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Showing 67 results for Type of Study: Review Article
Shahrzad Hadi Chegni1, Mohammad Taghizadeh, Bahram Goliaei,
Volume 22, Issue 6 (1-2020)
Volume 22, Issue 6 (1-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is one of the most abundant proteins in the blood vascular system which regulates the transportation of many chemical compounds and molecules. The purpose of this study is to review the studies about the effects of three groups of pesticides (Insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) on the molecular structure of HSA protein.
Methods & Materials: This systematic review covers 35 studies of biophysical studies of the effect of pesticides on HSA protein. These papers were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science databases and using Google Scholar search engine among those published from 1980 to 2019.
Ethical Considerations: In this study, all ethical principles were considered.
Results: Given the close relationship between biological activities of HSA and its secondary structure, the most of the reviewed articles analyzed the secondary structures of the HSA using various biophysical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and computational analysis. In general, HSA-pesticides interactions can cause a reduction in α-helix structure and an increase in other secondary structures including β-sheet, β-anti, and random coils. In the most reports, it has been proven that the pesticides interact with HSA through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. These interactions take place in the IIA subdomain (Site 1) of HSA. The binding constants of these interactions were in the range of 10 3 to 10 6 M-1.
Conclusion : The changes around the single important tryptophan residue of HSA (Trp-214) induce conformational deformity in the IIA subdomain of this protein which causes the loss of its native structure and leads to a decrease in free HSA concentrations which subsequently interrupts the transport of the essential compounds like drugs and hormones in the blood vascular system.
Methods & Materials: This systematic review covers 35 studies of biophysical studies of the effect of pesticides on HSA protein. These papers were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science databases and using Google Scholar search engine among those published from 1980 to 2019.
Ethical Considerations: In this study, all ethical principles were considered.
Results: Given the close relationship between biological activities of HSA and its secondary structure, the most of the reviewed articles analyzed the secondary structures of the HSA using various biophysical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and computational analysis. In general, HSA-pesticides interactions can cause a reduction in α-helix structure and an increase in other secondary structures including β-sheet, β-anti, and random coils. In the most reports, it has been proven that the pesticides interact with HSA through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. These interactions take place in the IIA subdomain (Site 1) of HSA. The binding constants of these interactions were in the range of 10 3 to 10 6 M-1.
Conclusion : The changes around the single important tryptophan residue of HSA (Trp-214) induce conformational deformity in the IIA subdomain of this protein which causes the loss of its native structure and leads to a decrease in free HSA concentrations which subsequently interrupts the transport of the essential compounds like drugs and hormones in the blood vascular system.
Ali Ganji, Ghasem Mosayebi, Mohsen Khaki, Ali Ghazavi,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: COVID-19, a viral respiratory illness. In this review, we discuss issues such as the genetic structure, pathogenic mechanism, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19 based on the latest findings.
Materials and Methods: The Medline was searched for terms such as “Coronavirus” ،“ COVID-19” and “Respiratory infection”.
Findings: In December 2019, the unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia with unknown etiology began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The cause was a new coronavirus, named COVID-19 by the WHO. This virus has high transmissibility and affects the lower respiratory tract. Research into the mechanism and treatment of COVID-19 is under way, and new information is being provided every day, some of which are contradictory. COVID-19 is a serious and dangerous infectious disease and a significant threat to the health of the world's population, and should be prevented from spreading rapidly.
Conclusion: Because the exact mechanisms of the disease have not been fully elucidated and specific drug or vaccine have not yet been developed for it, control is mainly based on the interruption of the transmission cycle.
Esmaeil Shiri, Hamidreza Pouratemad, Jalil Fathabadi, Mohammad Narimani,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (9-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 4 (9-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the problems of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is behavioral excesses resistance to many educational and rehabilitation programs. Parent-mediated behavioral interventions seem to be effective in overcoming these problems. However, these methods are not well-introduced. The purpose of this study is to systematically review these studies and their primary and secondary outcomes, and finally analyze the components.
Methods & Materials: This study was a systematic review. The search included SID, Magiran, Medline, PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, Online Library, and PsycINFO. We reviewed The articles published between 2000 and 2017 about parent-mediated behavioral interventions on behavioral excesses in autistic children.
Ethical Considerations: This study with ethical code IR.SBU.ICBS.97/1013 was approved by the Biological Research Department of Shahid Beheshti University.
Results: The findings of 9 studies indicated positive effects of parent-mediated behavioral intervention on behavioral excesses, including repetitive behaviors, irritability (including tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behaviors), echolalia, and destructive behaviors (preliminary results). Also, these interventions improved the adaptive behaviors in autistic children, and parental functions such as self-efficacy, parental style, psychological problems (secondary results). Components of the therapeutic program included the type of consequence-based interventions (such as response interruption and redirection), antecedent-based interventions A (visual cue and daily schedules), antecedent-based interventions B (such as enriching environment with play). Three articles had medium certainty of the evidence, and 6 had high certainty of evidence.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the positive effect of parent-mediated behavioral intervention on behavioral excesses in children with ASD. Future studies should emphasize the comprehensiveness of all the effective components in the parent-mediated behavioral intervention and the feasibility of the intervention in various contexts. It is suggested that parent-mediated interventions be implemented on behavioral excesses in children with ASD in Iran.
Methods & Materials: This study was a systematic review. The search included SID, Magiran, Medline, PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, Online Library, and PsycINFO. We reviewed The articles published between 2000 and 2017 about parent-mediated behavioral interventions on behavioral excesses in autistic children.
Ethical Considerations: This study with ethical code IR.SBU.ICBS.97/1013 was approved by the Biological Research Department of Shahid Beheshti University.
Results: The findings of 9 studies indicated positive effects of parent-mediated behavioral intervention on behavioral excesses, including repetitive behaviors, irritability (including tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behaviors), echolalia, and destructive behaviors (preliminary results). Also, these interventions improved the adaptive behaviors in autistic children, and parental functions such as self-efficacy, parental style, psychological problems (secondary results). Components of the therapeutic program included the type of consequence-based interventions (such as response interruption and redirection), antecedent-based interventions A (visual cue and daily schedules), antecedent-based interventions B (such as enriching environment with play). Three articles had medium certainty of the evidence, and 6 had high certainty of evidence.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the positive effect of parent-mediated behavioral intervention on behavioral excesses in children with ASD. Future studies should emphasize the comprehensiveness of all the effective components in the parent-mediated behavioral intervention and the feasibility of the intervention in various contexts. It is suggested that parent-mediated interventions be implemented on behavioral excesses in children with ASD in Iran.
Ameneh Omidi, Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi, Parsa Veisi,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause respiratory tract infections in humans. SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of this family initiated in late 2019 and its related disease is known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia and shortness of breath.
Methods & Materials: In This narrative review a literature search was conducted in scientific databases including Google Scholar and PubMed to find studies published from December 2019 to May 10 2020 on the role the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors.
Results: In addition to respiratory symptoms, involvement of various organs such as gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, skin, olfactory system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidney, and eyes was also reported. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 included anosmia, ageusia, skin rash, chickenpox-like blisters, acute cardiac failure with increased troponin levels, kidney inflammation and edema, common gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. diarrhea, nausea and vomiting), elevated liver enzyme levels, neurological disorders (e.g. stroke), nonspecific symptoms (e.g. headache and dizziness), and decreased consciousness level.
Conclusion: The hypothetical mechanisms of various organ involvements during COVID-19 include immune-mediated inflammation such as cytokine storm, respiratory dysfunction, hypoxemia, cellular damage, or combination of these mechanisms. Further studies should be conducted on the causes of various COVID-19-induced damages to determine the exact relationship between the pathogenesis, prognosis and severity of the disease.
Methods & Materials: In This narrative review a literature search was conducted in scientific databases including Google Scholar and PubMed to find studies published from December 2019 to May 10 2020 on the role the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors.
Results: In addition to respiratory symptoms, involvement of various organs such as gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, skin, olfactory system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidney, and eyes was also reported. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 included anosmia, ageusia, skin rash, chickenpox-like blisters, acute cardiac failure with increased troponin levels, kidney inflammation and edema, common gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. diarrhea, nausea and vomiting), elevated liver enzyme levels, neurological disorders (e.g. stroke), nonspecific symptoms (e.g. headache and dizziness), and decreased consciousness level.
Conclusion: The hypothetical mechanisms of various organ involvements during COVID-19 include immune-mediated inflammation such as cytokine storm, respiratory dysfunction, hypoxemia, cellular damage, or combination of these mechanisms. Further studies should be conducted on the causes of various COVID-19-induced damages to determine the exact relationship between the pathogenesis, prognosis and severity of the disease.
Ali Hojabr Rajeooni, Parvaneh Mehrbod,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most important viral diseases in the current decade which has caused widespread crisis worldwide. The disease was first reported on December 8, 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in the patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. On January 8, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in China identified the virus, and it was named 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO). The name of the disease was later changed to COVID-19. According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the virus is called SARS-CoV-2 which belongs to the family of Coronaviridae. The viruses of this family have caused outbreaks in several countries (SARS in 2003 and MERS in 2013) which have led to death and economic loss.
Methods & Materials: In this review study, COVID-19 was studied from various aspects including evolutionary process and molecular biology of its virus. The selected articles were examined based on the information available in the WHO database. SARS-CoV-2 proteins were identified molecularly and functionally using data analysis and bioinformatics methods, and then related drugs and their effects on virus replication and inhibition were investigated.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles were observed in this study.
Results: Studies on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and drug therapies to inhibit the disease progression showed that the use of different pharmaceutical strategies is effective in treating COVID-19 depending on the progression of the disease. Molecular studies showed that the use of nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors is effective in the course of the disease and intravenous immunoglobulin, aminoquinoline compounds, TMPRSS2 inhibitors and viral S protein can be effective in the early stages of disease.
Conclusion: In order to control COVID-19, it is very important to study the structure of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its biology in the body. It is essential to identify the drugs that affect the virus based on its biological structure. Due to the structural changes of the virus and successive mutations in the virus genome as well as the emergence of resistant strains or highly contagious strains, further studies on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and its changes in the body are recommended for designing pharmaceutical and therapeutic strategies. These strategies varies according to the stage of the disease, such that some drugs prevent the virus from entering the target cells in the early stages of the disease and other drugs, in combination with the virus’ surface glycoproteins, prevent the virus antigen from binding to receptors in the host cells. In the late stages of the disease, antiviral drugs including protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogues, interfere with the replication and structure of the virus. Due to intermittent changes in the virus and the development of drug-resistant viruses, it is important to continuously review virological and clinical studies and the performance of existing drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
Mohammad Parastesh, Jalil Moradi,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reduced the physical activity of people worldwide. The purpose of this study is to provide a practical guide for performing physical activities at home during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods & Materials: The study was conducted by using library method and reviewing the books and articles on home-based physical activity, to provide a scientific basis for performing physical activity at home. In this regard, various physical activities with and without equipment at homes were examined.
Ethical Considerations: This article is a review article with no human or animal sample.
Results: Home-based practical suggestions for staying active and cope with its physical and psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic were reported walking or running on a treadmill, the use of stationary bikes, and body weight resistance exercise, in addition to aerobic exercise.
Conclusion: This proposed physical activity programs can be used during the pandemic at home by people with sedentary lifestyle.
Zhilla Heydarpoor, Leila Valizadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been many concerns about the transmission of the virus from the mother to the infant. This is more important due to the need for the management of breastfeeding. This study aims to review the latest studies on breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods & Materials: This is a review study on articles about breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic published from December 2019 to May 2020. The search was conducted in SID, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Ovid, and MagIran databases using the keywords:New coronavirus, COVID-19, breast milk, and breastfeeding
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: So far, there is no evidence of COVID-19 virus in breast milk or its transmission through breastfeeding. All mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 should continue to breastfeed their infants in accordance with the hygiene and respiratory precautions.
Conclusion: Breastfeeding protects the baby against infectious diseases. Given that the studies reported the absence of COVID-19 virus in breast milk are very limited, this study can help mothers manage breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since there are still many unknowns of this emerging disease, more studies are needed on managing breastfeeding in this pandemic.
Mozhgan Hashemieh,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In December 2019, the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China, and then spread rapidly around the world, such that the World Health Organization reported it as a pandemic. This study aims to review the epidemiological findings, transmission methods, clinical manifestations, radiological symptoms, prognosis and treatment of COVID-19 in children, as well as the differences caused by the virus between children and adults.
Methods & Materials: The search was conducted in databases such as PubMod, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar using the keywords “COVID-19”, “Coronavirus”, “Children”, and “Pandemic”.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical principles have been observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: Most of the data related to COVID-19 are related to the course of this disease in adults and related information for children is limited. Most findings suggested that the course of the disease is milder in children and the infection caused by the virus has a better prognosis in children. Due to the mild clinical symptoms in children, many of them are not diagnosed in the early stages of the infection. With the increase in the number of cases worldwide, the prevalence of this disease in children is certainly increasing.
Conclusion: COVID-19 has milder clinical symptoms and a better prognosis in children. Today, no vaccine or antiviral drug has been developed for this disease; hence, prevention is the best solution.
Methods & Materials: The search was conducted in databases such as PubMod, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar using the keywords “COVID-19”, “Coronavirus”, “Children”, and “Pandemic”.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical principles have been observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: Most of the data related to COVID-19 are related to the course of this disease in adults and related information for children is limited. Most findings suggested that the course of the disease is milder in children and the infection caused by the virus has a better prognosis in children. Due to the mild clinical symptoms in children, many of them are not diagnosed in the early stages of the infection. With the increase in the number of cases worldwide, the prevalence of this disease in children is certainly increasing.
Conclusion: COVID-19 has milder clinical symptoms and a better prognosis in children. Today, no vaccine or antiviral drug has been developed for this disease; hence, prevention is the best solution.
Niloofar Agharezaee, Flora Forouzesh,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause disease in humans and animals. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus. The World Health Organization has declared this infectious disease as a global pandemic.
Objective: This study aims to review the latest research advances in genetics, pathogenicity, and clinical features of COVID-19, as well as current therapies to combat this disease.
Methods & Materials: This is a systematic review study on articles published from 2010 to 2020 by searching in reputable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical principles have been observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: Examining the genome and genetic studies of the virus, it can be said that there are many similarities between different coronavirus types, but there are differences in their genomic and phenotypic structures that can affect their pathogenesis. Re-use of existing therapeutic drugs, previously designed for other infections and viral pathologies is currently the only practical approach to fight COVID-19. The tests for SARS-CoV-2 genome-specific vaccines and the therapeutic antibodies are currently being tested, but they require a long-term process and complete safety testing.
Conclusion: Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the basis of disease control. There is currently no specific antiviral drug approved for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, preventive measures are necessary to stop and control the spread of COVID-19, according to genetic studies and the obtaining knowledge of the molecular mechanism of this virus.
Objective: This study aims to review the latest research advances in genetics, pathogenicity, and clinical features of COVID-19, as well as current therapies to combat this disease.
Methods & Materials: This is a systematic review study on articles published from 2010 to 2020 by searching in reputable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical principles have been observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: Examining the genome and genetic studies of the virus, it can be said that there are many similarities between different coronavirus types, but there are differences in their genomic and phenotypic structures that can affect their pathogenesis. Re-use of existing therapeutic drugs, previously designed for other infections and viral pathologies is currently the only practical approach to fight COVID-19. The tests for SARS-CoV-2 genome-specific vaccines and the therapeutic antibodies are currently being tested, but they require a long-term process and complete safety testing.
Conclusion: Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the basis of disease control. There is currently no specific antiviral drug approved for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, preventive measures are necessary to stop and control the spread of COVID-19, according to genetic studies and the obtaining knowledge of the molecular mechanism of this virus.
Amir Hossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar, Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a viral disease, has increasingly highlighted the need for lifelong exercise due to its immunological and physiological effects is necessary on health. In this review study, while examining the effects of moderate-intensity exercise on the physiological and immunological responses associated with COVID-19, appropriate exercise patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic are presented.
Methods & Materials: In this study, the search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Google Scholar, MagIran, and Noor databases on related articles using the following keywords: coronavirus, COVID-19, exercise and coronavirus, exercise and immune system, high-intensity exercise and immune system.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: Moderate-intensity exercise can help boost the function of the immune system. On the other hand, high-intensity exercise can have negative effects on the immune system, which can be a bad strategy increasing the risk of infectious diseases.
Results Moderate-intensity exercise can help boost the function of the immune system. On the other hand, high-intensity exercise can have negative effects on the immune system, which can be a bad strategy increasing the risk of infectious diseases.
Conclusion: Due to the onset of the second wave of COVID-19 in the world, it is recommended to continue to exercise at home observing the hygiene rules (maintaining humidity and disinfecting environmental surfaces) and using appropriate intensity and duration.
Methods & Materials: In this study, the search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Google Scholar, MagIran, and Noor databases on related articles using the following keywords: coronavirus, COVID-19, exercise and coronavirus, exercise and immune system, high-intensity exercise and immune system.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: Moderate-intensity exercise can help boost the function of the immune system. On the other hand, high-intensity exercise can have negative effects on the immune system, which can be a bad strategy increasing the risk of infectious diseases.
Results Moderate-intensity exercise can help boost the function of the immune system. On the other hand, high-intensity exercise can have negative effects on the immune system, which can be a bad strategy increasing the risk of infectious diseases.
Conclusion: Due to the onset of the second wave of COVID-19 in the world, it is recommended to continue to exercise at home observing the hygiene rules (maintaining humidity and disinfecting environmental surfaces) and using appropriate intensity and duration.
Roya Rashidpouraie, Mohammad Nader Sharifi, Mina Rashidpouraei,
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 5 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Abortion has always posed challenges in the areas of ethics, law, religion, philosophy, and reproductive health. Some countries have had different approaches to abortion at different times. Today, abortion is a major challenge in Iran. Social developments and increasing level of health literacy, awareness and participation of women in social and economic fields have led to incompatibility of theoretical and practical aspects in these areas. Women sometimes have abortions without attention to the national law. In Iran, the reasons for legal abortion are the life-threatening conditions of the mother and the fetus. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some countries have revised their abortion laws and regulations. In some countries, such as France and Finland, these revisions are permanent; in countries such Portugal and Norway, the changes are temporary; and in other countries such as Germany and Belgium, it is unclear whether the changes are permanent or temporary. In this study, we aim to review the abortion laws and regulations in Europe and Iran. Then, by discussing the new guidelines for the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluate the effects and consequences of this pandemic on abortion.
Methods & Materials: The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar as well as national databases such as SID, MagIran, and IranMedex on studies published from 2002 to 2020 using the following keywords:Abortion, illegal abortion, induced abortion, and COVID-19. Due to the onset of SARS-COV1 epidemic in 2002, all articles published between these two outbreaks were searched.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles were observed in this article.
Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, some European countries revised the abortion laws and regulations, mostly due to realize the reproductive health right. It seems that, this revision has not yet been taken place in Iran.
Conclusion: With the emergence of COVID-19, some countries had revised their abortion laws and regulations to reduce unsafe abortions. It seems that during the Covid19 pandemic, due to changes in lifestyle such as social distancing and economic and social lockdowns, it needs to revise medical laws and regulations in health-oriented and time-dependent areas (such as abortion) so that the principles of medical ethics such as beneficence and maleficent, can be applied. Having COVID-19 and consequently abortion during the pandemic is one of the most challenging issues that should be addressed in terms of ethical, jurisprudential and legal aspects. Development of regulations based on ethical principles during the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary to prevent illegal and unsafe abortions.
Marzieh Rezaei, Mohammad Rabbani Khorasgani, Mohammad Reza Aliramaei,
Volume 23, Issue 6 (11-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 6 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The genus of Lactococcus lactis belonging to the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) group, is a gram-positive, faculative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, and non-motile bacterium. The present study aimed to introduce LAB, especially non-pathogenic, non-invasive, and safe Lactococcus lactis. Accordingly, we examined the previous studies concerning the advantages, limitations, promotion methods, and future prospects of oral vaccines based on this bacterium. This is because it is a potentially promising strategy for the vaccine production and prevention of some infectious diseases.
Methods & Materials: In this review article, 62 studies related to Lactococcus lactis and its application in producing oral vaccines were collected through searching databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus published from 1981 to 2020.
Ethical Considerations This article was approved by the Ethical Research Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences with the number 1396/99.
Results: Lactococcus lactis, as a safe microorganism, is widely used in the food industry. Live recombinant Lactococcus lactis as a "biologic drug" is orally administered as one of the live vaccines expressing viral and bacterial antigens.
Conclusion: Recombinant Lactococcus-based vector can be suitable substitutes for live attenuated vaccines. Moreover, it can be a safe and food-grade host for manufacturing the desired products of human consumption over other systems. It also presents a high potential for vaccine delivery, especially through mucosal methods to prevent or treat certain diseases.
Methods & Materials: In this review article, 62 studies related to Lactococcus lactis and its application in producing oral vaccines were collected through searching databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus published from 1981 to 2020.
Ethical Considerations This article was approved by the Ethical Research Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences with the number 1396/99.
Results: Lactococcus lactis, as a safe microorganism, is widely used in the food industry. Live recombinant Lactococcus lactis as a "biologic drug" is orally administered as one of the live vaccines expressing viral and bacterial antigens.
Conclusion: Recombinant Lactococcus-based vector can be suitable substitutes for live attenuated vaccines. Moreover, it can be a safe and food-grade host for manufacturing the desired products of human consumption over other systems. It also presents a high potential for vaccine delivery, especially through mucosal methods to prevent or treat certain diseases.
Mina Vesal, Changiz Rahimi,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Concerns are increasingly raised about the impact of social media use on depression in adolescents. This article aimed to summarize and synthesize quantitative studies addressing the association between social media and depression in adolescents.
Methods & Materials: This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies on the impact of the internet and social media use on depression in adolescents using Persian and English databases. In total, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles are considered in this article.
Results: The obtained data revealed a slight (0.18) statistically significant correlation (P<0.000) between social media use and depression in adolescents. However, this relationship was complex and associated with multiple psychosocial, behavioral, and individual factors, necessitating further investigation of mediating and moderating variables. Notably, most explored studies were cross-sectional; thus, they failed to infer the causal relationship between social media use and depression. In Iran, research has only investigated internet dependence. Further research is required in this area.
Conclusion: Overall, the mechanism of the impact of social media on depression should be further investigated through qualitative and longitudinal studies.
Seyyedeh Mahbouube Mousavi, Nooshin Naghsh,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the new technologies in this century is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a vast and promising research platform that has opened up a wide range of opportunities in various fields including pharmacy, medicine, electronics and agriculture. One of the applied nanoparticles in the field of nanobiotechnology is silver nanoparticles. One of the most important features of these nanoparticles is the creation of programmed cell death (Apoptosis). This property has created its antiseptic properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes. Nanoparticles have better performance against microorganisms due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and higher contact surface. Meanwhile, silver nanoparticles have shown unparalleled antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms and have recently attracted the attention of many researchers.
Methods & Materials: In this study, a review of all databases, including ISI Web of Science, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Google Scholar Learners, Noor, related articles were examined.
Ethical Considerations Ethical principles have been observed in writing the article.
Results: The antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles depends on the concentration, shape and diameter of the nanoparticles as well as the time of effect and the type of microorganism. The molecular mechanism of these nanoparticles has been through oxidative stress. The mechanism of inhibitory action of silver ions on microorganisms is the loss of DNA replication ability, inactivation of the expression of ribosomal subunit proteins and other bacterial cell proteins and enzymes necessary for ATP production. The effect of silver ions is primarily on the function of membrane-bound enzymes such as key enzymes in the respiratory chain. Thus, similar cellular mechanisms can cause cell death effects in prokaryotes, fungi, and eukaryotes.
Conclusion: The results showed that variables such as type of microorganism, contact time, concentration, shape and diameter of silver nanoparticles had a significant effect on inhibiting microbial growth.
Mis Freshteh Shahidi, Mr Majid Kashef, Mis Zohreh Delfani,
Volume 24, Issue 6 (1-2022)
Volume 24, Issue 6 (1-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim : Despite progressive improvement in medical therapy and standard care, Exercisebased rehabilitation programs have been shown to to have beneficial cardiovascular effects in patients with myocardial infarction through a multifactorial effect. This review study aimed to evaluate exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation strategies in patients with myocardial infarction with special focus on high intensity interval training, as a growing field of research was conducted.
Material and Methods: This is a systematic review study on articles published, without limitation Year, by searching in reputable databases such as PabMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer. Also in the process of searching for articles on the keywords microRNAs (miRNA) and myocardial infarction "," cardiac rehabilitation and myocardial infarction "," cardiac rehabilitation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) ", high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and Myocardial infarction was used.
Ethical considerations: All Ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a safe and effective exercise strategy to improve cardiac function in MI, and to prevent abnormal changes in mass, size, geometry, and cardiac function after MI, and Applies significant changes in molecular targets and cell pathway.
Conclusion: Therefore, HIIT targets myocardial necroptosis due to oxidative stress, protects the heart against adverse left ventricular regeneration after MI, and can be considered an integral part of post-MI cardiac rehabilitation programs.
Fatemeh Mohammadi, Maryam Nikrou, Kimia Sadeghi, Farid Askarifard, Mohammad Sayyadi,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Volume 25, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disorder that can affect many body systems, including the hemostatic system. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of hemostatic system and the blood coagulation in COVID-19.
Methods & Materials In this review study, the articles were searched using the keywords COVID-19, Respiratory infection, and Coagulopathy in Google Scholar, PubMed, Google Springer and Science Direct databases.
Ethical Considerations Ethical principles in writing this article were observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Results Many changes in the coagulation profile of infected patients were reported, including changes in the platelet count, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product, D-Dimer, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. With the increase in the number of patients with COVID-19, several studies found out the occurrence of thrombosis and coagulopathy in patients.
Conclusion Due to the increase in the occurrence of coagulation disorders in patients with COVID-19, the administration of anticoagulants is needed for their treatment; it can play an effective role in improving the prognosis of patients.
Methods & Materials In this review study, the articles were searched using the keywords COVID-19, Respiratory infection, and Coagulopathy in Google Scholar, PubMed, Google Springer and Science Direct databases.
Ethical Considerations Ethical principles in writing this article were observed in accordance with the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Results Many changes in the coagulation profile of infected patients were reported, including changes in the platelet count, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product, D-Dimer, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. With the increase in the number of patients with COVID-19, several studies found out the occurrence of thrombosis and coagulopathy in patients.
Conclusion Due to the increase in the occurrence of coagulation disorders in patients with COVID-19, the administration of anticoagulants is needed for their treatment; it can play an effective role in improving the prognosis of patients.
Javad Sarvmeili,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (8-2022)
Volume 25, Issue 3 (8-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim So far, extensive research has been conducted on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and its disease in different regions of the world. The aim of these studies is to present practical findings and suggestions about more familiarity with the characteristics of this virus, including its structural and genetic characteristics, origin of genesis, evolution, genomic changes, biological cycle and pathological function, that can be used to adopt efficient strategies in controlling and treating the pandemic.
Methods & Materials In order to perform genomic analysis, the complete sequence of the desired coronaviruses with accession numbers obtained from GenBank or GISAID was stored from databases such as NCBI and BV-BRC, and then the sequences were aligned with Workbench CLC Main software. In the next step, the phylogenetic tree was drawn by Neighbor-Joining method with 1000 repetitions (bootstrap) by MEGA X software and FigTree version 1.4.4 was used to display the tree more clearly.
Ethical Considerations All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results In the current study, mutations and the effect they may have on transmissibility, pathogenicity and vaccine effectiveness, molecular features, epidemiology and the place of emergence of coronaviruses, focusing on variant of concern (VOC) including alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) are presented.
Conclusion The occurrence of mutations and continuous evolution have led to the rapid and simultaneous emergence of different variants, each of these changes can contribute to the escape of therapeutic methods such as neutralizing antibodies (Nab) and convalescent plasma, as well as reducing the effectiveness of vaccines. Therefore, increasing monitoring for documentation, understanding the spread of different lineages and more detailed study of these mutations in identifying variants and effectively dealing with them is of great importance.
Methods & Materials In order to perform genomic analysis, the complete sequence of the desired coronaviruses with accession numbers obtained from GenBank or GISAID was stored from databases such as NCBI and BV-BRC, and then the sequences were aligned with Workbench CLC Main software. In the next step, the phylogenetic tree was drawn by Neighbor-Joining method with 1000 repetitions (bootstrap) by MEGA X software and FigTree version 1.4.4 was used to display the tree more clearly.
Ethical Considerations All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results In the current study, mutations and the effect they may have on transmissibility, pathogenicity and vaccine effectiveness, molecular features, epidemiology and the place of emergence of coronaviruses, focusing on variant of concern (VOC) including alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) are presented.
Conclusion The occurrence of mutations and continuous evolution have led to the rapid and simultaneous emergence of different variants, each of these changes can contribute to the escape of therapeutic methods such as neutralizing antibodies (Nab) and convalescent plasma, as well as reducing the effectiveness of vaccines. Therefore, increasing monitoring for documentation, understanding the spread of different lineages and more detailed study of these mutations in identifying variants and effectively dealing with them is of great importance.
Samira Ghaedmohammadi, Howra Bahrulolum, Gholamreza Ahmadian,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (8-2022)
Volume 25, Issue 3 (8-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim Surface display technology enables the binding of proteins and peptides to the surface of living cells, including mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, and spores. Among the various systems used for surface display, Bacillus subtilis spores have advantages such as resistance to adverse environmental conditions such as heat, radiation and chemicals, safety for humans and no need for the heterologous protein to pass the membranes for binding to spores.
Methods & Materials This study is a review that investigates the structure of the Bacillus subtilis spore, spore surface display, and its application in the development of mucosal vaccines and adjuvants.
Ethical Considerations All Ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results Heterologous proteins can be displayed genetically and non-genetically on the spore surface. The surface display is a promising strategy for the development of whole-cell factories with many industrial and biotechnological applications, leading to significant advances in the production of biocatalysts, the development of live vaccines, bio-adsorbents and sensors, epitope mapping, inhibitor design, and protein/peptide library screening.
Conclusion It is hoped that oral vaccines of Bacillus subtilis spores will be of significant help in the prevention and treatment of diseases including COVID-19 in the future.
Methods & Materials This study is a review that investigates the structure of the Bacillus subtilis spore, spore surface display, and its application in the development of mucosal vaccines and adjuvants.
Ethical Considerations All Ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results Heterologous proteins can be displayed genetically and non-genetically on the spore surface. The surface display is a promising strategy for the development of whole-cell factories with many industrial and biotechnological applications, leading to significant advances in the production of biocatalysts, the development of live vaccines, bio-adsorbents and sensors, epitope mapping, inhibitor design, and protein/peptide library screening.
Conclusion It is hoped that oral vaccines of Bacillus subtilis spores will be of significant help in the prevention and treatment of diseases including COVID-19 in the future.
Dr. Mojtaba Bayani, Dr. Shirin Shafiei Lialestani, Dr. Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Dr. Seyed Hamed Mirhoseini,
Volume 25, Issue 5 (12-2022)
Volume 25, Issue 5 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction: Dental unit water lines (DUWL) are a potential place for the accumulation of microorganisms and the formation of microbial biofilm, which exposes people to infection risk. This study aimed to investigation of the effectiveness of four commonly used substances and selection of most effective disinfectant in DUWLs disinfection.
Methods: This systematic review study was conducted based on PRISMA templates and the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases with a specific search strategy were examined. In this systematic review study, the effectiveness of 4 disinfectants including: hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, chlorine-dioxide, sodium hypochlorite on microbial biofilms in the DUWL was investigated. The study was conducted on July 10, 2021, and finally the data of all studies related to the subject of this systematic review were extracted. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.347).
Results: All four disinfectants in sufficient concentration and time can be useful and effective. If the biofilm in DUWL is old and stabilized, it will affect the effectiveness of these materials and it will take longer to remove.
Conclusions: The use of materials in combination can cover all the microbial spectrum present in the biofilm of this area, and even fixed biofilms can be removed with extended and continuous use.
Methods: This systematic review study was conducted based on PRISMA templates and the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases with a specific search strategy were examined. In this systematic review study, the effectiveness of 4 disinfectants including: hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, chlorine-dioxide, sodium hypochlorite on microbial biofilms in the DUWL was investigated. The study was conducted on July 10, 2021, and finally the data of all studies related to the subject of this systematic review were extracted. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.347).
Results: All four disinfectants in sufficient concentration and time can be useful and effective. If the biofilm in DUWL is old and stabilized, it will affect the effectiveness of these materials and it will take longer to remove.
Conclusions: The use of materials in combination can cover all the microbial spectrum present in the biofilm of this area, and even fixed biofilms can be removed with extended and continuous use.
A review on Antiviral Activity of Phytogenic Compounds against SARS, MERS and Covid-19 Coronaviruses
Dr Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Dr Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Coronaviruses are mainly the cause of respiratory disease in humans, and among the known species, the coronaviruses that cause SARS, MERS, and Covid 19 cause severe respiratory disease. So far, no specific treatment has been found for these diseases. Considering the beneficial effects of medicinal plants as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, the use of herbal compounds can be effective in mild infection of coronaviruses.
Methods: PubMed database was used to search for articles containing the terms coronavirus, SARS, MERS, as well as human and herbal medicine. The inclusion criteria were all full articles with the mentioned keywords and the exclusion criteria were summary articles and articles presented in conferences. A total of 36 articles on human coronaviruses were found. Most of the studies were about SARS (SARS-CoV) with 26 articles (72.22%). Two articles (5.55%) were found about Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and only one article (2.77%) about MERS (MERS-CoV). It should be noted that one study included SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and six studies (16.66%) also investigated SARS, MERS and Covid-19 at the same time. Ethical principles have been respected in writing the article, according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and COPE regulations.
Results: Some medicinal plants have been identified with effective antiviral activity against SARS, MERS, and Covid-19 coronaviruses, including green tea, cinnamon, licorice, cure, sage, chives, rhubarb, nettle, and blackberry. Considering that these medicinal plants have already been used with different therapeutic effects in the human medicinal pharmacopoeia, it is recommended to conduct clinical trials on humans in order to achieve an effective dose against common human coronaviruses.
Conclusions: Although some medicinal plants have been recommended for use in the treatment of coronavirus respiratory syndrome in humans, the effects of these plants on other biological factors have not been studied, until now. It is necessary to evaluate their side effects simoultaneous with clinical trials and confirming the effectiveness of these compounds.
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