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Introduction: Tuberculosis  is  one  of  the  most  important  health  problems  in  all  around  the  world.  Despite  of  progression  in  effective  treatment, the  disease  reduction  rate  in  countries  in  very  slow  or  ever  in  significant.
Materials  and  Methods: This  research  is  conducted  in  a  descriptive-analytic  method  among  38 hospitalized  patients  at  internal  and  infections  disease services  in  Vali-Asr  hospital (may  97  to  may  98).
Results: 15  men (39%) and  23  women (61%)  were  identified. The  major  population  was  observed  at  age  61-70  and  the  least  over  80  and  under  20  years  old.  The  means  mean  age  was  56.5  years  (SD=185)  and  womens  54 (SD=16).  The  citizens  mean  age  was  47.6  and  country  people  64.6  that  their  difference  is  significant (p=0.01).  the  above  delay  was  observed  3.2  months  for  pulmonary  tuberculosis  (both  smear  positive  and  smear  negative)  and  5.3  months  for  extrapulmonary  tuberculosis, which  were  50%  lymphatic, 20%  bone.  12.5%  pritone  and  female  genital (8 of  38).  70%  were  smear  positive. WBC  were  in  normal  range (3000-10.000)  among  79%. 74%  were  anemic.  The  mens  mean  hemoglobin  was  significant  more  than  in  womens (p=0.03).
Conclusion:  According  to  there  are  not  significant  signs  for  tuberculosis, physician  must  be  more  attention  to  clinical  patient  finding.
 

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Introduction: Inflammatory  bowel  diseases (IBD), including  crohns  disease (CD)  and  ulcerative  colitis (UC), belong  to  the  group  of  inflammatory  disease  with  unknown  origin, which  primarily  involve  the  gastrointestinal  tract  but  also  have  extraintestinal   manifestations.  In  western  studies, an  annual  incidence  of  5-11 in  a  hundred  is  thousands  estimated  and no  similar  epidemiological  studies  have  been  performed  so  far  in  Iran.  In  this  study  our  goal  is  to  determine  the  pattern  of  IBD  and  its  clinical  aspects  in  Arak.
Materials  and Methods: In  this  study  of  20  months  duration (from  april  2000  to  sep  2001), all the  patients  with  suspected  IBD, referred  to  specific  clinics, were  evaluated  by  careful  clinical, paraclinical, colonoscopy  and  histopathological  tests  and  finally  the  diagnosis  of  IBD  was  made  according  to  these  criteria  and  then  the  collected  data  was  statistically  analyzed.
Results: From  the  total  number  of  108  patients , diagnosed  with  IBD, 97  cases  (89.8%)  had  UC  and  (10.2%)  had  CD. From  the  patients  with  Uc, 41 (47.4%)  were  female  and  21 (52.6%)  were  male  and  in  CD  patients, 8  cases  (72.7%)  were  female  and  27.3%  male. 58.8%  of  UC  cases  were  under  40  yars  of  age , in  19  cases  (19.6%)  of  patients  with  UC. The  duration  of  the  disease  was  less  than  a  year. Rectal  involvement  existed  in  all  the  patients  with  UC.  Extraintestinal  manifestations  were  rare  except  anemia.  Patients  with  CD  were  all  under  30  years  old  and  ileocecal  involvement  existed  in  8  of  them  with  major  manifestations  of  malabsorption  syndromes.  Recurrent  fistulas  led  to  2  deaths.
Conclusion: Although this  is  not  a  broad  epidemiological  study, our  effort  eas  to  detect  the  maximum  number  of  patients  with  IBD  and  in  regard  with  19  cases  with  less  than  a  year  history  of  the  disease. The  annual  incidence. Of  IBD  in  Arak  is  estimated  to  be  more  than  3.04%  in  hundred  thousand.  In  the  UC  from  of  IBD.  less  complications  (cancer, stenosis  and  tioxic  colon)  were  found  in  comparison  to  western  studies  and  in  the  case  of  CD, the  prevalence  is  much  lower  but  is  accompanied  by  more  serious  GI  complications.  it  is  likely  that  IBD  is  no  less  prevalent  in  this  region  than  the  west  but  it  is  more  missed  and  undetected  which  can  be  resolved  by  better  evaluation  of  the  patients  upon  admission.

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Introduction: Clinical  education  is  the  most  important  part  of  nursing  and  midwifery  education.  It  is  recognized  as  the  heart of  professional  education. Clinical  education  includes  more  than  half  of  nursing  and  midwifery  education  and  is  the  base  of  acquired  professional  skills  in  students. So  to  improve  the  quality  of  clinical  education  its  condition  must  be  considered.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  descriptive- analytic  study  to  investigate  the  view  of  nursing  and  midwifery  students  about  clinical  education  condition.  The  sample  was  all  of  nursing  and  midwifery  students  in  their  fourth  semester  of  education.  The  data  was  collected  using  a  questionnaire  consisting  of  five  parts: demographic  characteristics, educational  planning, clinical  education  instructor,  the  health  and  medical  care  team  and  educational  equipment  and  space.
Results: The  results  showed  that  most  of  the  students  view  on  educational  planning  was  good  and  moderate (each  38.2%),  on  clinical  instructor  was  moderate (34.4%). On  health  and  medical  care  team  was  bad (50%), and  on  educational  equipment  and  space  was  good (37.2%). The  comparison  of  nursing  and  midwifery  students  view  showed  that  there  was  no  significant  difference  on  educational  planning, clinical  instructor  and  educational  equipment  and  space.
Conclusion: Educational  program  planners  have  to  consider  important  factors  affecting  clinical  education, specially  the  health  and  medical  care  team  and  their  way  of  acting, who  the  majority  of  the  sample  of  this  study  had  a  negative  view  on  them.
 

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Introduction: The  first  hours  after  birth  is  a  critical  for  parent  infant  bonding. Touch of  skin  to  skin  contact  between  the  infant  and  mother  is  necessary  development  of  future  parent  child  attachment, also  increase  mother  care  from  infant.
Materials  and  Methods:  This  research  is  random  clinical  trial, 43  women  is  group  with  skin  to  skin  contact  and  43  women  contact  were  compared. All  of  them  were  primigravida  with  wanted  pregnancy  and  term  newborn. Method  of  collection  data  were  questionnaire  and  check  list.  In  case  group  immediately  after  birth  care, newborn  be  held  with  mother  for  skin  to  skin, eye  to  eye  contact  and  breast  feeding  for  15  minutes. In  control  group  didn’t  so  contacts.  Materred  offectionate  behavior  recorded  during  feeding  in  two  steps.  One  in  post  partum  foeld  and  another  in  mothers  home  after  one  month. The  data  obtained  by  descriptive  statistics  and  T.Test.
Results: The  mean  age  of  group  with  contact  were  20.6%  and  control  group  were  20.34%. 15.2%  of  group  mothers  with  contact  and  53.3%  control  group  mothers  knew  fetus  sex.  In  first  step  before  leaving  the  hospital. The  highest  affectionate  behavior  in  two  groups  related  to  looking  at  infant  and  lowest  to  kissing. T.test  had  significantly  different  in  touching (p=0.01)  and  talking (p=0.02)  in  group  with  contact.  Another  step, was  done  after  one  month  all of  the  mean  affectionate  behavior  in  group  with  contact  were  high  and  the  highest  behavior  related  to  looking  at  the  infant  in  two  groups.
Conclusions: Data  showed  that  maternal  affectionate  behavior  in  group  with  contact  were  higher  than  in  contact  group, first  minutes  and  hours  after  birth  are  critical  periods, and  are  necessary  to  contact  between  mother  and  newborn.

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Introduction: Alimentary  parasitic  infections  are  still  one  of  the  main  problem  in  developing  countries, and  their  relation  with  environmental  factors  are  important.  Since  children  are  more  vulnerable  to  these  infections, in  basic  researchers  this  group  is  more  targeted.
Materials  and  Methods:  This  descriptive-analytical  cross-sectional  study  was  carried  out  on  1-13  years  children  who  were  living  in  Shahrak-e-Valiasr  Arak.  Simple  random  sampling  was  used  for  selecting  385  children.  Three  days  collected  feces  samples  from  each  person  were  examined  using  formaline-ether  concentration  technique. Data  were  analyzed  by  Chi  square  method.
Results:  The  results  showed  a  prevalence  of  42.3%  of  intestinal  parasitic  infections  in the  children. From  these, 17.4%  were  pathogen  parasits. The  highest  prevalence  was  reported  for  Giardia  lambia  (16.6%).  Girls  were  more  infected  than  boys.  The  level  of  infection  was  significantly  increased  by  age. The  prevalence  of  the  infection  was  more  in  orphans  or  in  children  who  had  uneducated  parents.
Conclusion:  Since  date  indicated  of  a  high  prevalence  of  intestinal  parasitic  infections  in  the  children. It  is  suggested  to  use  washed  and  clean  vagetables   and  fruits  and  also  emphasize  on  personal  and  environmental  hygiene.

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Introduction: The  off  response  of  baroreflex  is  mostly  ignored  by  recent  studies.  In  the  present  study  we  aimed  at  assessing  this  during  rest, and  isometric  and  dynamic  exercise.
Materials  and  Methods: 12  young  male  subjects  volunteered  the  study. Using  an  Eckberg  neck  suction device  each  subject  received  a  brief  (10  sec).  about  of  sustained  stimulus  with -50 mm  Hg  pressure  in  the  neck  chamber.  The  workload  incorporated  was  100w  for  dynamic  and  50%  of  maximal  effort  for  isometric  exercise. Electrocardiogram  was  recorded  on  line  R-R  intervals  were  assessed  beat   and  responsed  cardiac  response. This  was  significant  at  all  three  states.
Results: on  the  average, the  peak  off-response  tachycardia  occurred  earlier (3^rd  sec).  in  exercise  tests  as  compared  with  that  of  rest (5^th  sec). the  intensity  of  tachycardia  was  more  prominent  at  rest, isometric  exercise, and  dynamic  exercise, respectively  and  the  difference  between  rest  and  dynamic  exercise  gained  significance (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The  attenuation  of  so  called  post  vagal  tachycardia  during  exercise  is  in  accordance  with  the  assumed  reduction  of  vagal  tone  during  exercise.

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Introduction: The  purpose  of  this  research  is  to  examine  depression  rate  in  nursing, midwifery  and  health  students  and  its  relation  with  individual  perception  about  being  religious  in  Hormozgan  University  of  Medical  Sciences  and  Health  Services.
Materials  and  Methods: In  this  study  299  students (105  male  and  194  female)  were  examined  with  non-random  and  easy  sampling  method. They  examine  with  Beck  Depression  Test  and  Alport  Religious  Guidance.
Results: On  the  basis  of  Beck  Depression  Test  55.5%  were  without  depression, 32.1%  mild  depression, 11%  moderate  depression  and  1.3%  sever  and  very  sever  depression. Also  with  use  of  two  dimension  Alport  Religious  Guidance, 8.7%  of  subjects  had  external  and  91.3%  internal  religion.  On  the  basis  of  other  classification  of  Alport  Religious  Guidance  70.9%  of  subjects  had  high, 21.4%  moderate  and  7.7%  low  religion.  By  the  means  of  x2  Test  it  shows  the  rate  of  depression  between  girls  and  boys  have  not  significant  difference (p>0.05). In  order  to  access  relationship  between  the  rate  of  depression  and  religious  viewpoint, Pearson  Correlation  Test  was  used  that  results  show  that  it  is  reverse  correlation  between  them. So  that  with  increased  religious  viewpoint  the  rate  of  depression  was  decreased (r=-0.6, p<0.05)
Conclusion: In  low  religion  subjects, the  rate  of  depression  was  more  than  religion  subjects.

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Introduction: Rubella  is  a  self limited  viral  disease. But  in  pregnant  woman  it  can  produvce  congenital  rubella  syndromes  with  multiple  fetal  defects.  Mothers  immunity  is  made  by  the  disease  or  vaccination.  In  advanced  countries  against  rubella  is  done  by  government.  However  in Iran  rubella n vaccination  is  not  recommended  for  all  health  organization.  This  study  is  done  for  the  determination  of  immunity  against  rubella  in  women  before  marriage.
Materials  and  Methods: In  this  study T women  referring  to  medical  lab  for  screening  of  thalassemia  are  selected  as  the  subjects  of  the  research, the  blood  of  the  subjects  was  analyzed  to  check  their  immunity  for  rubella  by  the  use  of  ELISA (Radim  kit), their  rubella immunity  was  determined.  In this  study  1563  samples  were  under  investigation, the  research  was  in  the  form of descriptive  study  and  sampling  was  done  simple  randomely.
Results: In  this  study  among  1563  samples, 80.2%  (1256  samples)  were  immune  against  rubella  and  among  19.8%  (309  samples)  were  sensitive  for  rubella.  As  a  result  there  was  a  positive  significant  relationship  between  age  and  immunity (p=0.00058). But  there  was  not  a  significant  relationship  between  level  of  education, place  of  living  and  immunity.
Conclusion: Considering  the  results  of  this  study  it  is  concluded  that  vaccination  against  rubella  in  childhood  can  be  useful, and  has  a  positive  effect  against  rubella. If  there  is  finitial  limitation  for  this  vaccination  it  is  recommended  for  high  school  girls.

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Introduction: Continuing  medical  education  of  physician  society  as  a  part  of  human  power  education  is  specially  important. For  change  in  methods  of  behavior, reasoning  and  professional  culture  so  study  the  level  of  physicians  motivation  in  them  for  entering  in  programs  in  necessary.
Materials  and  Methods: To  determine  relation  of  7  criteria;  as  motivation  factors  consist  of  convenience , relevance, individualization, self-assessment, interest, speculation  and  systematic  has  into  reliability  determined  0.68. sample  capacity  has  been  360  province  in  Markazi  province  that  and  analyzed  by  chi2  Test  and  software  of  SPSS.
Results: This  research  showed  a  meaningful  relation  between  all  of  the  criteria  and  s=establish  motivation  in  physicians (p<0.0001) . coefficient  of  correlation  has  been  0.846  in  individualization, 0.809  in  convenience, 0.605  in  relevance, 0.523  in  speculation, 0.509  in  systematic, 0.491  in  self-assessment , 0.483  in  creation  of  interst.
Conclusions:  This  research  showed  that  creation  of  motivation  will  be  more  if  physician  given  partnership  and  express  their  opinion  programs  and  time  and  place  of  program  be  more  suitable.

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Introduction: Neisseria  gonorrhoeae  is  a  gram  negative  diplococci  belong  to  family  neisseriacae  and  is  causative  agent  of  gonorrheae.  Culture  and  antibiograme  of  this  bacteria  is  done  lower  than  other  cases  and  determination  rate  of  MIC  in  this  bacteria  is  inly  done  in  reference  laboratories.  The  goal  of  this  study  id  introducing  a  relationship  which  in  studied  population, MIc  more  easily  and  eithout  doing  complex  technical  examinations  is  placed  available  for  physicians.
Materials  and  Methods: In  this  research  on  50  cases  of  Neisseria  gonorrhoeae  isolated  from  patients  with  gonorrhoeae  antibiograme  test  were  done  and  then  for  every  antibiotic  discs  the  zone  of  inhibition  were  measured.  Then  on  the  basis  of  instructions  of  NCCL  for  four  antibiotics  were  planed  to  this  disease (penicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycine  and  ceftriaxone) MIc  on  GC  agar  medium  were  measured  and  between  zone  of  inhibition  as  an  independent  variable  and  MIC  as  a  dependent  variable  linear  regression  is  seen  which  from  this  line  equation  can  understand  how  is  the  relation  between  MIc  and  zone  of  inhibition. It  means  that  wether  this  relationship  is  direct  or  reverse?
Results: The  findings  show  that  in  all  antibiotics  the  relationship  between  zone  of  inhibition  and  MIc  are  negative (reverse)  and  regression  coefient  for  first  three  antibiotics  have  (p<0.0001)  and  for  fourth  antibiotics  has  (p<0.001).
Conclusions: It  means  that  with  probability  less  than  0.0001  for  penicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycine  and  probanility  less  than  0.001  for  ceftriaxone  can  estimate  the  counter  effect  pf  zone  of  inhibition  and  MIc  in  studied  population.
 

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Introduction: Lower  gastrointestinal  bleeding (GIB)  as  well  as  upper  GIB, is  one  of  the  most  common  causes  of  patients  referral  to  surgen  and  internist. From  patients  view, nothing  is  as  terrible  as  bleeding  from  mouth  or  anus.  Lower  GIB  may  be  benign  or  malignant, simple  or  complex. Bleeding  may  be  occult  with  further  weakness, or  it  may  be  severe  and  lead  to  death.  So  lower  GIB   work  up  from  etiological  point  of  view  is  mandatory.
Materials  and  Methods:  This  was  an  observational  and  descriptive-analytic  study, performed  from  Jul, 23, 2000  to Aug,11, 2001.  In  this  study, we  evaluated  patients  with  gross  rectorrhagia  referred  to  aspecial  clinics, by  history  taking, physical  examination, anoscopy, rectosigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy  and  barium  enema.
Results: From  the  total  number  of  580  cases  who  completed  the  study, 55.0%  were  male  and  44.8%  female . 401/3%  had  constipation  and  rectorrhagia, 14.7% had  chronic  diarrhea  with  rectorrhagia  and  45%  had  rectorrhagia  with  normal  bowel  habits.  From  etiological  point  of  view , 20%  of  patients  had  hemorrhoid , 12.4%  had  anal  fissures, 10.2%  had  inflammatory  bowel  disease  (IBD), 9.65%  had  polyps, 3.1%  had  infective  pocititis  and  30.4%  were  unknown  causes.
Conclusion: Gross  rectorrhagia  is  relatively  common  cause  of  GIB. Although  most  of  the  lesions  were  of  benign  nature. in  this  study, because  of  serious  complications  and  high  morbidity  and  mortality, IBD, colonic  polyps  and  cancer  must  be  ruled  out  with  complete  work  up.

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Introduction: Asthma  is  one  of  the  most  chronic  long  disease  of  childhood  that  caused repeated  admitting  in  hospital  &  school  day  lost.  Asthma  identifies  with  recurrent  attack  of  cough, dyspnea  &  wheezing. The  goals of  treatment  are  relief  of  Acute symptoms, prevention  or  diminish  the  frequency  of  recurrent  symptoms  maintain  normal  pulmonary  functions  &  maintain  normal  activity  level.
Materials  and  Methods: In  our  study, all  patients  with  final  diagnosis  of  asthma  that  hospitalized  in  Amir-Kabir  hospital  from  79.1.1  to  80.1.30  evaluated.
Results: first  line  drugs  that  used  Aminophylline (62%), antibiotics 56%, corcosteriod 42%, inhaled  salbutamol 14% and  oral  salbutamol  0.6%. others  that  used  in  the  period  of  treatment  according  to  prevalence  are  antibiotics  85% , aminophylline  74%, corticosteroid  5%, oral  salbutamol  40%, adrenaline  31%, inhaled  salbutamol  24%  & theophylline_G 14%.  Most  of  clinicians  use  aminophylline  instead  of  beta  agonist, Only  14%. patients  receive  inhaled  salbutamol  in  the  first  line.
Conclusion: There  findings  reflect  inappropriate  therapy  of  asthma. It  seems that  little  knowledge  of  clinicians  about  new  medical methods, absence  of  new  drugs  and  little  knowledge  of  patients  &  their family  of  patients  and  their  norriment  about  use  of  inhaled  drug, are  basic  problems.  That’s  logical, that  education  of  clinicians  &  patient  their  parents, explanation  the  mandatory  of  preparation  of  new  drugs  &  proper  device  to  manages  can  resolve  their problems.

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Chemical weapons are among the most violent weapons of mass destruction used during wars. Unfortunately, these dreaful weapons were frequently used by Iraq against Iranian soldiers during Iran-Iraq war, so that we are still witnessing the late onset consequence of the exposure to these weapons among their victims. Regarding the fact that the usage of chemical weapons is a threat against humanity with many hazardous effects which tend to appear even after years of exposure, it seems very important to have a complete and correct undestanding about the nature of these gasses in order to gain more information about the clinical pictures of their victims leading to a better approach to the management of there patients. The present article in the result of thorough review and analysis to the textbooks articles and papers published in the last two decades. There are minor and major complications associated with the exposure to these lethal gasses, ranging from simple medical problems like skin colour changes to more serious conditions such as severe ophthalmologic and pulmonary injuries and malignancies. There complications are reviewed in two separate categories (regarding early onset as late onsent complications) in this article.

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Introduction: The existence of acoustic trauma secondary to drill noise during chronic ear surgeries has not yet been clearly demonestrated. This investigation aims to document the hearing loss that occures in patients who underwent mastoidectomy.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-three (38 male and 25 female) consecutive patients (11-57 years) who underwent modified radical mastoidectomy were included. In a concurrent clinical trial design, we measured bone conduction thresholds before and after (1 week and 1 month) operation on both sides.
Bone conduction thresholds were assessed in 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 Hz frequencies.
Results: Paired-test results showed a satistically significant temporary (TTS) and permanent threshold shifts (PTS) were occured in the 2000-4000 Hz region for operated (on addition to 1000 Hz) and non-operated ears, but clinically PTSs were not remarkable and TTSs were important only for operated ear (P<0.05). The correlation between duration of noise exposure and magnitude of threshold shift was only significant in operated ear in 2000-4000 Hz region (P<0.05).
Conclusion: We could not demonestrate any permanent hearing loss caused by drill-generated noise, but resultant noise is able to produce TTS in the operated ear in 2000-4000 Hz region. We found poor relationship between duration of noise exposure and magnitude of threshold shifts.

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluting of salivary estriollevel in hospitalized women with diagnosis of preterm labor.
Materials and Methods: This was an analytic observationat investigation. During this study, salivary estriol specimens were obtained from 43 women at 24 to 34 weeks 6 days gestational age with symptoms of preterm lab or .We compared maternal salivary estriollevels between case group with preterm labor.
Results: This study showed that the mean of salivary estriollevels in 31, 32, 33, 34 weeks in case group were higher than control group. Reciever-operator curve showed that exceeding a 0.1875 ng/ml salivary estriollevel was associated with occurrence of preterm delivery.
Conclusion: This study showed a wide range of salivary estriollevels in different pregnants and this distinction became more extent with lengthening gestation. Detection of increased estriollevel may be clinically helpful in defining at risk woman for preterm birth.

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Introduction: Sympathetic skin response (SSR) is a central, polysynaptic process which is attributed to sympathetic sudomotor activity. The descinding pathway presents spinal sympathetic system to sweat glands of hands and feets skin. The glands which are affected in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD).
Materials and Methods: In present study, SSRs were recorded from left hands of 62 adult healthy subjects and 12 affected hands of RSD patients in relaxed, supine position at room temperature. Recording were performed by a pair of silver cup electrodes (1cm2) after stimulation of contralateral median nerve at volar aspect of wrist, all connected to a polygraph (physiograph, Narco, USA) to record at least five stimulation recording prosedure in each subject.
Results: Comparison of mean latency, amplitude, duraion and shape of responses in RSD 'patients with normal control group showed significant differences between duration and amplitudes (P=0.0007 and P=0.0001) while the latencies were not different and the shape of responses were mostly biphasic in both RSD and normal group.
Conclusion: Hyperactivities of SSRs in RSD patients are due to sudomotor changes of skin resistance, the SSR may also play a role in the quantitive evaluation of patients with suspected RSD.

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Introduction: Nausea and vomiting are a common manifestation in anatomic and functional disorders and these are current complication after general anesthesia and are unpleasent and with secondary complication. Nausea and vomiting are the most common complications after general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: In this study we compared three methods which one of them is droperidol with other methods consisting of IV metoc1opramide and placebo. This controlled study was done in teaching Vali Asr hospital. Total number of patient was 300. Type of sampling was random. Type of operation was laparatomy and all of them had general anesthesia. We divided them in three equal groups (droperidol group, metoclopramide group and placebo group). In this study we used from history and examination and we finished puzzles and we use from statistication. Results: We concluded that there is valuable difference between metoclopramide and droperidol group (with considering P=0.000). The results were shown that: droperidol is more effective than metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative vomiting after abdominal surgery. Conclusion: With comparison of these data we fined that droperidol is a suggestive and valuable method also effective method in preventing postoperative vomiting. Also finding were shown that there isn't a meaning relation between age the kind of abdominal surgery and postoperative vomiting.

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Introduction: Saffron (crocus sativus L.), an important spice rich in carotenoids, is used in folk medicine to treat numerous diseases. This study examines the effects of saffron consumption on innate and humoral immunity of healthy male students.
Materials and Methods: 41 healthy volunteered university students in two control and case groups were included in this study and consumed respectively milk and milk containing saffron for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the subjects at weeks 0, 3 and 6. Innate immunity was evaluated by determining the percentage and counts of monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, platelets and the total white cells, CRP concentration and C3 and C4 concentrations and humoral immunity was assessed by deterning the percentage of lymphocytes and the concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA.
Results: Three weeks after saffron consumption, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration increased significantly (P<0.05, P=0.01). Total white blood cells and platelets count also reduced significantly (P<0.05). After 6 weeks, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration reduced significantly (P<0.05, P< 0.001) and platelets count increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared with week 3.
Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that saffron consumption enhances innate and humoral immunity systems and has anti-inflammatory effects. These effects depending on the duration of saffron consumption.

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Introduction: Compensatory renal growth (CRG) is growth of the remaining functional nephrons and interstitium alter some nephrous have been surgically removed or damaged due to disease. This growth includes the increase of kidney weight caused by hepertrophy and hyperplasia. Although uremic patients are often treated with growth hormone (GH), it is thought that GH may actually increase the degree of renal hypertrophy and the progress of CRG to the scarring and therefore accelerate renal failure. The aim was ultrastructural study of the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on the renal tubulointerstitial changes following 5/6 nephrectomy (SNX).
Materials and Methods: For this 48 rats from mule Lewis and Dwarf Lewis rats strains were used. Each strain was divided to control, control+rhGH, SNX and SNX+rhGH groups. Dwarf rats strain have only 10% of circulating GH compared to the normal strain one month later the rats were injected with exogenous growth hormone (thGH) or saline two times per day for 30 consecutive days.
Results: The results showed tubular basement membranes was partially thickened in control thGH group and it was too thickened and multi-layered in the SNX groups. Tubular basement membrane was too thickened in the SNX-TGH group in compared to SNX only. Many of Convoluted tubules lost their apical architecture and mitochondria often appeared damaged and cytoplasm contained increased numbers of lysosomes. After SNX areas of focal fibrosis were common. These areas were become infiltrated with modified fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were present. The interstitium become filled with extracellular fibres and amorphous material.
Conclusion: It is evident that many of these changes were made more sever by treatment with thGH in both strains following SNX. So it seems GH caused more synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and ultrastructural changes of the renal tubulointerstitial.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pneumococcal infections, to determine penicillin and ceftriaxone susceptibility pattern among Streprococcus pneumoniae and to evaluate the risk factors of acquisition of pneumococcal infections in patients of Sari hospitals.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective study during one year (2002-2003), all patients admitted with pneumococcal infections in teaching and non-teaching hospitals were included. Diagnosis of pneumococcal infection was performed based on positive microbiological and appropriate clinical and standard laboratory findings. MICs of penicillin and ceftriaxone were determined by Agar dilution method and interpreted by NCCLS methodology. For statistically analysis Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used and P<0.05 was defined statistically significant.
Results: Seventy five episodes of pneumococcal infections among 32 pediatric patients and 43 adults were identified. The pattern of Streprococcus pneumoniae infections were similar between children and adults, and the most common infections were pneumonia (65.3%) and bacteremia (24%). The rate of penicillin and ceftriaxone nonsusceptible Streprococcus pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients was higher than that in adult patients (93.8% versus 53.4%, P<0.01). This finding was correlated to prior penicillin use that was more common in children (37.5%) than in adults (7%). P=0,001. The susceptibility pattern of Streprococcus pneumoniae to penicillin and ceftriaxone isolated form pediatric patients and adults was different (6.2% from children, 46.6% in adults, P=0.0009). Eighty four percent of adults and 6.2% of pediatric patients had major underlying diseases (P<0.0001). This findings explain why adult patients tended to run higher mortality (30.2%) than children (6.8%).
Conclusion: This survey emphasis on vaccination of young children and elderly with major underlying diseases to prevent pneumococcal infections.