codes, 16 subcategories, and finally, five themes were extracted. The five themes that emerged are the experienced symptoms of the disease with two subcategories (symptoms of the onset of the disease and the course of the symptoms), mental and emotional disturbances with seven subcategories (contagion anxiety, death anxiety, fear of the vague nature of the disease, torment of conscience, obsession, emotional suffering, and financial worries), sacrifice in care with two subcategories (suffering care and multiplicity of roles),  resilience in the path of care with three subcategories (supportive aspects, reduction of caregiving stress and obtaining information about the disease), Change and evolution in the course of life with two subcategories (individual growth and getting the meaning of life).
Conclusions: According to the present study, after one of the family members gets infected with Corona, the other members have a crisis. The individual, psychological, social, and economic dimensions of the family foundation are facing challenges. It needs the comprehensive support of the family as the first and most important institution of society. Although facing this crisis and accompanying challenges leads to the experience of special suffering, it lays the foundation for personal growth and a better understanding of the meaning of life. Therefore, it can be said that the experience of this crisis is not only from the social aspect but also from the individual aspect, along with tremendous positive and negative developments.

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