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Introduction: Impressive  research  demonstrates   the importance  of  essential  fatty  acids  for  many  physiological  and  bahavioral  mechanisms  in  both  human  and  animals.  Essential  fatty  acids  must  be  supplied  via  the  diet.  In  this  study  we  assessed  the  dietary  effects  of  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  on  seizures  induced  by  pentylenetetrazol  in  rats.
Materials  and  Methods:  In this  study  animals  were  divided  into  four  groups.  In  the  test  groups  cis, trans  or  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  were  add  to  the  standard  foods  of  rats  and  in  control  group  only  standard  food  was  dietary  administrated. After  one  month  kindling  was  established  in  rats  with  PTZ  in  subconvulsive  dose (45 mg/kg). convulsing  activities  were  monitored  for  20  min.
Results: Results  showed  that  there  was  no  meaningful  difference  between  rat  groups  receiving  cis, trantary  administration  of  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  had  no  effect  on  penylenetetrazol  kindling  in  rats.s  or  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  in  their  standard  food.
Conclusion: It  was  concluded  that  dietary  administration  of  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  had  no  effect  on  pentylenetetrazol  kindling  in  rats. 
 

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Introduction: Most  women  in  first  stage  of  labor  complain  of  low  back  pain.  Nowadays. alternative  methods  are  at  interest  for  pain  relief  because  there  are  respiratory  complications  for  newborn, and  increased  mortality  and  morbidity  for  mother  when  pharmacological  methods  are  used. One  of  the  alternative  methods  is  injection  of  a  solution  locally  to  painful  area, which  is  simple  with  no  risk  for  mother  and  fetus  and  has  low  expense. Studies  had  shown  different  results  about  this  technique. So  we  decided to  investigate  its  effectiveness.
Materials  and  Methods: This  survey  is  a  single  blind  randomized  clinical trial.  Sampling  method  was  simple  random. 140  mothers  were  selected  which  were  sat  in  2  groups (70 in  case  group, and  70 in  control  group). Instruments   of  data  collection  were  questionnaire, pain  ruler , insulin  syringe , sterile  water  and  check  list.  After  selecting  four  injection  areas  of  sacrom, sterile  water(0.1 ml)  was  injected  in  case  group, and  control  group  had  dry  injection. Then  in  10^th, 30^th, 45^th, 90^th  minutes  post  injection  pain  was  estimated  in  both groups .SPSS  software  and  paired  t-test  and  t-student  were  used  for  data  analyzing.
Results:  Data  showed  that  the  mean  of  pain, 10  minutes  after  injection  was significantly  increased  in  case  group  in  comparison  with  control  group (p=0.001). Also  in 30^th minute  after  injections  pain  was  increased  significantly (p=0.004). The  difference  between  mean  of  pain  before  injection  and  45  and  90  minutes  after  that  in  case  group  was  significant  (0.005).
‍Conclusion: Data  showed  that  subcutaneous injection  of  sterile  water  in  sacral  area  did  not  decrease  pain  and  only  lowered  the  rate  of  increasing  pain.  Regarding  the  effects  of  many  factors  for  example  anxiety, labor  environment, culture  and  parental  education  on  pain  perception, using  a  specific  method  for  relieving  pain  may  be  unsuccessful  and  it  may  be  better  to  use  a  combination  of  alternative  methods.
 

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Introduction: Iron  deficiency  anemia (IDA)  is  still  a  major  nutritional  and  public  health  problem  among  young  children  in  developing  countries. Anemia  during  childhood  is  known  to  be  linked  with  impaired  mental  and  cognitive  development  and  learning  capacity. Daily  oral  supplementation  with  iron  is  considered  to  be  an  effective  strategy  for  reducing IDA  but  non-compliance  is  a  major  problem  with  this  strategy.
Materials  and  Methods:  This  is  a  descriptive  study  on  400  mothers  who  had 6-24 month  old  children  which  was  performed  at  health  centers  of  Arak  in  1383. Data  was  analyzed  with  SPSS  and  p<0.05  was  considered  meaningful.
Results: 10%  of  infants  didn’t  take  iron  drops, and  regular  and  irregular  consumption  was  33.3%  and  56.8%  respectively. The  mean  (with  95%  CI)  knowledge  and  attitude  of  mothers  was  33.2 (32.7-33.7)  from  70, 25.2 (24.8-25.6)  from  40  score. 68.8%  mothers  had  begun  the  drops  in  appropriate  age, 72.3%  gave  it  in  appropriate  amounts  and  only  3.3%  had  appropriate  method  of  giving  the  drops.
Conclusion: The  most  common  causes  of  irregular  consumption  were  poor  acceptance  (40.5%), vomiting  after  consuming  (16.5%) and  forgetting  to  give  the  drug.  Regarding  the  results  of  this  study, unpleasant  taste  and  its  complications as  well  as  inappropriate  knowledge. Attitude  and  practice  of  mothers  were  important  causes  of  irregular  use  of  ferrous  sulfate  drops.
 

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Introduction: Good  nutrition  is  important  for  growth  and  development  of  children. Regarding  the  fact  that  most  of  brain  growth  is  done  in  first  years  of  life, the  importance  of  a  good  nutrition  at  this  time  can  not  be  denied. In  our  country  there  is  a  high  incidence  of  growth  failure.  Todat  the  complementary  nutrition  teaching  is  being  performed  by  primary  care  provider  and  physicians  are  less  active  in  this  important  field.  In  this  study  we  investigated  the  effect  of  complementary  nutrition  teaching  by  physicians  on weight  of  children  with  growth  failure.
Materials  and  Methods: This  study  is  a  before  and  after  clinical  trial.  In  this  study  100 children  between  6-24  months  old  with  growth  failure  and  no  disease as  the  result  for failure  were  investigated.  Their  mothers  were  educated  about  complementary  nutrition  by  physicians.  Then  children,s  weight  was  assessed  every  month  for  three  months.  Results  were  comparisoned  with  the  data  from  three  months  before  education.
Results: In this  study  45%  of  children  were  male.  The  mean  of  age  was  11.38  months. There  was  a  meaningful  difference  between  the  difference  of  mean  weight  in  the  end  of  the  without  teaching  period  and  its  firast  (-0.49)  and  the  difference  between  the  mean  weight  in  the  end  of  the  teaching  period  and  its  first (1276 gr) (p<0.001). The  difference  of  z  score  at  the  first  of  teaching  period (1.25)  in  comparison  with  the  without  teaching  period (0.04)  was  meaningfully  increased.
Conclusion: In  general  mothers  complementary  nutrition  teaching  by  physician  had  an  effective  role  in  resolving  childrens  growth  failure  and  improving  their  weight  gain.  We recommend  that  when  physicians  are  confronted  with  children  with  growth  failure  it  is  better  to  perform  complementary  nutrition  education  as  a  priority  instead  of  performing  paraclinic  studies.  
 

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Introduction: Diabetes  is  one  of  the  most  important  problems in  all  countries.  This  study  is  designed  to  determine  the  prevalence  of  diabetes  or  glucose  intolerance  in  central  areas  of  Iran.
Materials  and Methods: In  a  descriptive  study  in  Arak, Isfahan  and  Najafabad  cities, 12514  samples  over  19  years  old  were  selected  by  a  multistage  random  sampling  method. FBs  and  GTT  were  done. Lipid  tests  were  also  done  in  fasting. weight, height  and blood  pressure  of  samples  were  measured  by  standard  methods.  FBs>-126  or  2  hoursglucose >-200  was  considered  diabetes. Fasting  glucose  disturbance  was  considered  with  FBS <126  and  glucose  intolerance  with  2  hours  glucose >-140-200.  Data  was  analyzed  by  SPSS  software, t  test, chi  square  and  Fisher  test.
Results: Of  12514  samples  under  investigation 51.1%  were  female. The  overall  diabetes  incidence  in  urban  and  rural  areas  was  6.7%  and  5.3%  and  in  male  and  female  5.4%  and  7.1%  respectively .Mean  of  blood  glucose  was  increased  by  age  in  both  sexes. This  was also  increased  in  women  of  urban  areas against  women  in  rural  parts.  It  was  also found  that glucose  intolerance, known  diabetes  and  newly  diagnosed  diabetes  was  increased  by  age. More  than  half  of  diabetes  cases  in  all  age  groups  were  newly  diagnosed. Blood  pressure, age, BMI  and  abdominal  obesity  were  higher  in  diabetics  and  those  with  glucose  intolerance. These  problems  were  more  incident  in  women.
Conclusion: Regarding  to  the  fact  that  diabetes  is  one  of  the  major  risk  factors  for  noncommunitable  disease  and  also  its  relative  high  incidence  in  central  areas  of Iran, it  is  necessary  to  have  expanded  programs  for  prevention  and  treatment  diabetes  family  history.
 

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Introduction: One  of  the  most  important  problems  in  plastic  surgery  is  reconstruction  of  extensive  knee  soft  tissue  defect. Many  conditions  cause  this  problem  such  as  trauma, infection, burn  and  tumor  resection.
Among  different  reconstruction  techniques  posterolateral  thigh  flaps  are  relatively  new  and  it  seems  there  is  no  published  article  of  this  technique  in  Iran.  In  this  study  we  performed  poaterolateral  thigh  flap  to  cover  knee  defect  in  15  khordad  hospital  during  13800to  1382.
Materials  and  Methods: During  2 years  6  patients  suffered  from  extensive  knee  soft  tissue  damage  due  to  flame  were  under  investigation. First  they  were  treated  with  debridement  and  primary  care  and  defects  were  covered  with  gastrocnemius  flaps. Then  defects  were  covered  by  posterolateral  thigh  flap, patients  average  hospitalization  was  20  days  and  their  average  follow  up  time  was  15  months. Data  was  gathered  before  and  after  surgery.
Results: Four  cases  had  complete  survival  of  flap.  Two  cases  have  a  mild  dissolation  and  necrosis  which  was  treated  by  a  limited  debridement.  All  knee  defects  were  completely  covered.  The  donor  site  in  one  case  had  a  hypertrophic  scar  which  wad  relieved  during  time  statistical  tess  showed  a  meaningful  relationship  in  all  cases (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This  flap  was  used  successfully. we  recommend  this  technique  for  similar  conditions  because  of  its  easy  usage.

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Introduction: Disturbance  between  production  of  free radicals  and  antioxidant  defense is  named  oxidative  stress. One  of  the  main  sources  of  free  radicals  is  smoking  that  induce  oxidative  stress.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  cross  sectional  study  in  which  questionnaires  including  information  such  as  age, sex, education, history  and  number of  smoking  and  history  of  special  disease  were  filled. Case  group  were  smokers (n=43)  who  were  smoking  at  least  5  years  and  their  mean  age  was  37.7  year. The control  group  was  consisted  of  43  nonsmokers  which  were  matched  for  age  and  sex.  They  were  evaluated  for  oxidative  stress  markers  including  thiobarbituric  acid  reactive  substance  (TBARS)  indicator  of  lipid peroxidation (LPO), ferric  reducing  ability  of  plasma (FRAP) indicator  of  total  antioxidant  capacity, total  thiol (SH)  groups  and  gammaglutamyl  transferase (GGT) levels  in  blood.
Results: Results  showed  that  induction  of  oxidative  stress  in  smokers  as  revealed  by  decreased  FRAP (1.89±0.03 vs  2.24±0.04, p=0.01) and  plasma  Sh  groups  (0.22±0.08 vs  0.81±0.48, p=0.01)  in  comparison  to  those  of  controls. The  activity  of  GGT  and  level  of  LPO  increased  but  were  not  significant . Also  the  correlation  between  history  of  smoking  and  oxidative  stress  was  not  significant.
Conclusion: It  is  concluded  that  smoking  have  decreased  FRAP  and  SH  groups which  may  put  smokers  at  future  consequences  of  oxidative  stress.  It  seems  that  improving  antioxidant  system  in  smokers  is  effective.
 
 
 

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Introduction:  Atypical  antipsychotic  drugs  in  comparison  with  typical  antipsychotics  produce  fewer  extra  pyramidal  symptoms  at  clinically  effective  doses.  However  there  has  also  been  a  growing  number  of  reports  of  new  onset  diabetes  mellitus  in  patients  receiving  these  drugs. The  aim  of  this  study  was  the  comparison  of  diabetes  mellitus  incidence  in  mentally  janbazan  (Iran-Iraq  war  veterans) undertaken  typical  with  atypical  antipsychotics.
Materials  and  Methods: In  this  study  the  incidence  of  new  onset  Dm  was  assessed in 200  subjects  referred  to  Amiralmomenin  clinic, Isfahan, Iran. Every  patient  was  included  in  this  study  if  he  was  receiving  atypical  or  typical  antipsychotic  drugs  or  combination  of  both  types, at  least  for  one  year.  Sampling  was  convenient. Fasting  blood  sugar, triglyceride  and  cholesterol  before  taking  the  drugs  was  documented  in  their  records. New  onset  DM  was  defined  based  on  126  mg/dl  or  more  for  FBS  which  was  confirmed  with  GTT.  For  comparison  of  FBS  mean  pre  and  post  interventions, NIDDM  incidence, the  relation of  background  variables  with NIDDM  and  the  relation  of  NIDDM  incidence  with  dosages  and  duration  of  drug  therapy, paired t-test, chi-square, logistic  regression  and  ANOVA  were  used.
Results: Subjects  were  divided  into  three  groups  based  on  the  type  of  drugs  used  135 patients  using  typical  antipsychotics  (chlorpromazine, perphenazine, haloperidol, …), 39 patients  using  atypical  antipsychotics  (clozaoine  &  riaperidon)  and  26  patients  receiving  combination  of  drugs. It  was  found  that  DM  developed  following  treatment  in  three  groups  were  12.8%, 6.7%  and  3.8% respectively.  There  was  no  significant  differences  between  three  groups  regarding  the  incidence  of  new  onset  DM.
Conclusion:  Findings  showed  that  patients  treated  with  antipsychotic  drugs  had  a  moderately  increased  risk  of  DM especially  with  atypical  antipsychotics.  It  is  suggested  to  evaluate  every  patients  before  treatment  for  risk  factors  of  DM.
 

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Introduction: Postoperative  shivering  is  a  common  and  unpleasant  problem  with  relatively  40%  incidence  that  has  a lot  of  cardiovascular  and  pulmonary  effects. Its  main  cause  is  hypothermia  during  operation. But  there  are  also  other  causes. There  are  some  recommendations  to  resolve  this  problem. In  this  survey  we  compared  tramadol  and  pethidin  effects  in  treatment  of  postoperative  shivering.
 Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  clinical  trial  study, performed  on  324  patient  with  ASA I and II classes. When  shivering  occurred, 1mg/kg  tramadol  was  administrated  to  162  patients  and  the  others  received  0.5  mg/kg   pethidin. After injection, the  shiver-end  time  was  recorded.  Patients  vital  sign  such  as  blood  pressure, pulse  rate  and  respiratory  rate  were  measured  and  recorded  before  and  after  injection (vital  sign  was  checked  and  recorded  every  10  minutes  for 1  hours  after  injection). Data  was  analyzed  with  two  independent  t-test  by  SPSS  software.
Results: 61.7%  of  samples  were  male. The  average  of  shiver-end  time  in  group  receiving  tramadol  and  group  receiving  pethidin  was  134.96±18  and  161.3±22  seconds  respectively, that  was  significantly  lower  in  tramadol  group (p=0.007). The  minimum  of  shiver-end  time  was  55  seconds  in  patients  receiving  tramadol  and  the  maximum  time  was  320. The  minimum  of  this  time  in  patients  receiving  pethidin  was  70  seconds  and  the  maximum  time  wad  395.
Discussion: Results  of  this  study  showed  that  using  tramadol  in  treating  postoperative  shivering  is  more  useful  than  pethidin. Also  it has  better  therapeutic  effects  and  lesser  side  effects.  
 
 
 
 

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Introduction: Diabetes  during  its  progress can  result  in  nephropathy.  Some  of  its  symptoms  are  increasing  kidney  size  and  weight  and  its  components.  Regarding  useful  components  of  onion  and  its  antioxidant, decreasing  stress  oxidative  and b decreasing  blood  glucose  effects. This  investigation  is designed  to  study  the  effect  of  onion  water-alcohol  extract  in  preventing  nephropathy  and  its  effect  on  kidney  structure  based  on  stereology  method.
Materials  and  Methods: Four  groups  of  matured  vistar  rats (n=8)  were  selected randomly (control  group, control + extract  group, diabetic  only  group, diabetic + extract  group). Diabetes  was  induced  by  injecting  interperitoneal  sreptozotocin  (60mg/kg). The  control+ extract group  and  diabetic + extract  group  were  treated  by  onion-water  extract (50 mg/rat)every day  for  four  weeks. Then  all  groups  were  anesthetized  and  their  left  kidney  was  removed  and  fixed  in  Bouin  fixative. After  histologic  passage  and H & E  dying, using  stereologic  techniques, qualitative  measurement  was  performed  by  Cavalier  method  for  cortex, medulla, glomerulus  and  kidney  size.  Data analysis  was  done  by  SPSS  software  using one  way  anova, tukey  and  paired  test. p<0.05  was  considered  significant.
Results: The  primary  and  secondary  weight  of  rats  in  only  diabetic  group  and  diabetic  + extract  group  was  not  different, but  in  control  group  and  control  + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.05). Medulla, cortex  and  whole  kidney  size  in  only  diabetic  group  in  comparison  with  diabetic+ extract  group  had  no  difference, but  total  glomerular  size  in  diabetic  only  group  and  diabetic + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Experimental  induction  of  diabetes  by  STZ  in  a  short  period  showed  that  onion  extract  can  prevent  glomerular  hypertrophy  and  increasing  kidney  weight  in  diabetic  rats, but  had  no  effect  on  overall  kidney  size. So  the  study  of  onion  extract  effects  on  kidney  structure  during  a  long  period  is  recommended.      
 
 
 

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Introduction: Continues  monitoring  of  oxygen  saturation  by  pulse  oximetery  is  known  as  a  routine  technique  in  critical  care  of  patients.  But  previous  researches  showed  some  differences  in  its  measurement  according  to  probe  placement.
Materials  and  Methods: In  this  cross  sectional  analytical  study  36  admitted  neonates  below  one  months  age  were  selected. Sampling  method  was  convenience  and  sample  size  was  estimated  according  to  α=5%  and β=20% .Samples  oxygen  saturation  was  measured  three  times  by  hand  and  foot  pulse  oximetery  and  direct  method. Data  was  analyzed  using  paired  t  test.
Results: Analysis  of  results  showed  significantly  dofference  between  both  two  pulse  oximetery  methods  with  arterial  blood  gas.  Comparison  of  oximetery  methods with  direct  one  showed  more  accuracy  of  foot  probe (p<0/05).
Conclusion: We  concluded  that  pulse  oximetery  do  not  reliably  predict  changes  in  saO2  and  also  probe  placement  causes  some  differences  in  oximetery  results.
 
 

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Introduction: Glycosylated  hemoglobin  gives  an  average  plasma  glucose  level  over  the  past  two  to  three  months  period.  Diabetes  is  one  of  the  most  important  causes  of  mortality  and  morbidity  in  the  old  ages, that  usually  due to  its  slow  progress, patients  do  not  pay  attention  to  the  disease. Early  diagnosis  can  decrease many  complications. This  investigation  is  carried  out  with  the  aim  of  comparison  results  of  FBs, GTT  and  HbA1c  especially  in  persons  with  impaired  dfasting  glucose.
Materials  and  Methods: Our  study  is  a  cross  sectional  analytical  study. 81  persons, 40  to  65  years  old, without  any  history  of  diabetes, with  FBs  103  to  140 mg/dl  were  selected  according  to  convenience  sampling  method. FBS, GTT  and  HbA1c  tests  were  done  for  all  samples. Sensitivity, specially, positive  predict  value  and  negative  predict  value  of  tests  were  determined.
Results: In  this  study  comparison  of  HbA1c  with  FBS  showed  100%  sensitivity  and  12.5%  specificity  with  positive  predict  value  of 82%  and  negative  predict  value  of  62.7%. In  comparison  of  HbA1c  with GTT, we  observed  100%  sensitivity  and  63%  specificity  with  positive  oredict  value  of  6.3%  and  negative predict  value  of  100%. In  other part  of  this  investigation  in  comparison  of  FBS  with  GTT, 9.7%  sensitivity  and  100%  specificity  and  positive  predict  value  of  100%  and  negative  predict  value  of  18.8%  was  reported.
Conclusion: According  to  results  of  the  present  study, due  to  very  high  sensitivity  and  significant  positive  predict  value  of  HbA1c  as  compared  to  FBS, HbA1c  measurement  seems  to  be  a  good  test  in  screening  and  diagnosis  of  diabetes.
Therefore, in  impaired  fasting  glucose, we  recommend  measurement  of  both  HbA1c  and  FBS. Also  HbA1c  can  be  used  as  a  good  replacement  test  for  GTT  in  person  with  impaired  fasting  glucose. 

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Introduction: different  isotypes  of  antibody  can  be  produced  by  immune  system  after  antigen  contact.  Detection  and  measurement  of  different  classes  of  antibody  against  the  antigen  is  very  important  in  some  cases.  The  aim  of  this  study  is  designing  of  an  ELISA  method  on  the  basis  of  inhibition  of  enzyme  activity  by  using  a  non-competitive  inhibitor.  Therefore  in  this  study  rheumatoid  factor  is  used  as  a  model  for  the  detection  of  different  other  classes  of  antibodies  against  the  antigen.
Materials  and  Methods:  In  this  cross  sectional  analytical  study, we  measured  IgM  and IgA   rheumatoid  factors  in  sera  of  10  patients  with  rheumatoid  arthritis  and  positive  latex  test , by  mixed  and  routine  ELISA.  In  mixed  ELISA  the activity  of  the  first  conjugated  enzyme  was  blocked  by  a  non-competitive  inhibitor  after  adding  the  substrate. Then  the  next  conjugated  antibody, which  was  specific  for  another  isotype, was  added. By  optical  density, results  was  comparisoned  with  routine  ELISA.
Results:  The  obtained  results  showed  that  the  average  optical  density  is  lower  when  compared  with  routine  ELISA , but  the  difference  is   not  statistically  significant.  however  these  two  methods  did  not  show  any  significant  difference  in  quantifying  antibody  isotypes. Also  there  is  a  positive  association  between  mixed  and  routine  ELISA (r=0.9, p=0.001).
Discussion: Lower  optical  density  in  mixed  ELISA  is  probably  because  of  stick  hindrance  by  the  first  conjugate. So, because  there  is  no significant  difference  between  the  results  of  these two  types  of  ELISA, and  also  no  need  to  repeat  the  test  for  each  isotype  in  this  method, it  is  recommended  to  use the  new  method  instead  of  the  routine  one  to  save  time  and  reagents.
 

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Introduction: Sex  ratio  is  referred  to  male, female  ration which  is  usually  1.06. This  ratio  is  decreased  during  the  last  few  years. One of  its  reasons  seems  to  be  poisons  and  environmental  pollutions  such  as  cigarette  smoke.  In  this  investigation  we  studied  the relationship  between  fathers  cigarette  smoking  and  sex  ratio  in  children.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  historical  cohort  study.  Study  population  were  neonates  born  in  Arak  hospitals  during  summer  and  autumn  1383.  Sample  size  was  determined  710  neonates, based  on α=5%, β=10%. Sampling  method  was  census  in  which  all  newborns  with  inclusion  criteria  were  selected  and  questionnaires  were  filled. Samples  were  divided  into  three  groups. 1-newborns  with  nonsmoker  fathers  2- newborns  with  smoker  fathers (less  than  20 cigarette  a day) 3- newborns  with  smoker  fathers  (20  or  more cigarettes  a  day) (fathers  cigarette  smoking  at  least  3  months  before  conception  in  second  and third  group). Newborns  sex  ratio  was  determined  in  each  group  and  caparisoned. Data  analysis  was  done  by  frequency, ratio, mean  and  standard  deviation  indexes  and  k-s, leven, t, mann-whitney, chi  square  tests  and  relative  risk, using  SPSS  software. At  all  stages  study  Helsinki  declaration  was  regarded.
Results:  Overall  sex  ratio  was  1.04. This  ratio  was  1.272  for neonates  with  nonsmoker  fathers  and  0.77  for  neonates  with  smoker  fathers. Also  sex  ratio  in  newborns  with  smoker  fathers  using  less  than  20  cigarettes a  day  was  0.846  and  for  those  with  fathers  using 20  or  more  was  0.60. Based on  chi  square  there  was  a  meaningful  relationship  between  the  three  groups (p<0.00001). Relative  risk  in  low  cigarette  group  was  1.23  and  in  high  cigarette  group  1.42.
Conclusion: Based  on  findings  it  seems  that  fathers  cigarette  smoking  near  conception  results  in  decreasing  sex  ratio  and  the  increased  use  of  cigarettes  the  decreased  born of  male  neonates. 
 

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Introduction: Acute  renal  failure (ARF)  is  one  of  the  relatively  incident  complications  in  surgical  emergency  wards  and  is  defined  as  increasing  serum urea  and  creatinine   and  decreasing  GRF. In  this  study  we  investigated  acute  renal  failure  incidence  in  patients  admitted  to  emergency  surgical  ward.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  cross  sectional  analytical  study  in  which  all patients  with  primary  diagnosis  of  emergency  surgery  (traumatic  or  non traumatic) admitted  in  emergency  surgery  ward  were  selected. After  history  taking  and  physical  assessment  patients  having  history  of  kidney  disease  were  excluded. Urinalysis, BUN  and  creatinine  tests  were  performed  for  all  samples. Data  was  analyzed  by  SPSS  software.
Results: In  this  study  2100  patients  (1280  male)  were  assessed  during  a  10  month  period. 5.66%  of  samples  had  some  degree  of  ARF. 1136  patients  undergone surgery  due  to  accidents  and  trauma  (72%  multiple  trauma  and  28%  single  trauma) and  964  patients  due  to  nontraumatic  emergencies.  ARF  was  seen  in 6.84%  of  the  first  and  4.25%  of  the  second  group. ARF incidence  in  male  and  female  was  5.6%  and  5.7%  respectively.
 ‍Conclusion: The overall  incidence  of  ARF  in  this  study  was  not  so  different  from  developed  countries.   ARF  was  significantly  more  incident  in  traumatic (especially  multiple  trauma)  and  old  aged  patients.  This  factors  must  be  considered  as  ARF  risk  factors  in  emergency  wards.

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Introduction: Experimental  animals  like  diabetes  rats  display  an  augmented  nociceptive  response  to  chemical, mechanical  and  thermal  stimuli  in  long  term. Furthermore, hyperalgesia  is  one  of  the  major  symptoms  of  diabetic  neuropathy  in  some  patients. Considering  the antidiabetic  potential  of  chard, this  study  was  carried  out  to  evaluate  the  possible  analgesic  effect  of  chard-mixed  food  intake  in  male  streptozotocin-induced  diabetic  rats.
Materials  and Methods: In  this  study  rats  were  randomly  divided  into  control, chard-treated  control, salicylate-treated control, diabetic, and  chard-treated  diabetic  groups. At  the  end  of  experiment, nociceptive  response  was  evaluated  in  both  acute  and  chronic  phases  of  the  standard  formalin   test  based  on  a  four  level  scale.
Results: Results  showed  that  there  was  a  significant  increase  in  the  number  of  pain  scores  in  both  acute  and  chronic  phases  in  diabetic  rats, and  administration  of  chard  for  one  month  did  not  significantly  reduce  the  pain  scores  in  both  phases  of  the  test.  Meanwhile, sodium  salicylate  as  positive  control, only  reduced  this  score  in  the  second  phase.
Conclusion: It  can  be  concluded  that  oral  administration  of  chard  for  one  month  despite  of  its  antidiabetic  potential  could  not  significantly  reduce  the  nociceptive  responses  in  diabetic  rats.
 

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Introduction: Because tetraploid embryo is used as a base for growth and development of transgenic cells, one of the most important stages in animal biotechnology is to produce tetraploidy by electrofused 2-cell embryo. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fusion duration on developmental rate of tetraploid embryos.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study some of the bovine 2-cell embryos were obtained from in vitro matured and fertilized cumulus oocyte complexes 33-35 hr post fertilization as an unexposed control group (UCG). The remaining 2-cell embryos were exposed to 0.75 kilovolt per centimeter for 80 microsecond, and were transferred to SOF1 medium. Subsequently those embryos fused at 30 and 60 minute post electrofusion were categorized as fused groups (FG30 and FG60) and separated from unfused embryos as exposed control group (ECG). The developmental rate was compared between UCG, ECG, FG30, and FG60 groups and the relation between fusion duration and cleavage and developmental rate was surveyed. Results: The cleavage rate up to 8-cell stage in FG60 was increased significantly compared to FG30 (p<0.05) while the blastocyst rate has no significant difference between the two groups. The cleavage and developmental rate in UCG was significantly higher than ECG, FG60 and FG30. Chromosomal analysis showed that 76% of embryos were true tetraploid.
Conclusion: The fused embryos in FG60 had more ability to produce embryos up to 8-cell stage than FG30. The electrical pulse can decrease the cleavage and developmental ability of embryo

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Introduction: Different strains of Echinococcus Granulosus have been found in endemic areas of Iran. This variation has a significant aspect in the field of medical parasitology and veterinary and also in epidemiology, pathology, control and prevention of Hydatid cyst infection. Morphology, epidemiology and biochemical studies can be carried out to determine Hydatid cyst strains in human and animal origins as host. This study was done to measure different biochemical compositions of liver Hydatid cyst fluids in human, sheep, goat, cattle and camel in 2004.
Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional-analytical study, 112 samples of Hydatid fluids were collected from the liver cysts of different hosts: 16 sheeps, 64 cattles, 12 goats and 10 camels in slaughter houses of Sari and Ghaemshahr and 10 human in Imam hospital. All cyst fluids were centrifuged at 4500 rpm at 4˚C for 45 minutes and the supernatants were analyzed for various biochemical parameters.
Results: Quantitative differences were observed in the levels of Sodium, Glucose, Urea, Alanin Aminotransferase (AST) in liver cystic fluids obtained from different hosts, although these differences were not statistically insignificant. However, differences in the levels of Potassium, Calcium, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Uric acid, Creatinin, Albumin, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase, Aspartat Aminotransferase (AST) and Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK) in different Hydatid cyst fluids were statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Differences in biochemical composition of different Hydatid cyst fluids suggest the possible existence of more than one strain of Echinococcus Granulosus in human and other intermediate domestic animal hosts in Mazandaran.

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Introduction: In diabetes mellitus the increase of AgII (Angiotensin II), IGF-1(insulin like growth factor-1) and growth hormone induce kidney lesions especially changes in content and thickness of GBM and widening and fusion of podocyte pedicles. In this research for the first time the combination of Losartan (AT1 receptor blocker) and Octreotide (Somatostatin analogue) were used in order to prevent glomerular epithelial lesions.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 15 male rats (2 months age) were uninephrectomised from left flank and divided in 5 groups (3 per group). 7 days later diabetes was induced in 2th, 3th, 4th and 5th group by Alloxan (120mg/kg) subcutaneously. 5 days after diabetes induction, the third group received Losartan (5mg/kg/day) orally, 4th group Octretide (10 ŭg/day) subcutaneously and 5th group both two drugs with the mentioned doses for 8 weeks. The 2th group was served as diabetic non treatment group. Kidneys of all groups were fixed by perfusion technique. After second fixation of 1 mm3 cortex parts in Osmium Tetroxide, they were processed in TAAB812 resin for embedding. Thin sections (600 nm thickness) were prepared and investigated by transmission electron microscope qualitatively.
Results: Losartan inhibited fusion and thickening of podocyte pedicles but in some cases couldn,t maintain the 3 layer form of GBM. Octreotide had little effect on inhibition of fusion and thickening of podocyte pedicles and no effect in 3 layer form maintaining of GBM. Combined therapy inhibited fusion and thickening of podocyte pedicles and maintained 3 layer form of GBM but in some cases the lamina rara near endothelium was not seen.
Conclusion: Octreotide have little effect on prevention of glomerular epithelium lesions. However Losartan could prevent glomerular epithelium lesions well, but combined drug therapy showed better results comparing Losartan.

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Introduction: Considering the importance of diagnosing fetal distress and knowing diagnostic methods with minimum cost and time and high diagnostic value, this study was performed to evaluate the vibroacoustic stimulation test ( VAST) value in predicting fetal distress in women in active phase of labor, reffering to Motazedi hospital, Kermanshah, 2004.
Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was carried out on women in active phase of labor (dilatation >3-4), full term, single fetus, cephalic presentation, without previous diseases and also abnormal fetus. At first FHR was monitored for 15 minutes, then vibroacoustic stimulation was done for 3 seconds using an artificial larynx of Seimens Servox with high - pitch intensity equal to 105 dB. Results were recorded as non reactive and reactive FHR ( twice 15 beats acceleration for 15 seconds). Other variables such as type of delivery, 1 and 5 minutes Apgar, meconium passing and nuch cord were documented. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and diagnostic value test.
Results: Age of women was 25.2 ±5.8, number of pregnancy 1.94 ± 1.33 and 51.8% of them had one pregnancy. FHR before VAST was 61.1% reactive and 26.3% suspicious and after VAST 60.8% reactive and 5.3% suspicious. In VAST method sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic value were 88.3%, 70% and 75.5% respectively and in nonVAST method 68.3%, 66.5%, 23.6%.
Conclusion: This study showed that VAST can assist to reduce suspicious cases of FHR.The prognostic value of VAST in predicting fetal distress was high. It is recommended to carry out further researches about duration and intensity of sound and using periodic FHR