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Nima Sanadgol, Parisa Maleki,
Volume 21, Issue 6 (12-2018)
Volume 21, Issue 6 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural antioxidant with phenolic structure. In this study, we evaluate the effects of EA consumption on population and activation of neuroglia cells in the animal model of MS under oxidative stress.
Materials and Methods: Mature male mice with age of between 8 to 9 weeks were kept in the standard conditions. For model induction, animals received powder normal diet containing 0.2% Cuprizone (Cup) for six weeks. Mice were divided into eight groups containing control, control receiving three doses of EA (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg), Cup and Cup receiving three doses of EA. Finally, specific glial cell markers in the animal brain tissues were analyzed by molecular methods such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting (WB) and Real Time-PCR (RT-PCR).
Findings: IHC and WB analysis have shown that only high concentration of EA is able to reduce protein expression of GFAP (activated astrocytes marker), Mac-3 (activated microglial marker), increase protein expression of Olig-2 (oligodendrocytes precursor marker) and ultimately significant reduction on APC (mature oligodendrocytes marker)/Olig-2 ratio in comparison with Cup group. In addition, RT-PCR evaluation indicated that changes in the mRNA expression of target markers were consistent with observed changes in their protein expression and therefore, IHC and WB results were confirmed.
Conclusion: Consumption of 80 mg/kg of EA effectively decreased activation of astrocytes and microglial and so appropriates environment for migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to the lesion area and shifting from damage course into the repair progressions.
Materials and Methods: Mature male mice with age of between 8 to 9 weeks were kept in the standard conditions. For model induction, animals received powder normal diet containing 0.2% Cuprizone (Cup) for six weeks. Mice were divided into eight groups containing control, control receiving three doses of EA (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg), Cup and Cup receiving three doses of EA. Finally, specific glial cell markers in the animal brain tissues were analyzed by molecular methods such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting (WB) and Real Time-PCR (RT-PCR).
Findings: IHC and WB analysis have shown that only high concentration of EA is able to reduce protein expression of GFAP (activated astrocytes marker), Mac-3 (activated microglial marker), increase protein expression of Olig-2 (oligodendrocytes precursor marker) and ultimately significant reduction on APC (mature oligodendrocytes marker)/Olig-2 ratio in comparison with Cup group. In addition, RT-PCR evaluation indicated that changes in the mRNA expression of target markers were consistent with observed changes in their protein expression and therefore, IHC and WB results were confirmed.
Conclusion: Consumption of 80 mg/kg of EA effectively decreased activation of astrocytes and microglial and so appropriates environment for migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to the lesion area and shifting from damage course into the repair progressions.
Masoud Rezagholizamenjany, Parsa Yousefichaijan,
Volume 21, Issue 7 (2-2019)
Volume 21, Issue 7 (2-2019)
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular disease as a proteinuria in the nephrotic and triad of hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and high protein in the urine. Nephrotic proteinuria is defined as protein excretion of more than 40 mg/m2 of body surface per hour or protein to creatinine ratio of more than 2-3 at the first morning urine sample. Its annual incidence in most western countries is 2-3 cases per 100000 children per year, and in developing countries it is often higher due to malaria (1). New findings in this area are often about treatment, which are evaluated and reviewed in following.
Nephrotic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular disease as a proteinuria in the nephrotic and triad of hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and high protein in the urine. Nephrotic proteinuria is defined as protein excretion of more than 40 mg/m2 of body surface per hour or protein to creatinine ratio of more than 2-3 at the first morning urine sample. Its annual incidence in most western countries is 2-3 cases per 100000 children per year, and in developing countries it is often higher due to malaria (1). New findings in this area are often about treatment, which are evaluated and reviewed in following.
Marziyeh Tavalaee , Nasim Eskandari, Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Volume 22, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Globozoospermia is a severe sperm morphological abnormality in men that characterized by round-headed spermatozoa with low or absence acrosome structure in their sperm samples. In these men, high level of DNA damage and abnormal chromatin packaging also were reported. These deficiencies can consider as the main etiologies of infertility in these infertile men. The aim of this article is to study the sperm chromatin structure in infertile men with globozoospermia.
Materials and Methods: In this systematic review article, 77 articles related to protamine deficiency, DNA damage, aneuploidy in globozoospermic men were collected via data bases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus since 1971-2017.
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code IR.ACECR.ROYAN.REC.1396.204 have been approved at research ethics committee of Royan Institute.
Findings: Mean percentage of sperm DNA fragmentation and protamine deficiency were significantly higher in infertile men with globozoospermia compared to fertile men. While, the results of chromosome aneuploidy were controversial in infertile men with globozoospermia within studies.
Conclusion: In addition to abnormal acrosome formation, as main etiology of failed fertilization, in infertile men with globozoospermia, high level of sperm abnormal chromatin packaging and DNA damage can be also involved in this phenomenon. Therefore, antioxidant therapy before intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection technique were suggested for these individuals to minimize sperm chromatin damage.
Materials and Methods: In this systematic review article, 77 articles related to protamine deficiency, DNA damage, aneuploidy in globozoospermic men were collected via data bases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus since 1971-2017.
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code IR.ACECR.ROYAN.REC.1396.204 have been approved at research ethics committee of Royan Institute.
Findings: Mean percentage of sperm DNA fragmentation and protamine deficiency were significantly higher in infertile men with globozoospermia compared to fertile men. While, the results of chromosome aneuploidy were controversial in infertile men with globozoospermia within studies.
Conclusion: In addition to abnormal acrosome formation, as main etiology of failed fertilization, in infertile men with globozoospermia, high level of sperm abnormal chromatin packaging and DNA damage can be also involved in this phenomenon. Therefore, antioxidant therapy before intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection technique were suggested for these individuals to minimize sperm chromatin damage.
Somaye Delavar, Niloofar Shadmehri, Hamid Dalvand,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Volume 22, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) may have musculoskeletal disorder due to inappropriate position during sleep. The aim of this study was to design the equipment for sleep positioning of children with CP.
Materials and Methods: This research was a designing device study for sleep positioning of children with CP. The design was carried out in three stages: needs assessment, develop an idea and final design. Seventeen children with CP aged 2-12 year olds at the levels of III to V Gross Motor Function Classification System Expanded and Revised (GMFCSE&R) were recruited from Tehran and Karaj rehabilitation clinics by a convenience sampling strategy. For data collection, some demographic questionnaire and GMFCS E&R were used.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved in Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Applied Arts at Tehran University of Art with the code IR. ART U.REC.1394.118.
Findings: In the process of needs assessment, a researcher made questionnaire and pictures of sleep positioning children with CP when they were sleeping were used. In developing an idea stage, the free and creative ideas under the name of black box, as well as, Etudes at the transparency stage were presented as the combination of creative ideas. In the final design stage, by using superior materials, positioning and packaging, we achieved a superior design.
Conclusion: The proposed plan is designed as an interventional tool based on the need of Iranian children with CP and there is no similar national or international device available. The final design of the sleeping equipment includes a set of mattresses and a variety of modular styling devices based on a family centered approach, so that, allow parents to active engagement during sleep and rest of their children and can help the children to assume the proper positions.
Materials and Methods: This research was a designing device study for sleep positioning of children with CP. The design was carried out in three stages: needs assessment, develop an idea and final design. Seventeen children with CP aged 2-12 year olds at the levels of III to V Gross Motor Function Classification System Expanded and Revised (GMFCSE&R) were recruited from Tehran and Karaj rehabilitation clinics by a convenience sampling strategy. For data collection, some demographic questionnaire and GMFCS E&R were used.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved in Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Applied Arts at Tehran University of Art with the code IR. ART U.REC.1394.118.
Findings: In the process of needs assessment, a researcher made questionnaire and pictures of sleep positioning children with CP when they were sleeping were used. In developing an idea stage, the free and creative ideas under the name of black box, as well as, Etudes at the transparency stage were presented as the combination of creative ideas. In the final design stage, by using superior materials, positioning and packaging, we achieved a superior design.
Conclusion: The proposed plan is designed as an interventional tool based on the need of Iranian children with CP and there is no similar national or international device available. The final design of the sleeping equipment includes a set of mattresses and a variety of modular styling devices based on a family centered approach, so that, allow parents to active engagement during sleep and rest of their children and can help the children to assume the proper positions.
Elham Pishgar, Milad Makhfian,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2019)
Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: A variety of bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus utilize quorum sensing to perform their important activities such as biofilm formation and production of virulence factors. Interfering with the bacterial QS will disable the bacteria to perform above-mentioned vital activities. The principal aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of five plant extracts against bacterial Quorum sensing of Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods: Thirteen strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from patients with dental implant infection and identified. The plant species were collected from vicinity gardens of Fars Province and extracted using 96% ethanol. The anti-QS and antimicrobial susceptibility methods were then carried out to evaluate their bactericidal and QS properties with the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL/PZLR4. Furthermore, the biofilm production of the isolates was evaluated by microtiter plate (MTP) assay.
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics codes 01-16-1-1959 and 73/118248 has been approved by research ethics committee at Islamic Azad University, Jahrom and research sciences branch, respectively.
Findings: The results of the study disclosed that the extract of raspberry blossom possesses significantly (p<0.05) anti-QS property (>21 mm). The anti-QS activity was proved by creating clear halo sides of the wells formed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL/PZLR4. Moreover, the extracts of tarragon, wheat flower, flixweed and basil showed antimicrobial properties.
Conclusion: According to the anti-biofilm and anti-QS properties of raspberry blossom extract against the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, it could be considered as a mouthwash against dental bacterial infection with the identification of active compounds in the raspberry.
Materials and Methods: Thirteen strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from patients with dental implant infection and identified. The plant species were collected from vicinity gardens of Fars Province and extracted using 96% ethanol. The anti-QS and antimicrobial susceptibility methods were then carried out to evaluate their bactericidal and QS properties with the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL/PZLR4. Furthermore, the biofilm production of the isolates was evaluated by microtiter plate (MTP) assay.
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics codes 01-16-1-1959 and 73/118248 has been approved by research ethics committee at Islamic Azad University, Jahrom and research sciences branch, respectively.
Findings: The results of the study disclosed that the extract of raspberry blossom possesses significantly (p<0.05) anti-QS property (>21 mm). The anti-QS activity was proved by creating clear halo sides of the wells formed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL/PZLR4. Moreover, the extracts of tarragon, wheat flower, flixweed and basil showed antimicrobial properties.
Conclusion: According to the anti-biofilm and anti-QS properties of raspberry blossom extract against the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, it could be considered as a mouthwash against dental bacterial infection with the identification of active compounds in the raspberry.
Nastaran Zamani, Ahmad Ali Moazedi,
Volume 22, Issue 6 (1-2020)
Volume 22, Issue 6 (1-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Alzheimer’s disease is the most common causes of dementia among the elderly people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effects of memantine and vitamin D on spatial learning and memory impairment in adult male rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n=7): 1= Control, 2= NBM lesion (received bilateral electric lesion of NBM), 3= Sham (the electrode was entered into the NBM with no electric lesion), 4= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine (received saline), 5= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline), 6= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline plus sesame oil), 7= NBM lesion+ Vitamin D; 8= NBM lesion+Memantine, and 9= NBM lesion+Vitamin D+Memantine. After one week, the rats were trained to perform the Y-maze task for five days. Twenty five days after training, a retention test was performed to evaluate their long-term memory.
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code of “EE/ 97, 24, 3061243/scu.ac.ir” was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz In Iran.
Results: Bilateral NBM lesion reduced spatial learning in comparison with control and sham groups. No effect on spatial learning was observed in NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine and NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D groups compared to the NBM lesion group. Spatial learning and memory in NBM lesion +Vitamin D+Memantine group (P<0.001) was significantly improved compared to NBM lesion+Vitamin D (P<0.01) and NBM lesion+Memantine (P<0.05) groups. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the results in the 5th day of training and the memory retention at the 30th day.
Conclusion: Co-administration of memantine and vitamin D is more effective than memantine or vitamin D alone in spatial learning and memory improvement in rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n=7): 1= Control, 2= NBM lesion (received bilateral electric lesion of NBM), 3= Sham (the electrode was entered into the NBM with no electric lesion), 4= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine (received saline), 5= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline), 6= NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine+ Vehicle Vitamin D (received saline plus sesame oil), 7= NBM lesion+ Vitamin D; 8= NBM lesion+Memantine, and 9= NBM lesion+Vitamin D+Memantine. After one week, the rats were trained to perform the Y-maze task for five days. Twenty five days after training, a retention test was performed to evaluate their long-term memory.
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code of “EE/ 97, 24, 3061243/scu.ac.ir” was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz In Iran.
Results: Bilateral NBM lesion reduced spatial learning in comparison with control and sham groups. No effect on spatial learning was observed in NBM lesion+ Vehicle Memantine and NBM lesion+ Vehicle Vitamin D groups compared to the NBM lesion group. Spatial learning and memory in NBM lesion +Vitamin D+Memantine group (P<0.001) was significantly improved compared to NBM lesion+Vitamin D (P<0.01) and NBM lesion+Memantine (P<0.05) groups. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the results in the 5th day of training and the memory retention at the 30th day.
Conclusion: Co-administration of memantine and vitamin D is more effective than memantine or vitamin D alone in spatial learning and memory improvement in rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
Zahra Ahmadi Ganjeh, Mohammad Eslami-Kalantari, Ali Asghar Mowlavi,
Volume 22, Issue 6 (1-2020)
Volume 22, Issue 6 (1-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Sicne in many dosimetry calculations, the water and soft tissue phantoms are used, this study aimed to investigate the difference of these two phantoms with a phantom consisted of realistic liver materials in proton therapy for liver cancer.
Methods & Materials: Three phantoms with different materials of water, soft tissue and realistic liver materials were used for the study. A spherical tumor with 2 cm radius was considered in the liver. The Spread-out Bragg Peaks (SOBPs) were measured to cover the complete tumor for the three phantoms. Dose distribution and deposited dose ratio in tumor and surrounding organs were calculated using Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended (MCNPX) code.
Ethical Considerations: The best proton energy interval to complete the coverage of tumor in the liver for phantoms with realistic and soft tissue materials was 90-120 MeV and for water phantom, it was 88-116 MeV. The shift of the Bragg peaks depth per energy in the water phantom mm relative to two other phantoms was about 4.5. The dose parameters were evaluated according to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), and the results showed no any significant difference between them. The dose distribution in the tumor and surrounding organs showed that for all three phantoms, the dose distribution around the tumor was negligible.
Results: The use of soft tissue phantom has more acceptable results than water phantom in simulating treatment and can be replaced with realistic liver tissue. More realistic phantoms should be used in treatment plan.
Conclusion: The use of soft tissue phantom has more acceptable results than water phantom in simulating treatment and can be replaced with realistic liver tissue. More realistic phantoms should be used in treatment plan.
Zakiyeh Gharib, Naser Sanchooli, Nima Sanadgol,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between Endoplasmic Reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) by analyzing the expression patterns of related genes in animal models.
Methods & Materials: Microarray data of AD patients’ brain tissues were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. These data were first analyzed in GEO2R online tool. Then, the expression of ER-phagy related genes were isolated and the protein interaction networks were plotted by STRING database for the genes with increased expression. Finally, the relationship between the genes that had significant increased expression were designed, and the expression of new identified genes in each study was examined.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles were considered in this article.
Results: Genes involved in ER-phagy showed a sporadic expression in different AD models. An increase in the expression of ER-phagy regulatory 1 (FAM134B) gene was observed in studies with the mutation in both Microtubule-associated Protein Tau (MAPT) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) genes. Increase in the expression of NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) gene was observed in two studies that had mutations in APP, Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and MAPT genes. Moreover, SEC62 homolog and Cell Cycle Progression 1 (CCPG1) genes both showed decreased expression in one study. Finally, the expression of Reticulon 3 (RTN3) was not significant in any of the studies.
Conclusion: The genes involved in ER-phagy have a sporadic expression in AD models, where only two genes FAM134B and NPC1 are involved in AD. The FAM134B gene seems to interact with the Wnk1 gene, which plays a role in cell survival and proliferation, in the hippocampus and forebrain. It also interacts with the Map1lc3b gene, which has a role in phagosome deletion and protein ubiquitination, in the forebrain. It also interacts with the Map1lc3b gene, which has a role in phagosome deletion and protein ubiquitination, in the forebrain. NPC1 had interaction with the Abcg1 gene, which activates lipid homeostasis, in the subventricular zone.
Methods & Materials: Microarray data of AD patients’ brain tissues were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. These data were first analyzed in GEO2R online tool. Then, the expression of ER-phagy related genes were isolated and the protein interaction networks were plotted by STRING database for the genes with increased expression. Finally, the relationship between the genes that had significant increased expression were designed, and the expression of new identified genes in each study was examined.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles were considered in this article.
Results: Genes involved in ER-phagy showed a sporadic expression in different AD models. An increase in the expression of ER-phagy regulatory 1 (FAM134B) gene was observed in studies with the mutation in both Microtubule-associated Protein Tau (MAPT) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) genes. Increase in the expression of NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) gene was observed in two studies that had mutations in APP, Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and MAPT genes. Moreover, SEC62 homolog and Cell Cycle Progression 1 (CCPG1) genes both showed decreased expression in one study. Finally, the expression of Reticulon 3 (RTN3) was not significant in any of the studies.
Conclusion: The genes involved in ER-phagy have a sporadic expression in AD models, where only two genes FAM134B and NPC1 are involved in AD. The FAM134B gene seems to interact with the Wnk1 gene, which plays a role in cell survival and proliferation, in the hippocampus and forebrain. It also interacts with the Map1lc3b gene, which has a role in phagosome deletion and protein ubiquitination, in the forebrain. It also interacts with the Map1lc3b gene, which has a role in phagosome deletion and protein ubiquitination, in the forebrain. NPC1 had interaction with the Abcg1 gene, which activates lipid homeostasis, in the subventricular zone.
Yalda Mirmoeini, Hamid Sarlak, Shima Normohammadi, Afrooz Nakhostin, Zohreh Salimi,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Parental acceptance is an important parameter in selecting the proper behavior management technique during pediatric dental treatment. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different informing methods on acceptance of parents about behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry.
Methods & Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on one 162 parents of 3-7-year-old uncooperative children who were candidates for dental treatment. They were randomly divided into three groups. Their acceptance about six behavior management techniques including general anesthesia, voice control, hand-over-mouth, parental separation, active and passive physical restraint were assessed by a questionnaire. After determining the level of acceptance, the information about the techniques was presented through three ways include writing, verbal and visual methods. Finally, their acceptance of each technique and the reasons for non-acceptance were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.23 software using ANOVA and t-test.
Ethical Considerations: This study obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences under code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1398.102.
Results: The informing methods significantly increased the parents’ acceptance about behavior management techniques. According to the ANOVA results, the effect of visual presentation method in general anesthesia technique was significantly lower than that of other methods (P<0.05), while its effect in active physical restraint technique was significantly greater than that of other methods (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of informing methods in other behavior management techniques.
Conclusion: Informing parents about pediatric behavior management techniques increase their acceptance. Informing by visual presentation is the most effective method for increasing their acceptance of physical restraint technique, while in their acceptance of general anesthesia technique other informing methods are more effective
Methods & Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on one 162 parents of 3-7-year-old uncooperative children who were candidates for dental treatment. They were randomly divided into three groups. Their acceptance about six behavior management techniques including general anesthesia, voice control, hand-over-mouth, parental separation, active and passive physical restraint were assessed by a questionnaire. After determining the level of acceptance, the information about the techniques was presented through three ways include writing, verbal and visual methods. Finally, their acceptance of each technique and the reasons for non-acceptance were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.23 software using ANOVA and t-test.
Ethical Considerations: This study obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences under code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1398.102.
Results: The informing methods significantly increased the parents’ acceptance about behavior management techniques. According to the ANOVA results, the effect of visual presentation method in general anesthesia technique was significantly lower than that of other methods (P<0.05), while its effect in active physical restraint technique was significantly greater than that of other methods (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of informing methods in other behavior management techniques.
Conclusion: Informing parents about pediatric behavior management techniques increase their acceptance. Informing by visual presentation is the most effective method for increasing their acceptance of physical restraint technique, while in their acceptance of general anesthesia technique other informing methods are more effective
Naser Safdarian, Shadi Yousefian Dezfoulinejad,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the abnormal cell growth in the breast. In both benign and malignant masses, there is rapid and high cell growth. Nowadays, due to the development of technologies, the diagnosis of diseases has become non-invasive and physicians attempts to diagnose the disease without surgery and based on internal organ images.
Methods & Materials: In this study, by using images prepared from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM), a new method is proposed for detecting cancerous masses in the mammographic images using geometric features extraction and optimization of Support Vector Machine (SVM) parameters to classify breast cancer masses automatically. First, images were pre-processed and then boundaries were determined using threshold method. Next, morphological operators were used to improve these boundaries and the segmentation of images was carried out to classify cancerous masses. Finally, by using the SVM parameter optimization method, Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), and 4-fold crossvalidation method, data were classified into two groups of benign and malignant (cancer) masses.
Ethical Considerations Images from DDSM database were used in this research, all images are open access in this database.
Results: The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values for applying the Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel in SVM classifier (before optimization process) were obtained 97%, 100% and 96, respectively. After optimization of SVM parameters by the GOA, it was reported 100% for all accuracy, sensitivity and specificity indices for applying linear kernel function, indicating the high accuracy of the proposed method. The average values of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity indices for applying all three SVM kernel functions after optimization were 95.83, 100 and 94.81%, respectively.
Conclusion: The extracted geometrical features from breast cancer masses are highly efficient for model training and the diagnosis of breast cancer. The GOA could improve the overall accuracy of the proposed method by optimizing the SVM parameters. The results showed the higher performance of the proposed method compared to other methods.
Methods & Materials: In this study, by using images prepared from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM), a new method is proposed for detecting cancerous masses in the mammographic images using geometric features extraction and optimization of Support Vector Machine (SVM) parameters to classify breast cancer masses automatically. First, images were pre-processed and then boundaries were determined using threshold method. Next, morphological operators were used to improve these boundaries and the segmentation of images was carried out to classify cancerous masses. Finally, by using the SVM parameter optimization method, Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), and 4-fold crossvalidation method, data were classified into two groups of benign and malignant (cancer) masses.
Ethical Considerations Images from DDSM database were used in this research, all images are open access in this database.
Results: The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values for applying the Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel in SVM classifier (before optimization process) were obtained 97%, 100% and 96, respectively. After optimization of SVM parameters by the GOA, it was reported 100% for all accuracy, sensitivity and specificity indices for applying linear kernel function, indicating the high accuracy of the proposed method. The average values of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity indices for applying all three SVM kernel functions after optimization were 95.83, 100 and 94.81%, respectively.
Conclusion: The extracted geometrical features from breast cancer masses are highly efficient for model training and the diagnosis of breast cancer. The GOA could improve the overall accuracy of the proposed method by optimizing the SVM parameters. The results showed the higher performance of the proposed method compared to other methods.
Shahnaz Shahrjerdi,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hypertension is a common disease and universal that can cause cardiovascular disease and kidney damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an eight-weeks massage on blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), heart rate and C-reactive protein in women with hypertension.
Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 44 volunteer women with Mean±SD age of 42.12±5.31years were selected from women referred to Arak Oil Company specialized polyclinic with hypertension. Four women excluded from the study for some reason, and the rest were divided into experimental and control groups. In massage group massage was done for three sessions per week, 45-60 minutes in each session, on the back and upper limbs for eight weeks. Data analysis was conducted using dependent and independent t-test by SPSS V. 25 statistical software at the significant level of (P≤0.05).
Ethical Considerations: This study (Code: 92-160-26) was approved in Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences.
Results: The results showed that eight weeks of massage reduced blood pressure (P=0.001), the heart rate (P=0.001), and C-reactive protein (P=0.001) in women with hypertension compared to the control group (P=0.62).
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that massage for eight weeks is an efficient and appropriate method to improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and C-reactive protein in patients with hypertension.
Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 44 volunteer women with Mean±SD age of 42.12±5.31years were selected from women referred to Arak Oil Company specialized polyclinic with hypertension. Four women excluded from the study for some reason, and the rest were divided into experimental and control groups. In massage group massage was done for three sessions per week, 45-60 minutes in each session, on the back and upper limbs for eight weeks. Data analysis was conducted using dependent and independent t-test by SPSS V. 25 statistical software at the significant level of (P≤0.05).
Ethical Considerations: This study (Code: 92-160-26) was approved in Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences.
Results: The results showed that eight weeks of massage reduced blood pressure (P=0.001), the heart rate (P=0.001), and C-reactive protein (P=0.001) in women with hypertension compared to the control group (P=0.62).
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that massage for eight weeks is an efficient and appropriate method to improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and C-reactive protein in patients with hypertension.
Alireza Amani, Ali Kamali, Bahman Sadeghi, Ali Reza Sistani, Mahdi Tavakolizadeh, Sajad Ghodibigi, Farid Saghabi, Mojtaba Ahmadlou,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (9-2020)
Volume 23, Issue 4 (9-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ankle injuries are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries in sports, accounting for 10% to 15% of all injuries. Since controlling pain and inflammation in ankle sprains is one of the main goals of treatment, we decided to compare the therapeutic effects of Cheleh daghi Herbal ointment with a common therapeutic gel such as piroxicam.
Methods & Materials: This study was performed as a double-blinded clinical trial for 6 months from January 2019 to August 2019. After referral, all patients completed the consent form, and the patient's details and study variables were recorded by the evaluator in the research form. To measure joint inflammation, we measured the ankle with a meter tape in the ankle area (cm) and recorded. A goniometer was also used to measure the degree of ankle movements. The symptoms of ankle ecchymosis were also checked by physical examination and observation and recorded in the checklist. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS V. 18 using statistical tests (the Mann-Whitney U test, the Chi-square, and the independent t-test).
Ethical Considerations: The Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences approved the study (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1396.55) and registered by the Clinical Trial (Code: IRCT2017071720258N53).
Results: The Mean±SD age in the control group was 34.2±8.6 years, and in the case group was 35.4±8.9 years. There was no statistically significant difference according to the Mann-Whitney U test (P<0.05). Also, the Mean±SD height in the control group was 1.7±0.12 m and in the case group was 1.72±0.11 m. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups studied before and after the intervention regarding the mean indicators of pain, swelling, and inflammation around the joints (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of our study showed that Cheleh daghi Herbal ointment for 3 weeks could be more effective in reducing local pain and inflammation than piroxicam gel treatment.
Ahmad Hamta, Sahar Adl,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-induced deaths in women, worldwide. The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that plays an essential role in the growth, invasion, movement, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found in the intron 2 of the FGFR2 gene, i.e., associated with a high risk of breast cancer. Genetic variation in this receptor is a new risk factor for breast cancer. The current study aimed to evaluate the association of single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2981582C/T in women with breast cancer.
Methods & Materials: In total, 80 women with breast cancer and 80 healthy women (controls) were selected from Markazi Province, Iran to participate in this research. Polymorphism rs2981582 was analyzed to investigate its association with breast cancer. DNA extraction from blood samples was performed using a kit. The presence of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR - RFLP). Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS using Chi-squared test at P≤0.05.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Arak University (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1395.28).
Results: Significant differences were observed in the frequency of rs2981582 polymorphism in the FGFR2 gene between the control and patient groups (P=0.000). In the patient group, the TT genotype was significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer (P=0.001; OR=3.566). On the other hand, allele C indicated a protective role against the disease (P=0.000).
Conclusion: The obtained data revealed a significant relationship between rs2981582 C/T polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer; thus, this single-nucleotide polymorphism could be used as a biomarker to predict breast cancer.
Zohreh Karimi Taheri, Mohammad Hosein Aarabi, Ali Nazari Alam, Majid Nejati, Mohammad Shayestehpour, Hamid Reza Gilasi, Afshin Salehi, Mohammad Esmaeil Shahaboddin,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Despite the anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties of licorice extract and lavender essential oil, some factors, such as low bioavailability and biodegradable, limit their therapeutic use. Using nanoparticles is a method to overcome these restrictions. This study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of nanoemulsion containing licorice extract and lavender essential oil on cancer cells; we also evaluated its antimicrobial properties in vitro.
Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, nanoemulsions, containing licorice extract and lavender essential oil were developed by the spontaneous emulsion method. The anti-proliferative effect of nanoemulsion was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method on two cell lines HepG2 and SK-MEL-3. To measure the antimicrobial effect of 4 standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) method was used.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.KAUMS.MEDNT.REC.1396.106).
Results: The results of MTT test on HepG2 cells indicated that the concentrations of 630, 1250, and 2500 μg/mL nanoemulsions caused toxicity to the cell and led to the death of >50% of the cells (IC50=401μg/mL; P<0.05). Evaluating SK-MEL3 cells revealed that except for 75 μg of nanoemulsion, other concentrations induced death in >50% of the cells (IC50 = 82 μg/mL; P<0.05). In addition, nanoemulsions, with antimicrobial properties, were studied in 4 strains of bacteria; the highest antimicrobial properties were observed in Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Conclusion: Nanoemulsion containing licorice extract and lavender essential oil presents antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects on the two cell lines studied. The current study results indicated that the nano emulsification of lavender essential oil and licorice extract can enhance their biological impact; thus, they can be used as a drug formulation.
Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, nanoemulsions, containing licorice extract and lavender essential oil were developed by the spontaneous emulsion method. The anti-proliferative effect of nanoemulsion was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method on two cell lines HepG2 and SK-MEL-3. To measure the antimicrobial effect of 4 standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) method was used.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.KAUMS.MEDNT.REC.1396.106).
Results: The results of MTT test on HepG2 cells indicated that the concentrations of 630, 1250, and 2500 μg/mL nanoemulsions caused toxicity to the cell and led to the death of >50% of the cells (IC50=401μg/mL; P<0.05). Evaluating SK-MEL3 cells revealed that except for 75 μg of nanoemulsion, other concentrations induced death in >50% of the cells (IC50 = 82 μg/mL; P<0.05). In addition, nanoemulsions, with antimicrobial properties, were studied in 4 strains of bacteria; the highest antimicrobial properties were observed in Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Conclusion: Nanoemulsion containing licorice extract and lavender essential oil presents antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects on the two cell lines studied. The current study results indicated that the nano emulsification of lavender essential oil and licorice extract can enhance their biological impact; thus, they can be used as a drug formulation.
Mohammad Ranjbarian, Korosh Etemad, Fatemeh Zarei, Rozita Farhadi, Jalaledin Sa´di,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: It is almost impossible to imagine life without electromagnetic waves. Such waves play a key role in the function of melatonin and create numerous diseases.
Methods & Materials: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 230 kV substations in Golestan Province, Iran in 2016. In total, 44 workers of electrical substations (the case group) and 23 workers of healthcare centers (the control group) with 24-hour shift works were enrolled in this study.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University Medical Sciences( Code: IR.SBMU.THNS.REC.1395.9).
Results: The obtained data suggested that 100% of the electric field intensity and the magnetic flux density measured at the substations were within the permissible range of occupational exposure. The mean level of melatonin in the case group was lower than that in the control group; however, no significant difference was observed in this regard (P=0.761). Additionally, there was no significant difference between melatonin level and age (P=0.381), work experience (P=0.213), job groups (P=0.515), and employee activity area (P=0.482).
Conclusion: According to this study, no significant relationship was observed between electromagnetic waves and melatonin levels. Moreover, electromagnetic waves were within the permissible exposure. Thus, electromagnetic waves did not affect the level of melatonin hormone in male employees of 230 kV substations in Golestan Province. However, there was a decrease in the case group, compared to the controls. Therefore, definite comments require further investigation.
Elahe Fini, Neda Nasirian, Bahram Hosein Beigy,
Volume 24, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ovarian cancer is among the most common cancers in women worldwide. CA125 is the most frequent biomarker used in the screening for ovarian cancer. CA125 has no high sensitivity and specificity as a screening test in the medical community; however, because of being simple and noninvasive, it is almost always requested for evaluation and ruling out cancer. It plays an important role in the treatment and post-treatment process, the prediction of prognosis, and the relapse of the disease. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between a high level of CA125 tumor marker and ovarian cancer by detecting spesivity, sensivity, positive and negative predictive values.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, all cases undergoing CA125 test in Velayat Hospital in
2017-1028 were evaluated for having ovarian cancer. In addition, the CA125 level was compared between healthy individuals and patients with ovarian cancer. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS.
Ethical Considerations: The present study was approved by the Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: IR.QUMS.REC.1396.316).
Results: In this study, 35.3% of the study participants received a definite diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Generally, CA125 values were negative in 41.8% and positive in.58.2% of the study subjects. The sensitivity of the test was measured as 80.1%, the specivity as 53.6%, the positive predictive value equaled 48.4%, and the negative predictive value was measured as 83%. There was a significant relationship between age and the presence of ovarian cancer, and serum CA125 levels.
Conclusion: The present study suggested that age and the serum level of CA125 were statistically significant. Finally, CA125 levels were significantly related to ovarian cancer. It provided moderate specivity and specivity as well as low positive predictive value and high negative predictive value as a tumor marker; it is valuable for ruling out of tumor but not appropriate as a screening test.
Maryam Saghafi Asl, Azimeh Izadi, Vahideh Ebrahimzadeh Attari,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Older adults, particularly those living in nursing homes, are a vulnerable group whose poor nutritional status and inadequate nutrient intake provide the basis for the incidence of diseases and increase their health costs. The aim of the present study was to compare the Index for Nutritional Quality (INQ) between institutionalized (nursing-home) and non-institutionalized (community-living) older adults and to investigate its association with serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level in each group.
Methods & Materials: In this case-control, age- and gender-matched study in Tabriz (East Azarbaijan, Iran), o subjects aged 65 years and older were recruited from nursing homes (n=76) and community (n=88). Anthropometric parameters were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A three-day record of the foods provided for the nursing home residents were weighed, using a digital scale. The whole food intake of older adults was converted to grams and dietary data were analyzed using Nutritionist IV software. Blood sample was drawn to measure serum hs-CRP level. SPSS software was used for data analysis.
Ethical Considerations: The present research was approved at Research Ethical Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Code: TBZMED.REC.1394.152).
Results: In the present study, INQ for all nutrients (except for vitamins A, D, E, biotin, vitamin B6, folic acid, and iron) was significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). The INQ<1 for these nutrients (except for iron) in both groups indicates insufficient intake of these micronutrients. However, INQ for nearly all nutrients (other than selenium) was higher in the community-living older adults, compared to nursing-home residents (P<0.05). The intake of minerals including calcium, magnesium, manganese, selenium, zinc, chromium, sodium, and potassium was also insufficient in both groups. Nursing-home residents did not meet their estimated needs for vitamins B2, B12, and copper. A significant reverse association was observed for serum hs-CRP level and INQ for vitamin D (P=0.04) and calcium (P=0.038) in the community-living older adults after adjusting for BMI. Such a correlation was also reported between INQ for vitamin B12 and serum hs-CRP level in both groups (P=0.02).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to pay more attention to the nutritional status of older adults, especially those living in nursing-homes. A diet rich in micronutrients, especially vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin B12 may help prevent the development of inflammation in old population.
Manijeh Zarei Mahmood Abadi, Talieh Zarifian, Dr Robab Teymouri,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Acquisition skill in sentence producing is one of the criteria for speech development. By developing and increasing the age, we are witnessing the emergence of compound sentences in speech. Clinical treatments for language disorders in Iran are mostly based on the experiences of Speech Language Therapists or in accordance with English language norms. We need to examine how the length of utterance and compound sentences develop in Persian. The study aimed to report the development of compound sentences and Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) for a Persian-speaking child from 15 to 34 months.
Methods & Materials: In this longitudinal case report, based on Developmental-Descriptive model, MLU and emergence of simple compound sentences of a Persian speaking girl sampled and described from 15 to 34 months by daily scripting. R software version 4.0.2 was used for data analysis. Correlation of age with linguistic variables through Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated.
Ethical Considerations: In this paper, the principles of publication ethics were considered.
Results: At the age of 21 months and 13 days, the child uttered her first simple two-word sentence, and at the age of 26 months and 29 days, she used a four-word compound sentence. With the emergence of compound sentences, the increase in the MLU has gained considerable speed. In a few days, we see the addition of a unit to the length of the sentence (word). There was a significant relationship between the MLU and age (r=0.925, P=0.001), Mean length of sentence and number of words in Persian speaking child (r=0.910, P=0.002) and total number of words and age (r=0.928, P<0.001).
Conclusion: Although several longitudinal studies have been conducted on the development of MLU and number of words in other languages, similar studies are rare in Persian. It is important to conduct studies of this type in order to make cross-linguistic comparisons and to study the linguistic universality and language specificity. By increasing age, we see an increase in the number of words in a child's vocabulary, the emergence of compound sentences, and an increase MLU. At 27 to 28 months, there is a dramatic change in the development expressive language as the compound sentences appear. It seems that emergence of compound sentences in the language output, also plays a significant role in increasing the MLU and can be considered in clinical language assessments.
Anis Moradi, Pouya Ramin,
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The research results show tobacco use increases cardiovascular and lung disorders or the probability of periodontitis in humans, while no definitive relations were yet confirmed. This study evaluates the relationship between periodontitis and tobacco use by panoramic radiography in Bandar Abbas City.
Methods & Materials: A total of 198 panoramic radiographs were classified into periapical healthy (n=99) and patient (n=99) groups. Radiologists assessed radiographs for periodontitis via Total Teeth Numbers (TTN), the quality and length of Root Filling Treatment (RFT), the number (NoRFT), and inadequate root filling treatment (RFTin), age, gender, the cigarette and hookah use, and dental debris. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square, t-test, and logistic regression.
Ethical Considerations: Due to the lack of therapeutic intervention and the preservation of patients’ characteristics, ethical considerations are not included in this study (Code: IR.HUMS.REC.1399.384)
Results: Tobacco, hookah use, TTN, and RFTin were different (P<0.01) in groups, but cigarette smoking, debris, RFT, NoRFT, and age were not. Women in the periodontitis group showed high (P<0.01) in tobacco, hookah use, and RFTin, while no gender differences were observed in other parameters. The logistic regression results showed that based on the Odd Ratio NoRFT (39.7), RFTin (36.8), `hookah (8.1), tobacco (6.57), debris (3.62), smoking (3.59), RFT (1.4) and TTN (0.89) were the highest (P<0.01). At the same time, age and gender did not affect periapical tissues.
Conclusion: Hokka, tobacco, and cigarette use negatively affected the periapical tissues, respectively. The decrease in TTN and increase in debris and RFT were probably the effects of tobacco smoking on the periapical tissues. Age and gender were not related to the periapical lesions.
Reza Hashemi, Maryam Peymani, Kamran Ghaedi, Hana Saffar,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Volume 25, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim PBK is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKK) among MEK1/2 and MEK7 and can phosphorylate P38, JNK, and ERK in many cellular functions. The E2F transcription factor family also belongs to a class of cellular regulators acting as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This study aims to investigate the expression of PBK and E2F7 in the early stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to advanced stages based on the experimental and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database.
Methods & Materials A total of 32 tissue samples of patients with CRC with the approval of a pathobiologist were collected according to the examination and criteria reported from different stages. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the RT-qPCR technique was used to evaluate the expression of the desired genes in the study groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also used to determine the ability of each of the selected genes to differentiate the two populations: stage I+II and stage III+IV.
Ethical Considerations In all stages of this research, codes of ethics of research and publication were observed.
Results In this study, it was shown that the expression of PBK and E2F7 significantly increased in stage I+II samples compared to stage III+IV. These data were confirmed by laboratory results and information extracted from the TCGA database. Also, based on the area under curve obtained from the ROC curves, these two genes are significantly distinguishable between stage I+II and III+IV populations in CRC.
Conclusion According to the results of this study, PBK and E2F7 genes are good markers in the diagnosis of CRC.
Methods & Materials A total of 32 tissue samples of patients with CRC with the approval of a pathobiologist were collected according to the examination and criteria reported from different stages. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the RT-qPCR technique was used to evaluate the expression of the desired genes in the study groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also used to determine the ability of each of the selected genes to differentiate the two populations: stage I+II and stage III+IV.
Ethical Considerations In all stages of this research, codes of ethics of research and publication were observed.
Results In this study, it was shown that the expression of PBK and E2F7 significantly increased in stage I+II samples compared to stage III+IV. These data were confirmed by laboratory results and information extracted from the TCGA database. Also, based on the area under curve obtained from the ROC curves, these two genes are significantly distinguishable between stage I+II and III+IV populations in CRC.
Conclusion According to the results of this study, PBK and E2F7 genes are good markers in the diagnosis of CRC.
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