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Background: REM sleep has a role in memory processing. The period of post-learning, that REM sleep is higher than normal level and deprivation of REM sleep impairs memory, is called paradoxical sleep windows (PSW). Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, male N.M.RI rats were trained in a two-way shuttle avoidance task (100 trials/one sessions) then memory retention was tested in next week. In electrophysiology section, different sleep-memory factors were recorded in basal level and 1-4 hours after training. In behavioral section, animals that reached 70% learning criterion (learner group) were deprived of PS in the two periods of 1-4 hours and 5-8 hours after learning by Maze water technique. Results: The amount of REM sleep in group which gained 70% learning after 1-4 hours training, and group without it. In v.s of basic level, significantly increase (p0.01). Other factors were showed no significant difference between two groups before of training. In behavioral section those animals were deprived in 1-4 hr post-learning show significant memory impairment (p0.05). Conclusion: Paradoxical increased REM sleep is effective in memory consolidation after 1-4 hours training. This period can be consider as paradoxical sleep window.

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Background: Skin cancer is one of the most important cancers in the world. This cancer is more common in men than women. We survey chromosomal changes in DMBA-induced skin cancer in SD rat strains. Methods and Materials: In this fundamental study, 20 SD rat strains were randomly divided into case and contal group. DMBA (2.5 mg) was injected to SD rat strains subcutaneously therefore skin cancer model for studies was created. Tumors became subjects for cell culture and metaphase chromosomal were prepared. Finally G-banding were stained. We have also transmitted genomic information from rat to human using suitable databases and Gene were determined. Results: Data showed numerical and frequent structural changes in different number of chromosomes. For example gain in chromosomes number 1, 15, 17 and loss in 1, 7, 15, and also structural changes like deletion was seen in chromosomes number 1, 4, 8, 10, 15, 17, and addition in chromosome number 15. Discussion: It is predicted that CST6، PRKCDBP، PTCH1، DKK3، ، BRMS1، CDKN1C، CD81، DMP1، CDKN2B ، EEF1A1 ، HRAS، CASP2، KLF4 probably cause skin cancer.

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Background: All members of society should have equal access to necessary health care. The main goal of this research is to determine the status of health care access in eight selected countries and to suggest a new model for Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was done comparatively on eight countries. In order to define a framework for categorizing the countries Jordan scales was employed. In this method, based on the kind of insurance system, countries are divided into 4 groups, from each 2 countries were selected. Data obtained from each country were placed in comparative tables. For presenting the final model, Delphi technique was utilized in two stages. Results: To increase equity in their health care systems, all the countries in this study utilized such strategies as insurance coverage for all, defined health care packages, appropriate human resources, family physicians, referral system and high level of GNP in health sector. Also, low direct payment by patients, expansion of insurance coverage and the existence of out of pocket pay limit in pharmaceutical and medical services were also very helpful. These policies have been made in a way that the level of individuals' income did not affect the access to such services. Conclusion: Equitable access to health care services in Iran necessitates the establishment of national health insurance system aiming at omission of parallel insurance, provision of medical care coverage for all the basic medical services especially health care coverage for the elderly and patients with chronic psychological problems.

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Background: Oxidative stress is one of the probable molecular mechanisms involved in lead (Pb) neurotoxicity. On the other hand, lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) which is widely used in traditional medicine, has a high antioxidant activity. In this study, the protective impacts of Melissa officinalis on the adverse effects of Pb toxicity on learning ability were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental-clinical trial, 40 virgin Wistar rats were mated and divided into control, control positive (vitamin C+Pb), control negative (Pb), and 3 Pb and Mellisa experimental groups. Mellisa was orally administered in three doses including + 25, 50 and 100 mg/ kg of body weight daily. Treatment started from 7th day of gestation and continued through pregnancy and lactation periods. The three month- old offsprings in each group were assessed in terms of memory and learning ability by Morris water maze test and the results were compared between the groups. Results: Exposure to Pb during and after gestation leads to learning disorders. While concomitant administration of Pb and Melissa, as well as vitamin C can, to a large degree, reduce the adverse effects of Pb on learning abilities. Conclusion: Since no significant differences were obtained from the comparison of results in the control, Pb+M and vitamin C+Pb groups, it can be concluded that Melissa has antioxidant impacts equal to vitamin C. Therefore, similar to vitamin C, Mellisa can decrease the neurotoxic effects of Pb.

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Background: Due to problems caused by traditional dressings, scientists have long been in search for producing alternative cellulose. Unique characteristics of bacterial cellulose synthesized by acetobacter xylinum, due to its nanostructure cellulose, resulted in attempts to devise an ideal dressing with this cellulose. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of impregnated bacterial cellulose on staphylococcus aureus culture. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, cellulose disks synthesized by bacterial cellulose and cellulose blank disks (without antibiotic) were placed in 3.3% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. These disks were, then, together with ciprofloxacin standard, control cellulose, and cellulose blank disks, placed on the cultured media of staphylococcus aureus. After 24 hours, the results were obtained through the measurement of growth inhibition zone. Determining the amount of antibiotic absorbed into bacterial cellulose can be done through the comparison of the effects of cellulose disks containing different concentrations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and ciprofloxacin standard disks. Results: Both cellulose and blank disks created a growth inhibition zone in staphylococcus aureus media, whereas the growth inhibition zone of cellulose and cellulose blank disks (negative control) were insignificant. Conclusion: Noticing the unique characteristics of bacterial cellulose as a dressing and its proven ability in absorption and release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, the prospects are seen for production of antibiotics containing dressings of this microbial product in future.

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Background: Lead (Pb) brings about a variety of cognitive, mental, renal, and blood system disorders by inducing oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to compare blood and urine parameters in the workers exposed to Pb and zinc (Zn) with those in the control group. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with a total number of 134 subjects. The case group included 67 male workers with the age range of 22-65 who had at least worked a minimum of one work shift for two years in the Zn-Pb mine located in the southwest of Arak, Iran. Control subjects consisted of 67 farmers of a village near the mine who had no history of occupational exposure to Pb, Zn, and other metals. Mental disorders were evaluated through the standard Scl-90-R while cognitive disorders were evaluated via the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Results: The mean level of blood and urine parameters did not reveal significant differences between the two groups. The mean scores of physical complaints, anxiety, and aggression scales were significantly higher in the case group than the control (p<0.05), whereas the mean scores on MMSE did not reveal a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The oxidative stress of Pb led to mental disorders as a result, the mine workers suffered from more psycho- pathology and are in need of greater care. Due to the impacts of Pb and Zn, the proper use of safety equipments and taking daily showers can reduce the risk of absorption of toxic agents and their subsequent hazards for workers.

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Sleep is one of the basic needs of human and any disorder in its natural flow in addition to creating psychological problems can reduce the individual performance. There are descriptions and references about sleep and its features in Quran. In Naba Surش sleep has been referred to as a weakness that indicates a disease state. However, the conditions for the occurrence of sleep can be inferred from Kahf Sura, verse 11, which states: “a major quality of sleep is that one cannot estimate its duration”. In several other verses, sleep is said to be similar to temporary death. Substances such as endorphins, cortisol, and encephalin cause euphoria and have direct impacts on different parts of the body including skeletal muscles that lead to muscle comfort during the day. The amount of secretion of these materials into the body in the morning hours significantly increases. Therefore, waking up early in the morning can bring about euphoria and can have positive impacts which last till the end of the day. According to the findings released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization, men and women who work night shifts are at a greater risk of developing breast cancer and prostate cancer, respectively. Night sleep is a divine blessing that God has endowed people and God in verse 23 of Rome Sura refers to sleep as “one of the signs revealed to people” and asks people to search and investigate about it so as to realize to what extent night sleep can contribute to human perfection and success

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Dermatoglyphic patterns are formed during the first and the second fetal development trimesters and they remain unchanged afterwards. At the end of the fourth month of fetal development, fingertips are formed along with brain and other derived ectodermia developments. In the 19th century, the mystery of human fingertips was discovered, and it was realized that fingertips consist of tiny network lines in the epiderms of the skin, and are exclusive to every individual, even to twins. In this study, through library research, by reviewing quantitative and qualitative dermatoglyphic patterns, the miracle of fingertips was considered based on Quran and Islamic commandments. Much research has been done comparing individual dermatoglyphic patterns of hands among various races, and the quantitative and qualitative relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns and diseases such as schizophrenia, nervous disorders, Down syndrome, diabetes I, Alzheimer, multiple sclerosis, congenital spinal abnormalities, and psoriasis disease has been shown. Accordingly, finger prints are used for identifying individuals, detecting criminals, and studying disease of genetic background. They can also be used as clues in determining the etiology of diseases. Fingertip sign is unique for every individual. Quran, in response to those who deny the resurrection after decomposition of the body and bones (Saffat, 37: 16), declares that Allah almighty, is not only capable of recreating them, but also is able to make human fingertips again (75: 3-4). The study shows the importance of human’s fingertips as the miracle of human creation, and reveals why Quran emphasizes on them as one indication of resurrection.

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Background: Existence of extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL) genes plays an important role in spreading B-lactam antibiotic resistance in the producing strains of these enzymes. The resistance of gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to different antimicrobial agents, especially B-lactam and carbapenem, has increasingly been reported. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of TEM-1 beta-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates through Duplex PCR. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 175 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected from burn patients were subjected to bacteriological tests. The samples were cultured and identified according to standard methods. Then the frequency of ESBL producing strains was determined via the combined disk method. Using boiling method, DNA was extracted and examined for the existence of TEM-1 gene by Duplex PCR. Results: Out of the 175 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 66 (37.7%) were ESBL positive, 15.15% of which were positive for TEM-1 B-lactamases resistance gene. Conclusion: Noticing the increasing rate of the ESBLs producing strains, using the appropriate treatment protocol based on the antibiogram pattern of the strains is highly recommended.

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Background: Bacterial cellulose synthesized by acetobacter xylinum is a harmless microbial product with unique characteristics as an ideal dress that many studies have been done on. The aim of this study was to consider the capability of this product in absorption and release of tetracycline hydrochloride. Indication of this capability can pave the way for supplying a new dressing containing antibiotic from bacterial cellulose. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, cellulose sheet was initially impregnated on aqueous solution of tetracycline hydrochloride. Then the release process was considered in diluted water and normal saline. Ultra violet spectrophotometry method was applied to the detection of the antibiotic during absorption and release processes. Results: The results of data analysis demonstrated that bacterial cellulose has a great potential in absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride and can release it in a wet environment. Conclusion: Considering the advantages of bacterial cellulose over traditional dressings, the results of this study can provide the ground for further research on supplying an ideal dressing containing antibiotic from this microbial product.

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Background: Morphine is one of the derivations of opium alkaloids. Contradictory reports exist on hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects of morphine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of opioid receptors involved in blood glucose changes in morphine-treated Balb/c mice. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 8 groups of male Balb/c mice (n=6), including group1(morphine), group 2 (naloxone (morphine antagonist) + morphine), group 3 (naltrindole ( receptor antagonist) + morphine), group 4 (norbinaltorphimine ( receptor antagonist) + morphine), group 5 (CTOP ( receptor antagonist) + morphine), group 6 (saline), group 7 (saline + saline), and group 8 (saline + morphine). Blood samples were obtained from retro-orbital sinus at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours after injection. Blood glucose level was measured by enzymatic technique. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The application of morphine resulted in significant hypoglycemia in comparison with the control group which was significantly compensated by naloxone compared to the morphine group. The application of naltrindole could significantly inhibit hypoglycemia induced by morphine compared to the control group, whereas norbinaltorphimine and CTOP failed to do so. Conclusion: Since naltrindole could compensate for hypoglycemia due to morphine, hypoglycemia caused by morphine is likely to be mediated by opioid receptors

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Background: Physalis Alkekengi is a perennial plant with a creeping and ryzumy stem belonging to the solanaceae family. This study investigates the possible effects of Physalis Alkekengi on plasma concentrations of some biochemical factors. Materials and Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats weighing an average of 190 ± 5 g were divided into five groups of ten: Control group without receiving any substances, control group with 2.0 ml/dl administration of the solvent, and three experimental groups receiving 0.4 (maximum), 0.2 (medium), and 0.1 (minimum) g/kg intra-peritoneal (IP) injections of the drug. The intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of the drug was done for 14 days and after this period, for conducting lab tests, blood sampling was done and the results were analyzed through ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: According to the results, protein and albumin plasma concentrations showed a significant increase (P<0.05) while creatinine plasma concentration, bilirubin, and urea nitrogen (BUN) did not reveal any significant changes. Conclusion: This family of plants contains significant amounts of glucocorticoids, such compounds are likely to increase liver and plasma proteins. In addition, due to the presence of compounds, such as physaline, vitamin C, and albumin, this extract is likely to increase blood pressure and, eventually, increase glomerulic refinement and diuretic properties therefore, the absence of significant increases in plasma concentrations of the substances produced by metabolism in plasma seems reasonable

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Background: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bacterium is the most important bacterial agent causing diarrhea. Specific virulence factors, such as enterotoxins and colonization factors, distinguish ETEC from other classes of diarrheagenic E.coli. In this study, heat-labile toxin was purified which could be utilized for anti-toxin assay in GM1 gangelioside receptor-ELISA based method and for identification of ETEC producing toxin. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, bacterial strain producing heat-labile toxin was first cultivated for production and purification of toxin. Then supernatant soluble proteins were precipitated with ammonium sulfate and purified using biochemical methods. Finally, purified protein was dialyzed against Tris 0.02 mM pH 8 and analyzed on gel electrophoresis. GM1 gangelioside receptor-ELISA based method was used for detection and assessment of the purified toxin. Through this method, the effect of anti-recombinant heat-labile toxin B subunit neutralization on heat-labile toxin was investigated. Results: Toxin purification was revealed by the presence of 12 and 28 KD protein bands. This study demonstrated that anti-recombinant heat-labile toxin B subunit antibody can detect the purified toxin and can inhibit its binding to GM1 receptor up to 80%. Conclusion: Purification of heat-labile toxin and gangelioside receptor-ELISA assay can be used for accurate detection and epidemiological study of clinical isolates.

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Background: Nowadays, one of the basic problems of tuberculosis treatment is drug resistance. This study was done to determine the drug resistance of mycobacterium strains isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to anti-tuberculosis drugs and determine the affecting factors. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, all patients with tuberculosis who were covered by Markazi Province Health Center (917 persons) during 2005 to 2010 were included in this study. For all patients with resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, culture and antibiogram by standard method (proportional) were done. Effective factors in drug resistance were identified by logistic regression model using SPSS software. Results: Overall, the rate of resistance in patients with smear-positive was 7.3% and the rate of MDR-TB was equivalent to 4.3%, and 0.5% of smear positive patients were resistant to all five drugs. The most resistant strains were isoniazid (68.8%), rifampin (62.5%), pyrazinamide (25%), ethambutol (21.9%), and streptomycin (21.9%), respectively. The highest rate of resistance was in the 15-45 years age group. The incidence of resistance was significantly associated with sex, grade of smear positivity, relapse of TB, and HIV infection. Conclusion: The study of drug resistant mycobacterium strains over six years showed a growing trend. Therefore, close attention to prevent the production and dissemination of resistant strains is very essential.

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Background: Mindfulness and emotion regulation have important effects on the variables related to mental health in chemical weapons victims. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion regulation training on the affect and mood in chemical weapons victims. Materials and Methods: This interventional study was conducted with two experimental groups and a control group including 47 male chemical weapons victims with high scores on the General Health Questionnaire in Sardasht city, Iran, randomly selected and then assigned to mindfulness training, emotion regulation training, and control groups. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training was used with experimental group 1, emotion regulation (ER) training was implemented with experimental group 2, and the control group received no training. Data were gathered using the General Health Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect and Depression-Happiness scales. Analysis of variance with repeated measure was used for analyzing the data. Results: The results indicated that mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion regulation training significantly increased positive affect and mood and decreased negative affect in chemical weapons victims. Conclusion: The results supported the effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation training on affect and mood in chemical victims. Therefore, attention to the effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation on variables related to mental health is important in chemical weapon victims.

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Background: Sodium arsenite has adverse effects on the reproductive system and vitamin E is a strong antioxidant and reproductive factor in the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on the structure and the number of ovarian follicles during its development in rats treated with sodium arsenite. Materials and Methods: Pregnant Wister rats (n=4) were divided into 4 equal groups, including control, vitamin E (100mg/kg/day), sodium arsenite (8mg/kg/day), and sodium arsenite+vitamin E. Oral treatment of the pregnant rats started from the 7th day of pregnancy till the end of the weaning and continued till the age of 120 days. After the treatment period, the right ovary was removed and fixed, and then the mean number of ovarian follicles and atretic follicles, mean thickness of zona pellucida, and volume of oocytes and its nuclei in different types of follicle were determined. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and the mean difference was considered significant at P<0.05. Results: In the vitamin E+sodium arsenite group, significant increase(P<0.05) in the total number of follicles, mean number of primordial, primary, secondary, antral, and graafian follicles, significant reduction (P<0.05) in atretic follicles, and significant increase(P<0.05) in the thickness of zona pllucida in secondary and antral follicles as well as oocyte volume in parimordial and primary follicles and its nuclei in primary, secondary, antral, and graffian follicles were observed in comparison with the other groups. Vitamin E in the sodium arsenite+vitamin E group increased the number of different types of follicles and the thickness of the zona pllucida (P<0.05), decreased the number of atretic follicles, and increased the volume of oocyte and its nuclei to the level of the control group. Conclusion: Vitamin E can be administered as a supplement to compensate for the adverse effects of sodium arsenite.

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Background: Obtaining cells from the patient, expanding cell population on a scaffold, and, eventually, grafting the tissue to the patient is one of the tissue engineering techniques to create replacement tissue structures. Blastema tissue is one of the cellular sources in this regard. This study investigated the use of human gum tissue to prepare a scaffold and the interaction between the three-dimensional tissue scaffold and blastema tissue. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, human gingiva was prepared and through snap freezing method and the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100, went through cell bleaching. Then the provided scaffoldings were placed in 2-day-old blastema rings and stored in culture media for 25 days. Sampling of the blastema and scaffolding tissues was done once every five days. Results: The results confirmed the removal of the cells from the prepared scaffolds. Also, histological studies in the fifth and tenth days indicated cell penetration into the blastema scaffolds. In the fifteenth day, in addition to penetration, blastema cells division and differentiation as well as epidermis genesis were observed. In the twentieth and twenty-fifth days, infiltration, cell division, and differentiation processes continued. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated the possibility of creating a natural scaffold of human gingiva through this method. This scaffold can have an inductive effect on cell behaviors such as such as migration, adhesion, division, and probable differentiation. However, further studies for demonstrating the identity of the cells and other properties of such a scaffold as well as the possibility of using it in gingiva tissue engineering are recommended.

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Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication associated with diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that oxidative stress is an important etiological factor in neuropathy which contributes to its development however, the exact pathophysiology underlying this complication is not fully understood. This study was designed to examine the effect of regular exercise and vitamin C administration on pain threshold in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (220±10 g) were allocated to control and diabetic (control, vitamin C, exercise, and exercise+ vitamin C) groups. Diabetes was induced by the subcutaneous administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). A week after the induction of diabetes, the rats were subjected to swimming training and vitamin C treatment for 8 weeks. At the end of weeks 3, 5, and 8, Tail-Flick test was done on the rats to assess pain threshold. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Diabetes significantly decreased pain threshold in the rats. Diabetes-induced hyperalgesia was significantly decreased by training and vitamin C. Concurrent effects of training and vitamin C on thermal pain threshold were significantly higher than each of them alone. Conclusion: Regular exercise together with vitamin C administration can be a proper method for preventing thermal hyperalgesia associated with diabetes. Therefore, they can be effective in the treatment and management of pain

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Background: Prevalence and incidence of end stage renal diseases requiring renal replacement therapies such as dialysis and kidney transplantation is on the rise. However, no qualitative research studies have been done to explore the experiences of people living with dialysis and kidney transplant in depth. Therefore, this qualitative study was done to explore the experiences of patients living with dialysis and those with kidney transplant. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried out through content analysis approach. Sampling was done from the beginning and continued until data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were tools of data collection. A total of 18 participants were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed through Graham and Landman content analysis method. Results: After analyzing the data, two main themes including, dialysis, a grueling event, and renal transplantation, a normal life with healthy kidney transplant, were reported. Conclusion: Compared with hemodialysis, receiving a kidney through transplantation provides a significantly more pleasant quality of life for patients. However, there are certain obstacles in transplantation and graft survival in the views of transplantation patients. Hence, it is suggested that health officials design programs to provide support and instruction to facilitate the process of kidney transplantation for eligible patients even before entering the dialysis stage.

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Background: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and degenerative disease of the central nervous systemthat due to such reasons as its chronic nature, no prognosis, and absence of a definitive treatment causes stress in patients. Thus, this study was designed to examine the impact of peer educational program on stress in patients with multiple sclerosis in 2011. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 110 patients with multiple sclerosis were randomly allocated to test and control groups (each group including 55 patients). After preparing 5 multiple sclerosis patients as the peer group, six training sessions forthe test group were held by the peer group over two months. Data collection tool was DASS 21 questionnaire that assessed patients’ stress before and after 4 months which was completed by both groups. In order to analyze the results, SPSS software 16 was used. Results: The results showed that before intervention, there was not astatistically significant difference between the two groups in stress score(p=0.24) while a statistically significant difference was seen between the two groups after intervention (p=0.001). Also, stress score in test group was statistically significant (p=0.001) but there was not a statistically significant difference between the stress scores of the patients in the control groups (p=0.39). Conclusion: Peer group educational program caused stress reduction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Hence, it is recommended that peer groups be used for education of multiple sclerosis.