Background: Schizophrenia is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder, which affects approximately 1% of the world population. It is a multifactorial and a highly heritable disease to which genetic factors contribute up to approximately 80%. Nowadays, multitude of genes have been discovered that relate to this disorder mostly by affecting the performance and levels of neurotransmitters in neural systems. Since PAI-1 is a considerable gene in the performance of neural systems, the present study dealt with the relationship between -675 4G/5G polymorphism in PAI-1 gene and schizophrenia among Iranian patients.

Materials and  Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 106 blood samples collected from individuals suffering from schizophrenia and 122 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from the samples and the frequency of the polymorphisms was analyzed using ARMS-PCR method. Finally, the products were detected on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results: The analysis of the data for -675 4G/5G polymorphism showed that 17.9% of the patients and 1.6% of the controls were mutant homozygous and 65.1% of the patients and 45.9% of controls were heterozygous. Also, 17% of the patients and 52.5% of the controls were normal homozygous.

Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and the incidence of schizophrenia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Iran that assesses the frequency of the polymorphism among Iranian patients. However, further studies with more samples are necessary.

Background: Gene therapy is a recent promising treatment that effective gene transfer is considered as its most important step. Furthermore noninvasive method of transfer will be important to, when gene therapy is supposed to be applied. Administration of drugs in oral rout is more appreciated by patients. Loading and release rates are very important in targeting and effectiveness of transfer in all different methods that have been used for oral drug transfer. Here, we have studied packing of gene particles into two different enteric coats and compared these two coats in loading of entrapped materials and there release rate in vitro.

Materials and Methods: First, DNA was mixed with chitosan by coacervation technique and resulted polyplexes were coated using solvent evaporation technique. FTIR and two different pHs, less and more but near eudragit pKa, were used to evaluate formation of particles and their behavior.

Results: Formed particles have similar stability in low pH and their differences are trivial. Eudragit L100 release rate is really slower than L100-55 and gradual. Eudragit L100 shows better ability in loading rate.

Conclusion: According to two formed particles' behavior, eudragit L100-55 might be used in oral gene transfer targeting of initial part of small intestine and eudragit L100 might be used for wider surface of small intestine, from the initial to the end part, and colon.

Background: It is expected that affected people with diabetes will increase to 439 million in 2030, 15% of them are affected with chronic leg ulcer disease. Increasing number of researches implicate the positive influence of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the skin wound healing. Pentoxifylline is a xantin derivative that modifies or inhibits inflammatory factors, reduces blood viscosity, improves peripheral blood currency and increases oxygenation of tissues the In this study the effect of Pentoxifylline (PTX) on skin biomechanical indices in acute phase of skin wound healing in diabetic rat is in considerable interest.

Materials and Methods: It is an experimental- interventional study in which fourteen adult male wistar rats were divided into experimental group (n=7), receiving pentoxifyllineintraperitoneally and control group (n=7) receiving distilled water (DW). Diabeteswas induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin in both groups then full thickness incisional wound (20mm length) in identical pattern was made on the dorsum of rats. After 15 days a band of skin (4×60mm) containing wound was extracted and used to evaluate skin biomechanical indexes (work up to maximum force-Nm and Tensile strength= Rm-N/mm2). Results were analysed by SPSS software version 19 and K-S, Levens Test and Student SampleT-Test were used.

Results: Pentoxifylline administration improved skin biomechanical indices after 15 days after skin incisional wound. Differences between experimental and control’s indices were significant (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Pentoxifylline accelerated wound healing and improved tensile strength of skin in diabetic rats of experimental group.

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is one of the most important regulator of angiogenesis, there are some reports about the relation of VEGF over expression and progression of tumor in several cancers. The aim of this study is assay of four VEGF isoforms expression in breast cancer tumor samples.

Materials and Methods: 25 breast cancer tumor samples and 25 health samples were used in this study, mRNA was extracted from each sample and then cDNA was made. The expression of four isoforms VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF183 and VEGF189 was measured by real time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and gel electrophoresis.

Results: Among the four isoforms, VEGF165 and VEGF 121 had maximum and VEGF 183 and VEGF 189 had minimum expression level in all samples. The total expression level of VEGF had a significant increase in tumor samples in comparison with the control samples (4/6, p<0.01).

Conclusion: There is a significant relation between the VEGF over expression and breast cancer tumor formation, which it can be used as a prognosis marker of breast cancer in future.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance with first dignosis during pregnancy. There is some evidence indicating that chemerin play a role in the development of GDM. In this study, for the first time, a possible association of rs17173608 polymorphism in the chemerin gene with the risk of GDM in Arak population was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 120 GDM and 150 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were selected. GDM was confirmed by oral glucose tolerance according to the new IADPSG criteria. Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA treated whole blood. The polymorphism of chemerin gene was determined using tetra-amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR).

Results: The genotype frequencies of  TT, GT and GG at rs17173608 were respectively 81.7%, 17.5% and 0.8% in the GDM group and 73.3%, 25.3% and 1.3% in the control group. There were no statistical differences in genotype frequencies between case group and the control group. Also, allele frequencies in the GDM group  (T 90.4% , G 9.6%), did not differ significantly from the control group ( T 96% ,G 14%). No association was found between genotype frequencies and FBS, 1h, 2 h and BMI.

Conclusion: The present study show that the rs17173608 polymorphism in the chemerin gene is not associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM in the studied population.

Background: The outbreaks of new antigenic variants of influenza viruses in human populations have increased necessity the improvement of controlling programs. Influenza vaccines are formulated with adjuvant to enhance and direct the host immune responses. Currently, much effort is devoted to designing molecular adjutants. Hemokinin-1 (HK-1) activates T and B cells for proliferation, survival, differentiation into plasma cells, and antibody production. In this study, the effect of HK-1 as a molecular adjuvant for inducing humoral immune response against influenza virus was investigated.

Materials and Methods: The HK-1 coding sequence was cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector and used as adjuvant. Groups of mice were immunized with an inactivated influenza vaccine formulated with HK-1. The sera of vaccinated mice were collected prior to priming and boosting injections and at defined weeks, and analyzed with serological assays.

Results: The results showed that HK-1 was able to increase antibody titer against virus vaccine. The mice immunized with the adjuvanted vaccine produced higher antibody titers against influenza comparing to vaccine alone immunized group. Number of boosting had no effect on the enhancing of antibody titer.

Conclusion: These data revealed that HK-1 as a molecular adjuvant induces stronger humoral and memory responses against influenza immunization.

Background: Estrogen hormone regulates cell proliferation in breast tissue physiologically. Evidences show that changes in estrogen signaling pathways, including the receptor alpha (ER&alpha), happen during breast cancer progression. ER&alpha is expressed in most breast tumors and its association with the development of low-grade tumors has been demonstrated. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes may differ in susceptibility to cancer and result in different respond to treatment in different populations. The present study aimed investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2234693: C/T) in gene ESR&alpha in patients with breast cancer.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study 150 women with breast cancer and 142 healthy women without a family history of breast cancer were enrolled. DNA was extracted from blood samples. After primer design, technique of PCR-RFLP was used and samples were genotyped by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version 20 and chi square test and Final findings were specified.

Results: TT and CT genotypes for ra2234693: C/T site compared with the CC had 5.5 and 1.5-fold increased risk respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between cases and controls for fibrocystic disease and age at menarche.

Conclusion: We not found an association between C/T polymorphism and breast cancer. But CC and TT genotypes of this polymorphism in estrogen receptor alpha gene related with breast cancer that are consistent with the findings of some other researchers.

Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the major pathogens in poultry and vaccination is intended to control the disease, as an effective solution, yet. Fusion protein (F) on surface of NDV, has a fundamental role in virus pathogenicity and can induce protective immunity, alone. With this background, here our aim was to construct a baculovirus derived recombinant bacmid shuttle vector (encoding F-protein) in order to express it in insect cell line.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, at first complete F gene from avirulent strain La Sota of NDV was amplified by RT-PCR to produce F cDNA. The amplicon was cloned into T/A cloning vector and afterwards into pFastBac Dual donor plasmid. After the verification of cloning process by two methods, PCR and enzymatic digestion analysis, the accuracy of F gene sequence was confirmed by sequencing. Finally, F-containing recombinant bacmid was subsequently generated in DH10Bac cell and the construct production was confirmed by a special PCR panel, using F specific primers and M13 universal primers.

Results: Analysis of confirmatory tests showed that the recombinant bacmid, expressing of F-protein gene in correct sequence and framework, has been constructed successfully.

Conclusion: The product of this F-containing recombinant bacmid, in addition to its independent application in the induction of protective immunity, can be used with the other individual recombinant baculoviruses, expressing HN and NP genes to produce NDV-VLPs in insect cell line.

Background: In 1970, human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced as the main etiologic factor of cervical carcinoma. Since there is no possibility of detecting the virus and its subtypes using serological methods and cell culture, the molecular methods such as PCR have particular importance in accurate, early and definite diagnosis of the virus. So, in this research, our goal is to use a proprietary PCR assay based on L1 gene of human papillomavirus for molecular recognition of HPV and to evaluate its prevalence in patient samples.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after collecting of samples from malignant cervical lesions, the viral DNA was extracted from paraffin blocks of 50 clinical samples and PCR was done by specific primers for L1 gene of human papillomavirus in all samples. After the analysis of PCR products by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, sensitivity and specificity of the test were also evaluated.

Results: Among 50 patient samples, 33 cases were confirmed to be positive for HPV infection and 17 cases were negative, showing high frequency of HPV in this patient population (about 66%). The results of specificity assay were positive for papilloma samples and sensitivity of the assay was 20 copies of recombinant construct containing L1 per reaction.

Conclusion: This study showed that PCR by specific primers for L1 gene of human papilloma virus is a proper and accurate method for detection of this virus and the results confirm the previous reports of correlation between HPV and cervical carcinoma.

  Background: Oxidative stress and severe neuro-excitation have significant effects on pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and agents with antioxidant property can potentially prevent these effects. Herein we examined potential protective effects of melatonin as an antioxidant agent and memantine as an uncompetitive receptor of NMDA, on a model of Parkinson’s disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).

  Materials and Methods: Male mice were divided into 8 groups with 7 mice in each group: saline, ethanol, melatonin, memantin, MPTP, melatonin+MPTP, memantin+ MPTP, melatonin+ memantin+ MPTP. All of agents were injected intraperitoneally once a day for 14 days before beam traversal test. Dopaminergic neurons of the Substantia Nigra Pars compacta (SNPC) were determined by immunohistochemical and were counted.

  Results: Melatonin improved notably movement dysfunction resulted of MPTP such as the number of errors, paces and the time of movement during behavioral test and also the counting of neurons of Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta. Memantin had a synergic effect on the most of improvements. However, the level of improvement and retrieval of signs was not as in saline and ethanol groups.

Conclusion: Melatonin especially together with memantine is able to prevent some of the MPTP-induced dysfunctions. However, the protective effects were not enogh, probably because of the amount of dose and the time of injection.

Background: Despite advances in surgical techniques and risk management practices in recent years, wound dehiscence following abdominal laparotomy has still high prevalence. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of retention sutures on wound dehiscence of emergent abdominal laparotomy.

Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 160 patients scheduled for emergency laparotomy for peritonitis or trauma were enrolled. Half of the patients randomly underwent retention suture and the other half underwent routine sutures. Finally, the amount of surgical wound dehiscence and complications were assessed. 

Results: Three patients (3.7%) in retention group and 11 patients (13.7%) in the control group developed wound dehiscence which there was a significant difference between them (p=0.025). It was determined by multivariate logistic regression that wound dehiscence is correlated with hemodynamic status, type of trauma and injury to the abdominal organs, and sex. The incidence of wound dehiscence, early hemodynamic instability, penetrating abdominal trauma and damage to the intestines were higher in males. 

Conclusion: In general, it seems that the preventive use of retention sutures in patients with multiple risk factors for postoperative wound dehiscence can be useful.

.

Background: Thyroid nodules are common. 4-7% of adults have a palpable nodule and up to 50-70% of nodules are detected in high-resolution sonography. Thyroid nodules in women are 4 times greater than men and the rate of thyroid cancer in women is 3:1 compared to men, and is the sixth most common cancer in women. Epidemiological findings and experimental evidences show that sex hormones, especially estrogen, may have effect on this gland and its neoplasm. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between rs1256049 polymorphism in the estrogen receptor beta gene with thyroid nodular disease.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 146 Patients with nodular thyroid and 151 health individuals were referred to Amiralmomenin hospital of Arak were recruited in study. Diagnosis is based on by ultrasonography and was confirmed by an endocrinologist. Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA treated whole blood .The genotypes were determined using tetra-amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) and analyzed by statistical methods.

Results: The frequency of CC, TC and TT genotypes in case group 136(93.2%), 10(6.8%) and 0(0%) and in the control group 139(92.1%), 12(7.9%) and 0(0%) were obtained respectively. No statistically significant association (p=0.72) was observed between nodular thyroid disease and rs1256049 polymorphism.

Conclusion: Our findings showed no significant association between rs1256049 polymorphism and nodular thyroid disease. For best deduction, it is recommended that this study be done in other populations.

Background: Hemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by heterogenous mutations in factor VIII gene that encodes coagulation factor VIII (F8) protein. Due to the high heterogeneity of mutations, large size (186 kb) and structural complexity of the F8 gene, direct mutation analysis is costly and time consuming. Alternatively, linkage analysis using informative polymorphic markers such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers has been introduced as a rapid and cost effective method for hemophilia A carrier detection in families with an affected individual. Several SNP markers associated with the F8 gene region have been studied.

Materials and Methods: In this exprimental study, the characteristics of A/T SNP (rs4898352) as an informative marker located in intron 18 of F8 gene region was investigated in Isfahanin population. rs4898352 marker was genotyped using tetra primer ARMS PCR method followed by agarose gel electrophoresis in 140 unrelated control healthy females in mentioned population. New primers were designed for rs4898352 marker using the oligo 7 software. The allele frequency, degree of heterozygosity and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were estimated by use of Genepop program. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value was estimated using the Powermarker software.

Results:  The results showed that the allele frequency of rs4898352 polymorphism for A and T alleles was 0.482 and 0.518, respectively. The observed heterozigosity rate was 60%. Analysis of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium demonstrated that the Isfahan population was in equilibrium (p>0.05) for rs4898352 marker. Moreover, analysis of PIC value revealed that this marker could be considered as a highly informative marker in the mentioned population.

Conclusion: Together, the data suggested that rs4898352 could be introduced as an informative marker for molecular diagnosis of hemophilia A in Isfahan Population

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preconception endurance exercise training with voluntary exercise activity during pregnancy in mother mice on lipid profile in adult offsprings.

Materials and Methods: Twenty four C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into four subgroups: trained in preconception period and exercised during pregnancy (TE)(20.3±1.02g); trained in preconception periods but unexercised during pregnancy (TC)(21.58±0.4g); untrained in preconception periods but exercised during pregnancy (CE)(21.02±0.23g); untrained and unexercised (CC)(19.23±0.45g). Trained mice were subjected to a protocol of moderate endurance exercise training over a period of 4 weeks for 5 days before pregnancy. The fasting blood samples were collected from adult mice(8 weeks old) and serum levels of glucose and lipid profile were measured. Data were analyzed using two way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.

Results: The Glucose test results in offspring showed that there was a significant interaction between group and sex and group main effect (p<0.001) Glucose levels of male offspring were significantly lower in TC and TE groups. Results on LDL also showed that the sex main effect was significant (p<0.001), and LDL levels of male born to TE and TC dams lower than in female offspring.

Conclusion: Improving the mother's physical fitness by providing regular endurance training in the preconception period and maintaining it by exercise activty throughout pregnancy may have potential for eliciting positive changes in lipid profile of offspring, specially males.

Background: Irisin is a new myokine that exerts its positive effects via increasing energy expenditure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of submaximal aerobic training on serum irisin level and irisin-related insulin-resistance change in obese men.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 26 obese men were selected as statistical sample and they were divided into experimental groups. Former group (13 men) consisted of subjects who carried out exercise training with 50-60 percent of maximum max heart rate for 10 continuous weeks (3 sessions per week for 30 to 45 minutes in each session). Later group was consisted of subjects who do not carried out exercise training. After  the interventions of study, irisin serum levels, insulin resistance indices, body composition and maximum oxygen consumption were determined.  Finally, data were analyzed by Stata software.

Results: Statistical data analysis illustrated that the amounts of irisin serum were significantly increased in exercise training group than control group (14.75±6.22; p=0.022) after the intervention. Also, only body fat percentage (1.242±0.57) and max oxygen consumption (1.509±0.328) of subjects were significantly increased (p=0.034 and p=0.0001, respectively). However, there were not statistically significant changes in irisin- related insulin-resistance indices (p>0.05).    

Conclusion: Current study presented that serum irisin was increased after 30 submaximal exercise training sessions regardless of insulin resistance changes in obese men.

Background: Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) refers to a group of lysosomal storage diseases that causes abnormal metabolism of lipids. One of the genes that play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease is SMPD1. To date, more than hundred disease- causing mutations have been identified in SMPD1 gene. Due to the large number of mutations in this gene, direct analysis of the mutations is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, indirect linkage analysis using polymorphic markers as an alternative method for molecular diagnosis of the mutations has been recommended. In the present study, allele frequency of rs1542705 genetic marker was analyzed in the Iranian population. The aim was to determine the polymorphic information content (PIC) and the possibility of its application in indirect diagnosing of NPD.

Materials and Methods: After bioinformatics analysis of the SMPD1 gene region, rs1542705 marker was selected for genotyping in Isfahan population. In order to calculate the allele and genotype frequency of the marker, molecular tests were done on 113 DNA samples of unrelated healthy individuals by using ARMS-PCR technique. Finally, the information related to the genotype of the individuals was statistically analyzed using Powermarker and Genepop software.

Results: The analyses showed that the studied population was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequency of rs1542705 marker for T and C alleles was 71.24% and 28.76%, respectively, and the heterozygosity of the marker was 43.36%. Also, polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.325.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that rs1542705 marker could be considered as an informative marker for molecular diagnosis of Niemann- Pick disease using linkage analysis in the studied population.

Background: The definite treatment of indicated Hypertrophy of the tonsils is Tonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and necessity of diclofenac suppository and simultaneous prescription of acetaminophen alone in controlling and reducing pain and improving swallowing and satisfaction after surgery for tonsillectomy in children.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 180 children 7 to 14 years Tvnsykltvmy surgery were enrolled. Patients in an improbable way, easy and were divided into three groups of 60. Immediately after the surgery acetaminophen, diclofenac, or a combination of both was used. The cases of pain in the early hours, seventh, thirteenth and nineteenth after surgery were compared.

Results: There was a significant difference between the average pains of all groups in all hours (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups from the point of view of side effects such as Nausea, Vomiting and Pyrexia (p<0.05), But there was no significant difference between the groups from the point of view of After Surgery Bleeding (p>0.05).

Conclusion: We can say that Rectal Diclofenac is a more effective medication for reducing pain after the Tonsillectomy surgery in contrast with Rectal Acetaminophen or a mixture of the two, which may cause the patients to use less Narcotics after the surgery.

Background: As dental solid waste are among the most important environmental pollutants due to its high contents of toxic and hazardous agents, suitable treatment and management of it are of great importance. The objective of this study was to quantity & quality analyses of dental solid waste and associated management practices in the general dentistry offices in the city of Arak.

Materials and Methods: 15 samples of solid waste were taken from the 5 selected general dentistry offices, classified into 66 components and 4 fractions, and then the quantity & quality characteristics were evaluated. Management practices of the solid waste were also investigated by using a questionnaire.

Results: According to the results, per capita and the average generation rate of each dentistry office were 66.71 g/day-patient and 1340.45 g/day, respectively. Potential infectious, domestic-type, chemical & pharmaceutical, and toxic wastes consisted of 54.25%, 35.14%, 8.19%, and 2.14% of the waste generated, respectively. 10 components including latex gloves, nylon & plastic, saliva & blood-contaminated kleenex, paper & cardboard, used ampoules, saliva ejector tubes, gypsum, food waste, saliva & blood-contaminated dental rolls, and nylon gloves were responsible for more than 80% of the total waste generated, respectively.

Conclusion: Each fraction of dental solid waste (toxic, chemical & pharmaceutical, potential infectious and domestic-type wastes) should be separately collected and disposed of according to the related criteria.

Abstract

Background: Amount of natural background   ionizing radiations in environment depends on kind of soil, stones and geographical conditions. Hot springs of Mahallat facilities are annually visited by many tourists. Determination of environmental radioactivity and excess lifetime cancer risk is very important.

Materials and Methods: In this research, twenty four samples of igneous and travertine rocks from a region (300 hectares) and four water samples of Mahallat hot springs were collected. The specific activities of radionuclides were determined for all samples by using gamma ray spectrometry method and employing high purity germanium detector with 30% relative efficiency.

Results: External and internal hazard indices for igneous rocks, water and two travertine samples varied from 0.00 to 0.71 and for two another travertine samples obtained from 8.17 to 22.50.  The average of annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) was determined as 0.36 and 0.20 mSv/y and also the average of excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was calculated as 0.23 × 10^-3 and 0.12×10^-3 for igneous and travertine rocks, respectively. Maximum acceptable value and world wide average of ELCR are 10^-3 and 0.29×10^-3, respectively.

Conclusion: The results of this research show that the hazard indices and ELCR for magma region are less than unity and world wide average respectively. Therefore; there is no consequence for people health. So, the radioactivity only around the orifice of hot springs where radium compositions are deposited, is more than maximum acceptable value.

Abstract

Background: Probiotics are known as a factor for prevention of infectious diseases such as urinary tract infection(UTI). The present study aimed to investigate the positive effects of probiotics on urinery truct infection of cateterized intensive care unit patients.

Materials and Methods: In a triple blind clinical trial, 125 cateterized intensive care unit patients were randomly selected and divided into two groups, Treatment group (n = 63) was well matched with placebo group (n = 62) for age and sex and duration of admission .Case group received one lactocare capsule for 10 days and control group with a same method received placebo for 10 days. In both groups urine analysis and urine culture were measured with a same method at the first day and then twentieth day and finally data were analysed with t-test.

Results: The incidence of urinary tract infection between treatment and control group (respectively 17.4% and 22.5%) had no statistically significant difference (p=0.672). But, in terms of sex, incidence of urinary tract infections in women compared to men with the same condition was significantly different(p=0.002). In treatment group with long term cathetrization, urinary tract infections significantly were significantly different(p=0.041).

Conclusion: Administration of lactocare capsule has no statistically significant impact on the incidence of urinery truct infection of cateterized intensive care unit patients. In comparsion of cateterized men and women receiving probiotics, the reduction of urinary tract infection in women was more than in men. Probiotics had preventive effects on long term catheterization.