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Mohammad Khammarnia, Mostafa Peyvand,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (8-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 3 (8-2021)
Abstract
N/A
Vahid Fekri Kourabbaslou, Ali Fakourian, Mohsen Heydarian, Seyed Masoud Kashfi,
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Resistance training with blood flow restriction can have the same effects as traditional resistance training. The current study aimed to determine the effect of six weeks of selected resistance training with active and passive rest, with and without blood flow restriction, on young men’s C Reactive Protein (CRP), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), and muscle endurance.
Methods & Materials: From the available and voluntary samples, 24 healthy young soldiers of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force were divided into 3 groups of 8 subjects: traditional resistance training, resistance training with blood flow restriction, and passive rest and resistance training with blood flow restriction and active rest. Exercise programs were performed for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week with an intensity of 70-80% One-repetition maximum (1RM) for the traditional resistance group (3 sets of 10), 20-30% 1RM for the passive rest group (30-15-15-15), and 20 -30% 1RM was administered for the active rest group (30-7-15-7-15). Before and after six weeks, physiological and anthropometric characteristics, muscle endurance, and hormonal levels were measured, and ELISA measured blood samples. Data were analyzed using covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests and paired t-test for comparison within groups.
Ethical Considerations: All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics committee of the Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran (Code: I.R.SSRC.REC.1398.129), Clinical Trial (Code: ID IRCT20191207045644N1) from the Iran Clinical Trial Registration Center and were conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results: Results showed that 6 weeks of exercise had a significant effect on Muscle endurance (P=0.001) but on the levels of C-reactive protein (P=0.43) and Lactate dehydrogenase (P=0.44) had no significant difference.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that a combination of resistance training with restriction of blood flow and Interval training (active rest) can be a good alternative to traditional training and, in some cases, replace resistance training with occlusion and passive rest.
Saeed Nasiri, Mohammad Noori, Maryam Aslezaker,
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Volume 24, Issue 5 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Attention Control Training is a new cognitive intervention that improves emotion regulation by reducing attentional bias towards negative information. Given the significant association between death anxiety and emotion dysregulation and death-related attentional bias, this study aimed to assess attention control training as an intervention for reducing death anxiety.
Methods & Materials: In this clinical trial, the Convenience Sampling Method sampled 50 university students in Tehran and was randomly assigned to 2 experimental and 1 control groups. Attention control training was delivered using death-related stimuli for the 1st experimental group and negative stimuli unrelated to death for the 2nd experimental group. The control group didn’t receive any interventions. In 3 measurements of pretest, posttest, and 3 months follow-up, death-related attentional bias, death anxiety, and sensitivity to mortality salience were assessed, respectively, using the Modified Stroop Test, Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS), and Propensity to Moral Disengagement Scale (PMDS) after inducing Mortality Salience condition.
Ethical Considerations: This study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Code: IRCT20190406043181N1) and was approved by the research ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1398.539).
Results: The study showed that after completing attention control training, the 1st experimental group’s death-related attentional bias, death anxiety, and sensitivity to mortality salience were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and this reduction was maintained at 3 months of follow-up. No significant changes were observed in the other two groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that attention control training is capable of significantly reducing death-related attentional bias, and this reduction in attentional bias leads to decreased death anxiety and sensitivity to mortality salience
Mis Freshteh Shahidi, Mr Majid Kashef, Mis Zohreh Delfani,
Volume 24, Issue 6 (1-2022)
Volume 24, Issue 6 (1-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim : Despite progressive improvement in medical therapy and standard care, Exercisebased rehabilitation programs have been shown to to have beneficial cardiovascular effects in patients with myocardial infarction through a multifactorial effect. This review study aimed to evaluate exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation strategies in patients with myocardial infarction with special focus on high intensity interval training, as a growing field of research was conducted.
Material and Methods: This is a systematic review study on articles published, without limitation Year, by searching in reputable databases such as PabMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer. Also in the process of searching for articles on the keywords microRNAs (miRNA) and myocardial infarction "," cardiac rehabilitation and myocardial infarction "," cardiac rehabilitation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) ", high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and Myocardial infarction was used.
Ethical considerations: All Ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations.
Results: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a safe and effective exercise strategy to improve cardiac function in MI, and to prevent abnormal changes in mass, size, geometry, and cardiac function after MI, and Applies significant changes in molecular targets and cell pathway.
Conclusion: Therefore, HIIT targets myocardial necroptosis due to oxidative stress, protects the heart against adverse left ventricular regeneration after MI, and can be considered an integral part of post-MI cardiac rehabilitation programs.
Nasin Asadi, Amineh Ahmadi, Asadollah Abbasi,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Volume 25, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim The occupational environment, the type of work overload or underload, physical risks, how individuals adapt to the workplace, and face the family - work constitute the sources of stress or occupational distress. Job stress emerges as the duties and tasks assigned to people are more than their abilities. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress management training and work ethics of employees.
Methods & Materials This research was an applied study in terms of purpose, a mixed exploratory (qualitative and quantitative) study in terms of data, a content analysis (qualitative stage) and cross-sectional survey (quantitative stage) in term of conduct. The study population in the qualitative section comprised experts (Experts in Psychology, Educational Management, and Social Medicine) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the qualitative section, the study population included experts and managers who had received stress management training. Sample size and sampling method in qualitative part was based on the principle of theoretical saturation, resulting in 12 people using purposive sampling method. In the quantitative part, the sampling was based on the Cochran’s formula, resulting in 220 people who were selected using cluster sampling method.
Ethical Considerations This barcode research was presented to the Ethics Committee and registered in the system (IR.IAU.TNB.REC.1400.121).
Results The results showed that to deal with stressful situations, three basic strategies of event-focused coping, anxiety-focused coping, and avoidance-focused coping strategies can be used for stress management training models. Overall, the components presented for coping with stressful conditions have the necessary and appropriate validities. All three main coping strategies (event-focused, anxiety-focused, and refusal-focused) are suitable for explaining and fitting. So, they all are reliable and confirmed in the current research questionnaire of coping with stress.
Conclusion Strategies for coping with stressful situations have a different effect on people’s professional work ethics so that the event-focused coping strategy has a significant positive relationship with professional ethics. On the other hand, the anxiety-focused and avoidance-focused coping strategies have negative and decreasing relationship with professional ethics. The more emphasis on the event-focused coping strategy, the more would be the professional ethics of individuals and the more emphasis on the anxiety-focused and avoidance-focused coping strategies, the less would be the professional ethics of individuals..
Sadegh Abbasian, Ali Asghar Ravasi, Rahman Soori, Sirous Choobineh,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Volume 25, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim Adropin is a new hormone plays an important role in improving lipid metabolism and vascular protection. The current study aims to determine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on Adropin level and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in overweight men.
Methods & Materials This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 32 overweight men (Mean±SD age: 30.5±3.07 years, BMI: 27.93±4.2 kg/m2). They were randomly divided into two groups of HIIT (n=16) and control (n=16). The VO2max test was first conducted. Then, the HIIT group performed 8 weeks of HIIT (3 days per week) at 20 sessions of 30 seconds with a 13-s interval between each session. Body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer and the blood sampling was done for measuring Adropin and NO metabolites by ELISA kits in pre-test and post-test phases. The data analysis was done by repeated-measures ANOVA. The significance level was set at P<0.05.
Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Tehran (Code: IR.UT.REC.1395007). All procedures were in accordance with guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki.
Results There was a significant difference in Adropin between HIIT and control groups (0.88±0.256; 95% CI: 0.26-1.5 ng/mL). There was also a significant difference in NO metabolites between the two groups (7.5±3.03; 95% CI: 0.85-14.15 ng/ml). Moreover, there was a positive relationship between Adropin and NO metabolites in overweight men (r=0.498, P=0.0001).
Conclusion It seems that HIIT can attenuate cardiovascular diseases by increasing Adropin and NO and can improve cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) and body composition of men with overweight.
Methods & Materials This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 32 overweight men (Mean±SD age: 30.5±3.07 years, BMI: 27.93±4.2 kg/m2). They were randomly divided into two groups of HIIT (n=16) and control (n=16). The VO2max test was first conducted. Then, the HIIT group performed 8 weeks of HIIT (3 days per week) at 20 sessions of 30 seconds with a 13-s interval between each session. Body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer and the blood sampling was done for measuring Adropin and NO metabolites by ELISA kits in pre-test and post-test phases. The data analysis was done by repeated-measures ANOVA. The significance level was set at P<0.05.
Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Tehran (Code: IR.UT.REC.1395007). All procedures were in accordance with guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki.
Results There was a significant difference in Adropin between HIIT and control groups (0.88±0.256; 95% CI: 0.26-1.5 ng/mL). There was also a significant difference in NO metabolites between the two groups (7.5±3.03; 95% CI: 0.85-14.15 ng/ml). Moreover, there was a positive relationship between Adropin and NO metabolites in overweight men (r=0.498, P=0.0001).
Conclusion It seems that HIIT can attenuate cardiovascular diseases by increasing Adropin and NO and can improve cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) and body composition of men with overweight.
Miss Homa Rastegari, Dr Davood Hekmatpou, Dr Ramiz Kamrani, Dr Moloud Farmahini Farahani,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: One of the common problems of patients with covid-19 is the occurrence of respiratory problems that may accompany the person for a long time. Also, based on clinical and research evidence, different degrees of anxiety and stress have been observed in those who have recovered from this disease. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of diaphragmatic breathing on dyspnea and state anxiety in patients with covid-19.
Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted in 2021-2022. The study population consisted of 78 patients with covid-19 hospitalized in Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Arak city, who were selected by available sampling and divided into two groups of 40. In this study, the Spielberger anxiety inventory, Borg scale, MRC breathlessness scale and measurement of blood oxygen saturation were used. The test group received diaphragmatic breathing training on the day of discharge and performed the exercise for ten minutes, and after discharge, they performed diaphragmatic breathing twice a day (ten minutes each time) at home for a week. Questionnaires were completed by the patients before the intervention, immediately after and one week later. The data was analyzed with SPSS software version 23 at the level (P < 0.05).
Results: The findings showed that the mean anxiety score of the patients immediately and one week after the intervention in the test group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.001). The mean oxygen saturation in the test group after the intervention was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the mean dyspnea scores using the MRC and Borg dyspnea scales after the intervention in the two groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: The results showed diaphragmatic breathing reduced anxiety and shortness of breath in patients with covid-19 after discharge. Therefore, teaching this simple and effective method is recommended for these patients during discharge from the hospital.
Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted in 2021-2022. The study population consisted of 78 patients with covid-19 hospitalized in Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Arak city, who were selected by available sampling and divided into two groups of 40. In this study, the Spielberger anxiety inventory, Borg scale, MRC breathlessness scale and measurement of blood oxygen saturation were used. The test group received diaphragmatic breathing training on the day of discharge and performed the exercise for ten minutes, and after discharge, they performed diaphragmatic breathing twice a day (ten minutes each time) at home for a week. Questionnaires were completed by the patients before the intervention, immediately after and one week later. The data was analyzed with SPSS software version 23 at the level (P < 0.05).
Results: The findings showed that the mean anxiety score of the patients immediately and one week after the intervention in the test group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.001). The mean oxygen saturation in the test group after the intervention was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the mean dyspnea scores using the MRC and Borg dyspnea scales after the intervention in the two groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: The results showed diaphragmatic breathing reduced anxiety and shortness of breath in patients with covid-19 after discharge. Therefore, teaching this simple and effective method is recommended for these patients during discharge from the hospital.
Neda Kafi, Amene Barjaste Yazdi, Rambod Khajei, Mohammadreza Hoseinabadi,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (7-2023)
Volume 26, Issue 2 (7-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of a period of resistance training and melatonin consumption on sex hormone levels, pain intensity, and sleep quality in girls with primary dysmenorrhea.
Methods: For this purpose, 60 girls with moderate primary dysmenorrhea disorder (score 4-7) were randomly placed in 4 groups: resistance training + melatonin, resistance training + placebo, melatonin supplement group, and control group. Pain intensity, and sleep quality were assessed by the McGill questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh questionnaire respectively. 10 mg of melatonin was taken daily in two 5 mg capsules and the placebo group received the same amount of carbohydrates in the same capsule. Weight training, three days a week for eight weeks. This circuit exercise training was in 9 stations and with a maximum of 10-12 repetitions at 30-65% of a maximum repetition in each station. Each set and repetition was separated by 2-3 minutes and 90 seconds of rest, respectively. The blood sample was taken in the morning, fasting and 5 cc from the brachial vein from the left hand while sitting in the sitting position, and was taken by special kits. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at level P<0.05. All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics committee of the Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran (Code: ID IR.IAU.NEYSHABUR.REC.1401.008), Clinical Trial (Code: ID IRCT20230703058653N1) from the Iran Clinical Registration Center and were conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results: A significant increase in Estrogen (P<0.001) and progesterone (P<0.001) levels in the exercise + supplement group compared to all groups, and in the exercise + placebo group and the supplement group compared to the placebo group was reported. Also, The decrease in Pain intensity (P<0.001) and sleep quality (A decrease in the sleep score means an increase in the sleep quality in the output of the questionnaire) (P<0.001) in the supplement group compared to all groups and in the exercise + placebo group (P<0.05) and the exercise + supplement group compared to the placebo group showed a significant difference.
Conclusions: It seems that synergy of exercise and melatonin has affected the sex hormones level. Also, the melatonin probably helped to improve the sleep quality and pain intensity of the subjects through the adjustment of sex hormones following dysmenorrhea. Also, exercise probably has an effect on the pain intensity and sleep quality through the release of beta-endorphins and the effects of exercise on the menstrual cycle, although the finding are ambiguous.
Methods: For this purpose, 60 girls with moderate primary dysmenorrhea disorder (score 4-7) were randomly placed in 4 groups: resistance training + melatonin, resistance training + placebo, melatonin supplement group, and control group. Pain intensity, and sleep quality were assessed by the McGill questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh questionnaire respectively. 10 mg of melatonin was taken daily in two 5 mg capsules and the placebo group received the same amount of carbohydrates in the same capsule. Weight training, three days a week for eight weeks. This circuit exercise training was in 9 stations and with a maximum of 10-12 repetitions at 30-65% of a maximum repetition in each station. Each set and repetition was separated by 2-3 minutes and 90 seconds of rest, respectively. The blood sample was taken in the morning, fasting and 5 cc from the brachial vein from the left hand while sitting in the sitting position, and was taken by special kits. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at level P<0.05. All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics committee of the Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran (Code: ID IR.IAU.NEYSHABUR.REC.1401.008), Clinical Trial (Code: ID IRCT20230703058653N1) from the Iran Clinical Registration Center and were conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results: A significant increase in Estrogen (P<0.001) and progesterone (P<0.001) levels in the exercise + supplement group compared to all groups, and in the exercise + placebo group and the supplement group compared to the placebo group was reported. Also, The decrease in Pain intensity (P<0.001) and sleep quality (A decrease in the sleep score means an increase in the sleep quality in the output of the questionnaire) (P<0.001) in the supplement group compared to all groups and in the exercise + placebo group (P<0.05) and the exercise + supplement group compared to the placebo group showed a significant difference.
Conclusions: It seems that synergy of exercise and melatonin has affected the sex hormones level. Also, the melatonin probably helped to improve the sleep quality and pain intensity of the subjects through the adjustment of sex hormones following dysmenorrhea. Also, exercise probably has an effect on the pain intensity and sleep quality through the release of beta-endorphins and the effects of exercise on the menstrual cycle, although the finding are ambiguous.
Ms Nastaran Haghighi Naghani, Dr Mohammad Fathi, Mohammad Reza Tabandeh,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (7-2023)
Volume 26, Issue 2 (7-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder that causes heart tissue damage and changes in its protein levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an incremental training period on MMP-2 and MEF2C protein in cardiac muscle tissue of diabetic Wistar rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (age 10 weeks and average weight 245 ± 9.5 grams) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10: diabetes-control (DC), diabetes-exercise (DT), healthy-exercise (HT) and healthy-control (HC). Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) was used to cause diabetes. The training protocol was implemented for 6 weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, heart tissue was extracted. Western blot method was used to evaluate MMP-2 and MEF2C protein expression. Data analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance test.
Results: The results showed that diabetes causes a significant increase in MMP-2 protein expression levels and a significant decrease in MEF2C in the DC group compared to the HC group (P<0.05). although a period of increased training leads to a significant decrease in MMP-2 protein expression levels and a significant increase in MEF2C in the DT group compared to the DC group (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of this research show that increasing aerobic exercise moderates the effects caused by diabetes in the expression of these two proteins, which seems to be a protective effect against cardiomyopathy changes caused by diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (age 10 weeks and average weight 245 ± 9.5 grams) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10: diabetes-control (DC), diabetes-exercise (DT), healthy-exercise (HT) and healthy-control (HC). Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) was used to cause diabetes. The training protocol was implemented for 6 weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, heart tissue was extracted. Western blot method was used to evaluate MMP-2 and MEF2C protein expression. Data analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance test.
Results: The results showed that diabetes causes a significant increase in MMP-2 protein expression levels and a significant decrease in MEF2C in the DC group compared to the HC group (P<0.05). although a period of increased training leads to a significant decrease in MMP-2 protein expression levels and a significant increase in MEF2C in the DT group compared to the DC group (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of this research show that increasing aerobic exercise moderates the effects caused by diabetes in the expression of these two proteins, which seems to be a protective effect against cardiomyopathy changes caused by diabetes.
Akram Jokar, Homa Sheikhani Shahin, Mehrzad Moqaddasi, Alireza Jowhari,
Volume 26, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Volume 26, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
On average, patients suffering from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis after about seven years, their disease turns into fibrosis and reversibility at this stage becomes very difficult because this disease is an irreversible stage of the disease. Fatty liver is non-alcoholic (2). Researches have come to the conclusion that liver inflammation and insulin resistance decrease and insulin sensitivity increases with sports activity (3). TNF-α has a high inflammatory effect; So that different agents and species of this family and their receptors play a role in NASH disease and liver fibrosis (5). However, exercise increases prostaglandins and cAMP. The mentioned hormones inhibit the function of TNF-α (6). On the other hand, anti-inflammatory cytokines increase due to exercise and inhibit the increase of TNF-α. With the increase in production and secretion of TNF-α, other inflammatory factors such as TGF-β1 signaling are activated and fibrosis signaling will start in liver cells (5). TGF-β1 (Transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of the members of the large family of transforming growth factors beta (TGF-β) and a key cytokine in obesity and insulin resistance (7). In a research, during 48 weeks of applying a high-fat diet to rats, they found that steatosis occurs in the liver of rats from the eighth week onwards, and the amount of TGF-β1 in them increased significantly. In the end, they came to the conclusion that this factor can be one of the main characteristics of determining the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with NASH (10). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is one of the new training models whose positive effects have been identified in a variety of metabolic diseases (13). On the other hand, there are very few researches about the effect of aquatic environment and swimming on the improvement of metabolism and inflammation in NASH patients. Based on the results of a systematic review in 2018, it was shown that endurance exercise in water improved systemic inflammation and weight control (18). Despite the conflicting results in this field and the beneficial effects of exercise in water and also human's innate interest in water, the effect of high-intensity interval exercise in water in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has not been observed by the researchers of this study. Therefore, the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training in water on inflammatory factors in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was investigated.
Materials and methods
In this study, eight-week-old rats were divided into two groups: healthy (n=20) and high-fat diet (HFD) (n=20). After eight weeks and proof of disease induction, the HFD group was randomly divided into two groups: control-disease (n=9) and exercise-disease (n=9); Also, the healthy group was divided into two groups: control-healthy (n=9) and exercise-healthy (n=9). The rats in the training group performed HIIT swimming training, including 20 times of 30 seconds of swimming with 30 seconds of rest between each time, for eight weeks (three days a week). One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test (P<0.05) were used to determine the difference between groups.
Ethical Considerations
The proposal of this study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR.SUMS.REHAB.REC.1400.008).
Findings:
As shown in diagram 1; Based on the results of the one-way analysis of variance test, it can be said that there was a significant difference between the mean TNF-α blood serum (P=0.001). According to the results of Bonferroni's post hoc test, these differences in blood serum TNF-α variable between the control-healthy and control-disease groups (P=0.001), exercise-disease (P=0.001) and exercise-healthy (P=0.002), control-disease with exercise-disease (P=0.012) and exercise-healthy (P=0.001), exercise-healthy with exercise-disease (P=0.002) was.
According to graph 2, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in TGFβ1 variable in all four groups (p=0.068). However, by comparing the averages, it is found that the amount of TGFβ1 protein has decreased by 49.1968% in the patient-exercise group after high-intensity intermittent swimming exercise compared to the control-patient group. Meanwhile, this protein in the exercise-healthy group was reduced by 45.2741% compared to the control-patient. Figure 1 shows the protein bands related to TGFβ1 protein.
Discussion and conclusion: The results of the present research showed that high-intensity intermittent swimming exercises reduce inflammatory and fibrotic factors, and in general, it can be concluded that eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming exercises improve the inflammatory and fibrotic factors associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. . However, to obtain a definitive result, this type of exercise should be studied in human studies in this patient community.
Appreciation and thanks: This article is taken from the master's thesis in sports physiology (first author) of Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, with ethics code IR.SUMS.REHAB.REC.1400.008. In the end, we sincerely thank all friends and colleagues who helped us during the stages of this research.
Conflict of interest:The authors of this article have no mutual benefit from its publication.
Authors' share (participation rate): All four authors participated in the preparation of this article.
Key words: high-intensity swimming interval training, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta
Hadi Goudarzi, Ali Heidarianpour, Maryam Keshvari,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (5-2024)
Volume 27, Issue 2 (5-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in industrialized societies. As an appetite inhibitory and energy balance regulator, nesfatin-1 plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related abnormalities. This study was conducted to determine the effects of 12 weeks of combined training (resistance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) on the serum levels of nesfatin-1 and some liver enzymes in men with NAFLD.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 20 middle-aged men with NAFLD were randomly divided into two exercise and control groups. The exercise program included 12 weeks of combined training, featuring two sessions per week of resistance training and one session of HIIT. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), nesfatin-1 peptide, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), lipid profile, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and body fat percentage at the beginning and after 12-weeks were evaluated. Independent and dependent t-tests were analyzed to assess intra-group and inter-group differences, and the significance level was
P < 0.05.
Results: 12 weeks of combined resistance training and HIIT increased nesfatin-1 and decreased liver enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP in the exercise group compared to the control group and the pre-training stage (P < 0.05). We also observed an increase in VO2 max and a decrease in body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, and LDL in the exercise group compared to before starting the training protocol (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that performing combined exercise training for twelve weeks led to an increase in nesfatin-1 peptide levels and a decrease in liver enzymes. It was suggested that this could be a cost-effective therapeutic approach recommended for patients with NAFLD.
Zahra Yousefvand, Masoud Rahmati, Rahim Mirnasuri,
Volume 27, Issue 3 (7-2024)
Volume 27, Issue 3 (7-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Considering the synthesis and release of myokines from muscle tissue during exercise and the relationship of myokines with the development of strength and increase in muscle volume, the purpose of this study is to investigate 12 weeks of resistance training on the serum levels of myonectin and FGF- There were 21 middle-aged men.
Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 40 middle-aged men of Arak city (mean age 38.27 ± 6.02 years, weight 77.12 ± 11.23 kg, height 174.05 ± 7.22 cm) were selected and randomly placed in two resistance training groups (20 people) and control (20 people). The training group performed 12 weeks of resistance training 3 times a week with an intensity of 65-80% of maximum strength. Blood was taken from all the subjects 48 hours before and after the intervention, and serum levels of myonectin and FGF-21 were checked by the ELISA method. After checking the normality of the data, they were analyzed by the correlation t-test and independent t-test at a significance level of less than 0.05.
Results: Resistance training caused a significant increase in the serum level of myonectin (P = 0.001) and the serum level of FGF-21 (P = 0.001) and also decreased the percentage of fat (P = 0.417) in middle-aged men.
Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it seems that resistance training can have positive adaptation by increasing the serum levels of myonectin and FGF-21 in the regulation of muscle mass, hypertrophy process, angiogenesis process, and Improve the body's metabolism.
Ali Khazaee, Mohammad Ali Sepahvandi, Fazlolah Mirdarikvand,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (10-2024)
Volume 27, Issue 4 (10-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The main consequence of heart failure is a decline in patients' functional abilities, leading to limitations in occupational and social-family tasks, as well as impairments in cognitive and emotional health, ultimately resulting in a reduced quality of life. This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving the quality of life and life expectancy of cardiovascular patients referred to health centers in Khorram Abad City.
Methods: The current research used a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type and three-month follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all patients with cardiovascular diseases referred to the health centers of Khorram Abad City in 2023. Among the statistical population, 40 people were selected by direct sampling and randomly divided into two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The experimental group was trained in emotion regulation during eight 90-minute sessions for 8 weeks. Both groups completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO-QOL-BREF) and Schneider et al.'s (1991) Life Expectancy Questionnaire in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The multivariate covariance analysis method and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the results.
Results: The results showed that emotional regulation training is efficacious in improving the quality of life and life expectancy of cardiovascular patients (P < 0.01), and this effect remained stable in the three-month follow-up phase (P < 0.01).
Conclusions: Emotion regulation training is recommended to enhance cardiovascular patients' quality of life and life expectancy.
Mohammad Ali Gharaat,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (10-2024)
Volume 27, Issue 4 (10-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Physical activity causes cardiac hypertrophy by a non-pathological change in cardiac structure, called physiological hypertrophy. Several molecular changes are involved in this process. Insulin-like growth hormone-1 (IGF-1) is an important hormone involved in hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Also, the role of GATA4 as a possible gene involved in cardiac hypertrophy is controversial. Therefore, the present study was conducted to find the effect of aerobic and interval training on IGF-1, GATA4 gene, and cardiac tissue.
Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats (243.72 ± 23.41 g) were randomly divided into control, aerobic, and interval training groups (n = 6). The aerobic group trained for 8 weeks/4 days a week/38 minutes/ 65% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max). The intermittent group trained 8 weeks/4 days a week/5 set/4 minutes/85-90% of VO2 max running with 2 minutes rest between the sets. The weight of the heart and left ventricle, IGF-1 concentration, and GATA4 gene expression were measured 48 hours after the training. The evaluation was conducted with a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The weight of the heart and left ventricle increased significantly in trained groups. IGF-1 and GATA4 gene expression increased in both the training groups than the control group.
Conclusions: Aerobic and Interval training increases IGF-1, GATA4 gene, left ventricle, and heart weight. Considering the shorter time interval training takes, it seems that interval training is more beneficial than aerobic training.
Pariyan Azad Derakht, Mohammad Fathi, Dr Raziyeh Rezaei, Raziyeh Rezaei,
Volume 27, Issue 5 (12-2024)
Volume 27, Issue 5 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Physical activity positively influences various physiological factors, laying the groundwork for beneficial changes. Myostatin and follistatin are among these factors, whose levels are influenced by gender and physical activity. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of traditional resistance training (RT) and high functional training (HIFT) on the serum levels of myostatin and follistatin in young women.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 young women were selected and divided into three groups: intense functional training, traditional resistance training, and control. Blood was drawn 24 hours before and 48 hours after the end of the interventions to measure the serum levels of myostatin and follistatin. The exercise protocols were performed for eight weeks, 3 days a week and 60 minutes a day. Ultimately, the collected data were analyzed using the ANOVA statistical method, with a significance level set at P < 0.05.
Results: The results showed that follistatin level was significantly higher in the RT and HIFT groups than in the control group (P = 0.001). Also, the amount of follistatin in the HIFT group was considerably higher than the RT group (P = 0.01). The results showed that the level of myostatin in the RT and HIFT groups was significantly lower than the control group (P = 0.001). Also, the amount of this factor in the HIFT group was substantially lower than in the RT group (P = 0.01).
Conclusions: In general, the findings of the present study show that performing intense resistance and functional exercises causes a favorable change in the expression of physiological factors related to muscle growth in women. It seems that the effect of intense functional exercises is greater than resistance exercises.
Hamid Moghavemi, Sadegh Abbasian, Mohammad Ali Sardar,
Volume 27, Issue 5 (12-2024)
Volume 27, Issue 5 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Reducing physical activity as well as consuming more calories than the body needs increases obesity and its related disorders, such as metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training (RT) on brain tissue gene expression of AKT2 and insulin resistance in obese Wistar rats.
Methods: 30 male rats weighing 160 to 185 grams were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. After the approval of the obesity protocol of increasing the weight of the rats, which to be more than 300 grams, the rats were divided into three groups, including the control group (n = 10), HIIT group (n = 10), as well as RT group (n = 10). Until the end, the rats continued to eat a high-fat diet. HIIT was performed for eight weeks and five sessions per week, with an intensity of 80 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption on a treadmill. Moreover, RT was performed with an intensity of 40-60% of a maximum repetition on the ladder. After eight weeks of training interventions, the expression level of the AKT2 gene in brain tissue was measured by the real-time PCR method.
Results: The results of the present study demonstrated a significant increase in AKT2 gene expression of HIIT and RT groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results illustrated that the insulin resistance of rats in both training groups was significantly reduced (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: According to the findings of the present research, it could be concluded that HIIT, as well as RT interventions, probably causes an increase in AKT2 gene expression and could be effective in reducing insulin resistance and improving glucose profile.
Maryam Keshvari, Ali Heidarianpour, Farzaneh Chehelcheraghi,
Volume 27, Issue 5 (12-2024)
Volume 27, Issue 5 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The thickness of the molecular and pyramidal layers in the hippocampus represents a pivotal aspect of Alzheimer's research. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming endurance, resistance, and combined exercises on the molecular and pyramidal layers of the hippocampus tissue thickness of Alzheimer's rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 large white Wistar laboratory rats (6 weeks old; Weight 180-200 g) were randomly and equally divided into five groups: healthy control, Alzheimer's control, endurance, resistance, and combined. Alzheimer's disease was induced by intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin chloride (8 mg/kg). Two weeks after the injection and confirmation of Alzheimer's induction, the training protocols of endurance (5-sessions/week, the first to the fourth week incrementally from 5-15-min to 45-min of swimming, the fifth to the twelfth week 60-min of swimming), resistance (5-sessions/week, The first week of familiarization with the exercise, week 2; 30%, week3-5; 70-90%, week6-8; 100-110%, week9-10; 120-130%, and week11-12; 140-150% of body weight), combined (2 resistance sessions/week and three endurance sessions/week) was performed for 12 weeks. Forty-eight hours post-intervention, animals were dissected, and hippocampus tissue was harvested. Finally, the data were analyzed at the significance level of P < 0.05.
Results: The thickness of the molecular and pyramidal layers of the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's animals decreased compared to healthy animals, and all three endurance, resistance, and combined exercise protocols increased layers (P < 0.001). However, the increase in the molecular and pyramidal layers thickness of the hippocampal tissue of combined group rats compared to the endurance and resistance group had a greater increase (P < 0.01).
Conclusions: These findings highlight the changes in the thickness of the hippocampal tissue layers concerning Alzheimer's pathology and the effect of combined exercises on this parameter. While exercise may have positively affected hippocampal volume and synaptic plasticity, more research is needed to fully understand the impact of exercise on hippocampal layer thickness in Alzheimer's.
Reavan Afshar, Masoud Rahmati, Rahim Mirnasouri,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Considering the synthesis and secretion of irisin and BDNF from muscle tissue during exercise and the possible relationship of these factors with improving muscle strength and performance, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of strength training on muscle strength, body fat percentage, irisin, and BDNF in inactive middle-aged women.
Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 20 inactive middle-aged women (mean age 37.70 ± 5.91 years, weight 79.80 ± 5.82 kg) were selected and randomly assigned to two strength training groups (n = 10) and control groups (n = 10). The training group performed 12 weeks of strength training, three sessions per week at an intensity of 65 to 80% of maximum strength. Then, blood samples were taken using ELISA to measure irisin and BDNF. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation test were used to analyze the data. The significance level (P ≤ 0.05) was considered.
Results: Strength training significantly increased serum irisin concentration (P = 0.035) and serum BDNF concentration (P = 0.058) and also considerably decreased body fat percentage (P = 0.058) in middle-aged women. There was also a positive and significant relationship between lower body strength and serum irisin levels (P = 0.040). The Results from the Pearson correlation test indicate a significant positive relationship between BDNF and upper body strength (P = 0.038).
Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it seems that increased secretion of serum irisin and BDNF hormones is related to increased muscle strength following strength training in middle-aged individuals.
Mohammad Ali Gharaat, Sajjad Karami,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Different training methods increase performance capabilities in addition to metabolic changes in body organs. The present study aimed to compare the effect of endurance and strength training on anthropometric indicators, glucose changes, fat metabolism, and irisin levels of young male students.
Methods: Thirty-six obese students (age: 21.19 ± 2.43 years; weight: 88.59 ± 6.20 kg; height: 175.41 ± 12.96 cm; body mass index: 30.45; fat percentage: 25.73%) were randomly placed in one of control, endurance, and strength training groups (n= 12). The strength training group trained for 8 week/3 session/4 sets/10 repetitions/ from 50 to 70% of the one repetition maximum (incremental manner, every 2 weeks), and the endurance training group trained for 30 minutes of aerobic jogging with 60 to 80% heart rate maximum. Plasma irisin, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fat percentage, body mass index, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 0.05.
Results: Body weight (P = 0.03), fat percentage (P = 0.04), and body mass index (P = 0.04) significantly decreased in the post-test of endurance training group. Irisin level in the post-test in the control group had a significant difference with endurance and strength training (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). Insulin in the post-test of the control group was significantly different from the endurance and strength group (P = 0.00 and P = 0.00, respectively). The level of insulin resistance in the post-test of the endurance and strength group had a significant difference compared to the control (P = 0.00 and P = 0.00, respectively).
Conclusions: Eight weeks of aerobic treadmill training and strength training with free weights can improve body composition, increase irisin levels, and reduce insulin resistance in obese male adolescents.
Fateme Tahsinin, Ali Heidarianpour, Elnaz Shokri,
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Volume 28, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Being overweight is associated with increased cortisol secretion, along with heightened anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare the effect of six weeks of concurrent moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with HIIT training alone on body composition, plasma cortisol levels, and anxiety and depression levels in overweight male students.
Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 27 overweight students were selected and randomly divided into three groups 9: MICT+HIIT concurrent training, HIIT training, and a control group. The MICT )15 minutes of exercise per day at 60-65% of maximum heart rate with an additional 5 minutes every two weeks). The HIIT (3 minutes of running at 70-75% of maximum heart rate, followed by 3 minutes of active rest at 50% of maximum heart rate, with three repetitions in the first two weeks, four repetitions in the second two weeks, and five repetitions in the final two weeks).
Results: Both types of training protocols resulted in reductions in weight, body mass index, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, cortisol levels, anxiety, depression, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two types of exercise in terms of effectiveness on these variables; however, only peak oxygen consumption and triglycerides were associated with better changes in the MICT+HIIT group.
Conclusions: For overweight male adolescents aiming for weight loss and improved mental health, HIIT alone is sufficient, and adding MICT does not provide additional clinical benefits.
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