The parasitic diseases are still important problems in developing countries, the majority of intestinal infections are caused by contaminated foods. Infection to intestinal parasites is usually caused by eating raw vegetables which is habitual for Iranians. The aim of this study is to determine the parasitic contamination of consuming vegetables in Arak. 135  samples of vegetables are selected by random sampling. The parasitic contaminations were detected in 68.3% of the imported vegetables and 56.6% of locally produced. As a whole 66% of the vegetables were contaminated. The highest contaminated vegetables was imported from Esfahan.

Arterial baroreflexes are the most important mechanism of cardiovascular system that can respond to rapid blood pressure changes during everyday activities. In this study we have assessed adaptive responses of carotid baroreflexes during isometric & dynamic exercise and compared the results with acute response during rest. The applied work loud in dynamic exercise was 100 watts and in isometric exercise it was 50% of calculated maximum force. Experiments were performed on 12 young male healthy sedentary volunteers aged between 21-28. This study was done in three exercises. In all three protocles, adaptation process during stimulation was assessed by studying of beat to beat R-R interval of ECG. In order to stimulate the carotid baroreceptors neck suction device Eckberg model was used and duration of stimulation was 10 seconds. ECG was taken carefully. Examination of adaptive process during stimulation showed maximal response achieved in resting state is statistically significant compared with that of isometric and dynamic exercise respectively (P<0.038, P<0.007). where as, comparison of adaptive response of rest state with isometric exercise and dynamic exercise was not statistically significant. There is no significant relation between maximal and adaptative response in dynamic and isometric exercises, although in general adaptative process in resting state compared with isometric and dynamic exercise was more pronounced. This observation confirmed that Vagal withdrawal with alimited degree of sympathic stimulation are challenged in this phenomenon. In other words the Sa response to vagal stimulation is related by sympathic stimulation.

Brucellosis is a common disease in Markazi province, however meningitis of Brucella is rare. The patient was a -25- year old woman who was referred to Vali-Asr Hospital for the loss of consciousness. She had heache, vomiting and fever since two months ago. The lab tests showed positive wright in serum and CSF. The patient was recovered by the treatment of Brucellosis. The reason of rarity of Brucella meningitis, is probably that the disease which is endemic in Markazi province and an early diagnosis and treatment will prevent it from complications, especially menegitis. This case is reported because of its rarity.

The present research is a cross-sectional study on the nurses knowledge about nosocomial infections in Vali Asr and Amir Kabir hospitals of Arak in the first nine months of 1378. The purpose of this research was, to determine nurse knowledge about nosocomial infection and its relationship with nurse knowledge and individual specification. The nurses knowledge in Vali Asr and Amir Kabir hospitals were 32.6% and 44.2% as moderate and 67.4% and 55.8% as high level respectively. No low level of knowledge was observed. There is not correlation between knowledge of nurses and individual charactristics.

Orthostatic Hypertension is one of nervous system (Autonomic) complications of diabetes mellitus (D.M) that is the most common cause of morbidity in autonomic neuropathy , This study is a case control study for assessment of relationship between frequency of orthostatic hypotension with duration and type of D.M in Kashan Dr, Beheshti hospital in 1379. From 300 diabetes patients in this study, 100 patients have orthostatic hypotension in case group and 200 patients, have not this complication(control group). From case group, 14 had IDDM and 89 had NIDDM average duration of diabetes in case group was 8.44 years and in control group was 7.65 years by T test analysis this difference has no means and so there is not correlation between diabetes duration and frequency of orthostatic hypotension (p=0.05) By K2, test analysis, however there was not correlation between diabetes type and orthostatic hypotension frequency (p=0.05). In contrast with some other diabetes complications orthostatic hypotension has not correlation with diabetes type and duration.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is common complication in ICU patients(Patients), which causes disturbance of homostasis of, electrolytes, acid-base balance with high mortality Rate, The principle cause of ARF especially in ICU ward are hypotension and Renal hypoperfusion and sepsis complications. This survey was performed with history taking, clinical and Paraclinical evaluation on 952 ICU patients from 21 Jan 1997 to 22 AGu 1999 Vali-Asr Hospital of Arak. From these pts 203 had different degree of ARF, 362 patients were female, 590 male, 5 patients had/chronic renal failure which omitted from study. From 198 patients with ARF 77 (38.9%) were female and 121 (61.1%) were male. Prevalence of ARF in male was 20.6% and in female was 21.4% sex difference is meaningless. The rate of ARF N in this study was 20.9% which there is no meaningful difference with report of western country (20-30). 110(55.5%) patients with ARF were being treated with one aminoglycoside and 66(33.3%) patients were taken aminoglycoside and cephalosporins concomitant compar 40(4.2%) patients with normal renal function. It seems that such nephrotoxic. Total mortality rate in ICU patients was 30.8% and in patients with ARF 116(50.6%) with meaningful difference with PV<0.0001, so ARf intensified most olity rate in ICU patients.

Introduction: Meningitis is the inflamination of leptomeninges caused by the infectious and non infectious agents. The most common kinds of infectious meningitis include bacterial. Viral, fungal and mycobacterial meningitis. The three types of infectious meningitis are acute bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis and subacute to chronic meningitis which can be differentiated on the basis of CSF findings. Three fourth of the acute bacterial meningitis involve the persons below 15 years old. The etiologist cause of acute bacterial meningitis differs in various age groups.  The most reliable criteria in diagnosis are laboratory and clinical findings. The permanent neurologic damages are the main complications that remain forever. Prognosis and mortality rate of meningitis depends on various factors , among which the main factors is the early diagnosis.
Methods and Cases: This is a cross-sectional study performed on 240 patients with meningitis in FIROOZABADi HOSPITAL from 1996 to 1998. Demographic information, about clinical and laboratorial findings have been collected.
Results: The male to female preponderance was 1:3. 81.3% patients had a previous history of headache, 94.4% had fever and 27.1% have defferent states of reduced alertness. 56.2% persons were diagnosed as having viral meningitis, 37% as bacterial meningitis and 6.8% as T.B. meningitis. The cases diagnosed with bacterial meningitis were influenced by the following bacteria in order: Pneumococus (44.9%), Meningococcus(26.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.2%), gram negative bacilli (10.3%) and Haemophilus influenza (6.1%). In 2.4% of cases CSF smear and culture were negative. The mortality rate among the patients was 8% and 8% of them developed consequences. The means of ESR duration had significant difference among various groups with different etiologies.
Discussion: In attention rate of similar studies in England and French were 24.2% and 56%. In attention to high prevalence of meningitis in our country, further greater complementary studies see to be necessary.

DNA analysis by flow cytometry is one of novel techniques recently introduce of utilize in routine clinical diagnosis laboratories , generally, there is an wverall agreement between DNA status and chromosomal content of cells, so with DNA analysis especially in neoplastic diseases, one coukd find the ploidy feature and number of cells which are in synthetic phase (S-phase fraction) and also cellular kinetics in select neoplasia, which are charactristics findings and factors that could be used as prognostic markers for predicting clinical behaviour and monitoring response to treatment protocol. In this study, we measured DNA content in eighty eight (88_ malignant lymphopreliferation diseases including 58 NHL and 30 HD diagnosed histopathologycally, by flow cytometry using Hedley method, Also immunohistochemical staining for proper immunophenotyping done in selected cases with ABC method with MoAb,s. Aneuploidy were 38% in NHL and 47% in HD patients. This occurance was unrelated to other parameters used as Age, tumor location and histologic subtypes. (P>0.05) S-phase fraction (SPF) measurement calculated as percentage of cellw in active phase and proligeration index determinations reveral higher frequency of SPF (PI) within Iranian patients rather than reported Western patients. This finding can account for lower survival rate and poor response to chemotherapy and (or radiotherapeutic regimen used in Iranian patients, but also other parameters in this regard also should be considered simultaneously.

Burn wound is one of the most common causes which damaged skin, followed by different bacteria infections. The aim of this study is to identify causetive agents of burn wound infections and also to determine sensitivity of isolated to current  antibiotics. In a cross-sectional descriptive study a total of 465 burned patients who hospitalized in Imam Khomeini hospital of Hamadan were investigated during 1996-1998. The samples were also collected from different parts of burns section and identified by standard methods. The drugs sensitivity of isolates were detected by agar disk diffusion of Kirby Bauer method. In this study causes and rate of burning were studied in burn patients 538 bacterial strains were isolated and frequency of Pseudomonas was 32.7%. This was followed by Klebsiella 24.8% and Staphilococus aureus 21.2%. The most effective antibiotic were ciprpfloxacin, ceftazidime and amikacin. The most cause of burning was because of boiled water 32.8% and lowest cause was vecause of cooler, 73.6% burns was unintentional and 26.4% intentional. The results of present study indicated that the burn wound infection still is a major problem in hospitals. Bacterial drugs resistance is also other problem for burned patients, S0, prevention and control of hospital acquired infections is necessary for burn section of hospitals.

Urinary  tract  infection(UTI) is  the  most  genitourinary  disease  of  childhood. UTI  include  a  wide  range  of  clinical  signs. That  all of  them  have  a  common  finding: positive  urine  culture.  We  study  the  results  of  urine  cultures  and  antibiograms  of  101  child  aged  0  to  10  years  who  were  referred  to  laboratory  of  Amir  Kabir  hospital. The  presence  of  more  than  100.000   colonies /ml  of  a  single  organism  is  considered  as  positive  culture. 25  patients  were  boys  and  76  were  girls. The  most  microganism   that  grows  is  Ecoli  in  87  ones  and  then  86.1%  klebsiella  in  4  cases, stophylocococi  in  4  cases  enterobacter  in  3  cases, proteus  in  1  case  streptococos  in  1  and  mixed  growth  in  1  case, In  girls  the  most  pathogen  is  Ecoli  (69n.09%)  then  staphylococci.  In  boys, Ecoli  is  the  most  common  pathogen, then  klebsiella  and  enterobacter. Antibiotic  resistance  in  Ecoli were  72%  resistance  to  cotrimazol, 76%  resistance  to  Ampicilin.  Sensitivity  to  coentamy  Nalidikic  acid  and  Nitrofurantom  were  90,95.96%.  The  study  show  that  in  treatment  of  out  patient  cause  that  urine  culture  is  not  available, use  of  Nitrofortion. Nalid  and  preferred  to  use  of  cotrimazol.

The most prevalent anomaly of esophageal cutaneus atresia is TEF (Tracheo-Esophageal fistula). Prevalencec of this disease is 1 in 3000 to 1 in 4500 of births. Esophageal atresia probably is a distinctive a tresia. This disease is composed of: 1-Atresia with distal portion TEF(88.5%). 2-Atresia with proximal TEF(0.8%) 3-Atresia without TEF(7.7%)  4- TEF without atresia (4.2%)  5- Atresia with both proximal and distal TEF. About 50% of patients have anomalies together. Appearance of disease usually begins in birth. Apnea and cough when the neonatal feeding is occurring because of aspiration is appear in first hours of life. This study done as prospective and cross-sectional. All of the neonatals were studied from 1/3/2000 to 1/1/2000. Rate of survival was 83%. 83.3% percent of patients were mature and 16.6% were premature.