Background: Risky behaviours are defined as behaviours that cause bad and unpleasant outcomes. Risky behaviours result in the incidence of accident in the workplace. The aim of this study was to determine workers’ risky behaviours associated with safety and health in SAIPA Car Manufacturing Company, Iran.

Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study using randomized quota sampling, 302 workers exposed to the incidence of accidents were selected. Data were collected concurrently by trained safety experts using self-fulfilment researcher-made questionnaire and direct observation. Validity and reliability of the data collection tool was determined prior to the study.

Results: The findings revealed that low back pain, hand pain, leg pain, and respiratory diseases as the most common diseases with 86.4, 58.9, 40, and 33% prevalence rates, respectively. The maximum prevalence rates of unsafe and unhealthy behaviours were 66 and 57% , respectively. In general, unsafe behaviours were higher among shift workers, especially night shift workers (p<0.001). Unhealthy behaviours were higher among assembling line staff, welders, retouching staff, technicians, wet painters, and production line workers (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The relatively high prevalence of unsafe and unhealthy behaviours necessitates intervention for controlling and preventing work injuries and, as a result, reduction of musculoskeletal and respiratory diseases, especially with regards to more prevalent behaviours and related sectors and high risk subgroups.

Background: Today, global concerns about water pollution with chemicals and its adverse impact on health have increased. This study aims to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of water treated through domestic water treatment systems.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, water samples were collected from 60 domestic water treatment systems and parameters, such as turbidity, total dissolved and suspended solid, total hardness and calcium, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, total alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, sulfate, nitrite and fluoride, EC, pH, and free chlorine residuals, were examined.

Results: The results indicate that the average concentration of chemical parameters in treated water were: chloride=0.1mg/L, nitrate=0.006mg/l, sulfate=5 mg/l, Nitrate=15mg/L, bicarbonate=49 mg/L, calcium hardness=18 mg/L, and fluoride=0 mg/l.

Conclusion: The overall results of this study indicated that the use of municipal water treatment reduced Cl2, sulfate, and bicarbonate concentrations than the optimal levels in urban areas water. However, nitrite concentration was significantly higher in the output of these systems than distribution systems, which is a source of concern.

Background: Heavy menstrual bleeding is one of the leading causes of low quality of life and iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age. This study was conducted to compare the therapeutic effects of mefenamic acid and the hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica on the volume of bleeding in heavy menstrual bleeding.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 90 women with heavy menstrual bleeding were selected and after a control cycle for evaluating the primary bleeding volume, using Excel software, were randomly allocated to Urtica dioica or control groups. Both groups were subjected to mefenamic acid treatment with 500 mg every 8 hours, from the first day to the end of bleeding, up to seven days, for two consecutive cycles. In Urtica dioica group, in addition to mefenamic acid, Urtica dioica capsules, five per day, two in the morning, two at noon, and one at night (every eight hours), from the first day to the end of bleeding, up to seven days, were prescribed. In the control group, instead of Urtica dioica capsules, placebo of Urtica dioica was prescribed with the same order. Data on the amount of bleeding (using PLBAC chart) was checked and compared by SPSS software.

Results: The amount of bleeding before and after treatment, between and within groups, was compared. The obtained results showed that the amount of bleeding reduced significantly in both groups after treatment (p=0.001). The reduction of bleeding amount in the Urtica dioica group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p=0.010).

Conclusion: It seems the extract of Urtica dioica can be effective in reducing the amount of bleeding in women of reproductive age with heavy menstrual bleeding. This drug, due to its short course of prescription, fewer side effects, and not having hormonal effects, seems to be an effective drug for treating heavy menstrual bleeding.

Background: Load lifting is the most stressful activity of the Manual Material Handling and can trigger of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of workers. Purposes of this study are determining the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, assessment lifting tasks by NIOSH lifting equation method, ergonomic design and assessment of its effectiveness.

Materials and Methods: This analytical and interventional study was performed on 30 workers in a Porcelain Health Manufacturing industry in Hamadan. Assessment of lifting tasks by NIOSH lifting equation and determining the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders by Nordic questionnaire was conducted. Then, construction steps and determination of the effectiveness of ergonomic design was conducted.

Results: The results showed that the most frequent musculoskeletal disorders related to back. Results of the lifting index (LI) showed that the risk of lifting load in before intervention is high (greater than 3). This value after the conducting of ergonomic intervention (load-carrying cart) decreased to moderate level (between 1 to 3). The relationship of risk average amount before and after interventions were significant (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Load-carrying cart designed with shelves capable of moving vertically up and down has considerable role in safe making of lifting tasks and probability of reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and lumbar injuries will bring in the near future.

Background: SLC26A4 gene mutations are the second currently identifiable genetic cause of autosomal recessive non syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) after GJB2 mutations. In databases, several potential STR markers related to this region have been introduced. In this investigation, the identity and informativeness of D7S2459 CA repeat STR marker in SLC26A4 gene region was examined in five ethnic groups of the Iranian population.

Materials and Methods: The research study was accomplished by genotyping the locus in 165 individuals of five different ethnic groups including Fars, Azari, Torkaman, Gilak and Arab using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. In this study, results were analyzed by GeneMarker HID Human STR Identity software, GenePop program and Microsatellite Tools software.

Results: Analysis of the allelic frequency revealed the presence of 8 alleles for D7S2459 marker in the Iranian population. Among all, allele 148bp at the D7S2459 locus with 31% frequency was the most frequent. The Azari ethnic with 84.8% observed heterozygosity was the highest among all ethnic groups. Finally, analysis of PIC value revealed that D7S2459 marker could be considered as a highly informative marker in each ethnic of the Iranian population (PIC value above 0.7).

Conclusion: Our data suggested that D7S2459 could be introduced as a highly informative marker in molecular diagnosis of SLC26A4 based ARNSHL by Linkage analysis.

Background: Today, with raised use of antibiotics and prevalence of resistant strains, there is need for antimicrobial drugs that have fewer side effects than antibiotics. Rosmarinus officinalis is a medicinal plant which had many uses in traditional medicine. In this study, methanol leave extract of this plant is tested on various pathogens.

Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, Rosmarinus officinalis was used to evaluate its antimicrobial effects. Methanol leave extract of this plant with concentrations of 400, 200, 100, and 50 mg/ml were prepared, and antibacterial activities were evaluated by well diffusion method on strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the microplate method.

Results: In this study, the most efficacy of thanol extract of rosemary leaves was at concentration of 400 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract on the growth of these bacteria showed changes from 6.25 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml. Also MBC  of extract showed range  from 12.5 to 200 mg/ml respectively.

Conclusion: It was found that rosemary methanol extract inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but did not inhibit of Bacillus cereus growth.

Background: Lavandula officinalis has anti-anxiety and sedative properties. In the present study, the antidepressant effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Lavandula officinalis in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in male mice was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 72 male mice were randomly divided into 9 groups of 8: Negative and positive control groups received normal saline (10 ml/kg), fluoxetine (20mg/kg) and imipramine (30mg/kg) respectively and treatment groups received extracts of Lavandula officinalis (100,200 and 400 mg/kg). Immobility, swimming and climbing behaviors were recorded during 6-min.

Results: Lavandula officinalis extracts (except the aqueous extract at a dose of 100 in FST) compared to control group significantly and dose dependently reduced the duration of immobility time a both of tests (p<0.001).Also, these extracts (except the aqueous extract at a dose of 100 in FST) significantly and dose dependably increased swimming time (p<0.001) without significant change of climbing time.

Conclusion: Lavandula officinalis has considerable antidepressant-like effect and their effect similar to fluoxetine.

Background: According to the toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis leading to loss of central vision, corneal opacity, tearing, photophobia, and is, therefore early treatment is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of toxoplasmic retinochoroditis clindamycin in comparison with conventional therapy (oral drug) was performed.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, target population was all patients with the toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis referred to clinics in ophthalmology Arak city, that stratified randomly into two groups, interventional group “A” was received treatment with intravitreal injection clindamaycin " and control group “B” was received standard oral treatment (Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine and clindamaycin). Tool for data gathering was questionnaires and medical records of patients in which visual acuity based on the Senllene Chart and retinal thickness with use tomography layers of the retina (OCT). Results of measurement were recorded by specialist retina before and after intervention (weekly and monthly until complete resolution of lesions in retina) during one year. The data entered into the SPSS 16 software and after matching age &sex of patients, was final analysis the using descriptive and inferential tests such as t-test was performed.

Results: Of the 26 patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroditis, 16 (61.5%), urban and number 10 (38.5%) were rural. The average improvement in visual acuity between the two groups in mean time to lesion healing (A) and (B) was different. The visual acuity in before and after treatment (separation of treatment) was significant difference in both groups (p<0.05). Also central macular thickness (in patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroditis) between before and after treatment in each group was different (p= 0.001), but the changes mean central macular thickness (in cases of toxoplasmic retinochoroditis) There was no significant difference between treatments (p=0.452).

Conclusion: Although any two methods of treatment are effective, but intravitreal injection clindamaycin method due to shorter lesion healing time and increase higher visual acuity, is better than the alternative similar way .

Background: Although miR-124 molecule has been known as an inducer of neurogenesis, few researches have been done on the targets of this molecule and its functional mechanisms in differentiation toward neurons and maintaining neuronal state. The microarray technique has been established as the reference method for studying the genes under the control of miRNAs. However, the high cost of this method has hampered its use in most research centers. On the other hand, the improvement of bioinformatical algorithms and computer modeling systems has led to the development of the bioinformatical softwares that can predict mRNA targets for miRNAs. Therefore, the aim of this theoretical study was to bioinformatically evaluate the effect of miR-124 on transcription factors that can be involved in neurogenesis and neuronal cell amplification, by using various specific softwares. Materials and Methods: Using different algorithms in TargetScan, DIANA and miRWalk databases, the potential transcription factors targets of miR-124 were identified. Then, a score table was prepared from the candidate genes, based on the affinity of the seed region of miR-124 and the number of targets in the 3`-UTR region of transcription factors. Finally, transcription factors with higher scores were chosen as candidates for practical analysis.

Results: The results of bioinformaical analysis showed that the LAMC1, ITGB1, PTBP1, SOX9, SP1, and EFNB1 molecules are the most potential factors that might be affected by miR-124 during neurogenesis.

Conclusion: It seems that transcription factor SP1 is under the control of the miR-124 and plays a crucial role in neurogenesis process. Therefore, this protein can be considered as a suitable new candidate for experimental evaluation.

Background: Mir-210 is proangiogenic microRNAis endothelial cells. This microRNA, causes the repression of some genes and proteins target so cause angiogenesis process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Mir-210 and EphrinA3 receptor genes expression in soleus muscles of male rats.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Twelve Wistar male rats(ageof eightweeks, average weight of 210.5±9.77)were randomly divided into exercise(n=6)and control (n=6) groups. High Intensity Interval Training was formed five days a week for eight weeks to taly including three Intervals (four minutes with an intensityof 90 to 100%VO2max and two minutes with an intensityof 50 to 60%VO2max).24 hours after exercise protocol, the rats were dissected and separated soleusmuscle. Mir-210 and EphrinA3receptor genes expression was performed by Real Time-PCRtechnique. Mir-210 and EphrinA3receptor genes expression were calculated by using the2∆∆CT and in dependentt-test to determine the significance of variables.

Results: Results showed that HIIT there had no significant effects on Mir-210 gene expression (p=0.16) Whe ars EphrinA3 gene expression in the exercise group was statistically significant (p=0.000).

Conclusion: It seems that a non-significant increase of Mir-210 and reduce in EphrinA3 gene expres sion, causes proangiogenic Operation ofendothelial cells and an increase in VO2max of rats following eight weeks of HIIT performance can be due to increased angiogenesis process.

Background: Nowadays, with the development of drug resistance, the use of herbs as an alternative to chemical drugs is considered by researchers. In this work, effects of Aloe vera extracts on clinical isolates was studied.

Materials and Methods: Aloe vera plant medicinal plants were obtained from a greenhouse. Three extracts including essential oils, extracts and no essential oils and essential oil extraction method also includes a complete extract of Aloe vera were prepared Percolation total. To investigate Microbiology extracts of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical strain of Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 were used as well. Evaluate the effect of two methods: Kirby-Bauer disk with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed using microplate dilution. Turbidity was determined by an ELISA reader apparatus.

Results: All extracts of aloe vera on Klebsiella with a diameter of 32±2 mm mg/ml 285.7 concentration with microplate dilution method was 2.23 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus and MIC zone diameter of 30±2 mm and mg/ml 2.23, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli mg/ml4.46 mm 17.85 mm 30±5 mg/ml 17.85 respectively. Similar concentration of 17.85 mg ml Aloe Vera with a circle formed by the disk mc/ml 10 gentamicin was shown. This effect is similar to other bacteria antibiotics gentamicin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and Cefixime compared with Aloe Vera extract has been proven. Essential oils made from all parts of the same whole extract of aloe vera, but not essential extracts, bacteria studied were ineffective.

Conclusion: In this study the effects of similarity and some excess water Asrsarh Aloe Vera with common antibiotics on bacteria causing the infection was confirmed. Therefore, by production of appropriate pharmaceutical plant drugs with fewer side effects, bacterial infections couled be treated properly.

Background: Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders which ultimately results in the death of their victims. They are caused by structural transformation of cellular prion (PrPC) to its &beta-rich and anomalous isoform (PrPSc) and the accumulation of amyloid fibrillar deposits in the central nervous system. The precise mechanism underling this conversion is yet to be well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of non physiological temperatures on the misfolding mechanism of the human prion protein.

Materials and Methods: The crystal structure of human prion protein (90-231), (PDB code: 2Lej) in pdb format was used as a starting structure in this study. Three model structures of this coordinate structure were used separately to simulate PrPC at 27 , 37 and 47 . Molecular dynamic simulations were then performed using double-precision MPI version of GROMACS 4.5.5 for 10 ns and the results were analyzed using SPSS software, SPDBV and VebLab programs.

Results: The change of temperature from 37 to 27 or 47 induced significant structural changes to PrPC. These tempratures caused PrPC to attain a more folded and less flexible tertiary structure compared to its native structure at 37 . They, also, reduce protein-solvent hydrogen bonds and therefore increasing access of hydrophobic solvent to PrPC which may be behind the lower water solubility of PrPC and its increased resistance to proteolytic degradations.

Conclusion: This study shows that changes of temperatures accelerate structural changes of PrPC and reduce its solubility while rendering it vulnerable to transition into PrPSc.

Background: Obesity, the most common health problem, can result in the incidence of many chronic diseases. genetic and environmental factors can affect its incidence. Differences in the population of gut microbiota in lean and obese subjects and interaction between them, has led to a field of investigation about the effects of intestinal microbiota in the obesity occurrence. In the other hand, the use of functional foods has been shown positive effects in the prevention of obesity. This study was aimed to assess the differences between gut microbiota in obese and normal people, their roles in energy homeostasis and the mechanisms of probiotics and prebiotics in the management of obesity.

Materials and Methods: All articles indexed in the valid scientific data bases published between 2000 And 2014 were Searched and reviewed using probiotics, prebiotics, obesity and gut microbiota as key words and results were examined.

Results: A group of gut microbiota facilitates energy extraction from the diet that results in fat storage in adipose tissues. bacteroidetes as a residing bacterial in the gut is in fewer amount, inversely, firmicutes as another residing bacterial is in higher amount in obese people, and it changed in lean individuals, inversely. Differences in the extraction of energy in subjects were attributed to differences in the composition in gut microbiota. archaea ‌species that resident in the gut involved in energy homeostasis through increasing the ability of fermentation, electron production and removing the energy. In addition to, the probiotic and prebiotic supplements have roles in the prevention of obesity via stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria, production of short chain fatty acids, modulating the secretion of hormones involved in energy homeostasis.

Conclusion: Further studies are needed to identify the specific probiotic bacteria and other effective functional foods in management of obesity.

Background: Nanomaterials have gained increasing attention because of their novel properties, including a large specific surface area and high reaction activity. This study was designed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of CuO nanopaticles on brain, spleen, and embryo NMRI pregnant mice.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, forty two female NMRI mice of (weighting 30±3.0 g) were randomly divided into six groups (four experimental groups, one sham group and one control group).The experimental mice on days 3 and 12 of pregnancy received CuO nanoparticle with concentrations 50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection. On day 17 pregnancy, brain, spleen and fetus weights were measured.Tissues for histopathological evaluation were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Results: Based on the macroscopic observations of embryos weight with increasing concentration of nanoparticle compared to control reduces its toxicity increased (p&le0.05). Spleen only at concentration of 600 mg/kg showed significant changes compared to control (p&le0.05). Histopathologic examination on brain and spleen following IP administration of CuO nanoparticle showed signs of cytotoxicity (congestion, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, vacuolar degeneration) and (congestion, necrosis, increased hemosiderin) compared to control group, respectively.

Conclusion: The present study clearly showed that CuO-NPs can produce the histopathological abnormalities on brain and spleen tissues of NMRI mice in a dose-dependent manner.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens with high mortality rates. OprD is the major resistance mechanism to carbapeneme antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of the genes encoding these efflux pumps using qRT-PCR.

Materials and Methods: This study examined 100 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients admitted to various hospitals in the Hamedan. Conventional phenotypic tests were used for identifying the 100 collected samples, then 31 samples were selected based on type of collected specimen and antibiotic susceptibility test i.e. antibiotic disk diffusion method performed for aminoglycoside, quinolone and carbapenem antibiotics. Furthermore, MIC method was performed for imipenem. Finally, RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA for determining the efflux pump genes expression using qRT-PCR.

Results: Among 8 selected antibiotics, the greatest resistance was for levofloxacin (61.2%, n=19) and the lowest one for imipenem (9.6%, n=3). The results of MIC were to imipenem 12 samples (38.7%) resistant, 13 samples (41.93%) intermediate, and 6 samples (19.35%) sensitive. The OprD gene was present in all strains but different expression has been observed. The strains with over expression of OprD gene showed high sensitivity towards carbapenems family antibiotics especially imipenem.

Conclusion: Identifying of bacterial resistance mechanisms is very complicated and extensive due to different mechanisms involved for similar antibiotics. OprD is main cause of attachment to the carbapenems family antibiotics. The more expression of OprD shows the more antibiotic sensitivity.

Background: Nickel and chromium are heavy metals whieh after arriving in biological systems can produce highly reactive free radicals in the body and interact with macromolecules cause damage to them. The purpose of this study, the effect of bilberry and cinnamon extract on blood biochemical factors in workers exposed to nickel and chromium.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 99 workers were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (control), group 2 workers, welders exposed to nickel and chromium without extract (G) and group 3 workers, welders exposed to nickel and chromium with extracts (B). First biochemical parameters were measured in blood serum. Then the group 3, 2 times a day for four weeks, billberry juice and tea - Cinnamon received. Finally, Biochemical parameters in blood were measured and compared. SPSS software and descriptive statistics (mean±SD), T- independent and one-way ANOVA test were used to analyze the data.

Results: Between group Variance in some biochemical variables between the three groups, control, G and B showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Within-group variance was significant in some variables.

Conclusion: After consumption of billberry juice and tea-cinnamon positive changes in biochemical parameters in workers who are exposed to the toxic effects of nickel and chromium was obtained.

Background: Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, it is important to identify the antimicrobial activity of herbs. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts of common hop (Humulus lupulus) and oak (Quercus castaneifolia) against several microbial standard strains.

Materials and Methods: The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of H. lupulus and Q. castaneifolia were extracted. The inhibitory effects of herbal extracts were evaluated against the microbial standard strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans) by both agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods. In the agar diffusion method, concentrations of extracts were 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/ml. In order to determine the MIC, serial dilutions were prepared with a range from 1 to 512 mg/ml.

Results: Alcoholic extract of both hop and oak showed higher inhibitory effect against microbial standard strains, compared to the aqueous extract. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Candida albicans ATCC 76615 showed higher susceptibility to both alcoholic and aqueous extracts compared to Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Statistically significant difference was found on the MIC of alcoholic and aqueous extracts (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This study revealed the considerable inhibitory effects of herbal hop and oak extracts on the various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Although more research is needed in this field, they can be used as new antimicrobials in medicine.

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) has estrogenic properties and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on sperm parameters against toxicity induced with BPA.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, adult male mice with mean body weight 32±3 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6) Control, BPA (200mg/kg/day), NSO (5ml/kg/day), and BPA+NSO. Oral treatment was performed till 34 days. After end of treatment, body and left testis weight were recorded and left caudal epididymis was also cut. Released spermatozoa were used to analyze sperm parameters such as motility, viability and abnormalities. Sperm chromatin quality was assessed. Data were analyzed with One-Way ANOVA.

Results: Body and testis weight showed no significant change in four groups (p<0.05). A significant decrease in the motility, viability and normal morphology of sperm (p<0.001) was found in BPA-treated mice compared to the control group. In BPA+ NSO group, NSO could significantly increas the mentioned parameters compared to the BPA group (p<0.05). BPA had no effect on the uncleus diameter of the spetmatogonia and sperm DNA integrity and histon-protamine replacement.

Conclusion: The results indicated that NSO could partially ameliorate Bisphenol A-induced toxicity on sperm parameters.

Background: There have been numerous reports of snake venoms being employed as analgesics in attempts to relieve severe pain associated with cancer, immune dysfunction and viral infections. This study investigates the antinociceptive effects of iranian cobra snake venom (Naja naja oxiana) in comparison with morphine and lidocain on laboratorial femal mice.

Materials and Methods: This study has been done on 48 NMRI female mice of 18-20 g in weight. Antinociceptive activeity of snake venom was evaluated by formalin test. In this test, the animals were divided into 6 groups (each group consisting of 8 mice): Sham, positive Control (receiving morphine at dose of 5 mg/kg, and receiving lidocain at dose of 20 mg/kg), and experimental groups receiving venom at doses of 1, 3 and 4.5 µg/mice. In all groups, the formalin test was recorded for 60 min after administration of venom and drugs in mice. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test.

Results: The results showed that the venom of Naja naja oxiana decreased nociception meaningfully in both acute and chronic phases. We also showed that this venom revealed even a better analgesic activity in comparison with morphine and lidocain.

Conclusion: This study showed that the antinociceptive effect of the venom was mediated through central nervous system and peripheral mechanisms. Although details of the mechanism remain unclear, and further studies should be considered to demonstrate its therapeutic effects.

Background: Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that broadly is used to treat gram negative bacteria infections, although it has side effects such as nephrotoxicity. According to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory properties of Zataria Multiflora, the effects of co-treatment with zataria Multiflora and hydroalcholic extract on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicitj were investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this study, male rats of Vistar race were divided into 4 groups: control group, co-treatment with gentamicin and vehicle group, co-treatment with gentamicin and zataria Multifiora extract group, and co-treatment with zataria Multiflora extract and normal saline solution group. Zataria Multiflora hydroalcoholic extract was added to drinking water as 800 PPm concentration. They, systolic blood pressure and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured. Also, the amounts of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and osmolarity were measured in plasma and urine samples

 Results: In co-treatment group with zataria Multiflora extract, the amounts of urea, creatinine, absolute sodium excretion and relative sodium and potassium excretion and malondialdehyde (MDA) that have been inceased in treatment with gentamicin, significantly were reduced. Creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, RBF and FRAP that was decreased in gentamicin group in compare to control group, significantly increased.

Conclusion: Co-treatment prevents nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin and attenuates oxidative-stress associated renal injury by reducing oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation, So it can be effective to cure rats receiving gentamicin.