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Background: One way of embryo preservation is cryopreservation, but this process may damage and lead to the loss of the embryos, and bring about chromosomal abnormality. This has led researchers to seek techniques for short term preservation of embryos in 0-10 ºC temperatures. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short time exposure to 4°C temperature on the expression profiles of mono-carboxylic transporter genes 1,2 ,3, and 4(MCT1-4) in 4-cell mouse embryos. Materials and Methods: In this fundamental study, forty 4-cell mouse embryos from NMRI strain were randomly divided into two groups. The first group consisted of fresh 4-cell embryos, and the second group included 4-cell mouse embryos that were exposed to 4°C temperature for 24 hours. After RT-PCR, the samples were electro-phoresised for expressing the MTC1-4 genes. Results: The expression of MCT 1-3 was observed in the first group, but the obtained results did not indicate their expression in the second group. Conclusion: Preservation of 4-cell embryos in 4°C for 24 hours inhibits the expression of MCT 1-3 genes. Keeping embryos in 4°C temperature is not a proper way for their short time preservation.

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Background: Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common infections in women at reproductive age. Although metronidazole is recommended as the first-line treatment, it has various side effects which make it difficult for patients to continue the treatment. Thus, the need is felt for finding a medication with fewer side effects. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of micosin vaginal cream (made of garlic) and metronidazole vaginal gel on treatment of patients with bacterial vaginosis. Materials and Methods: This study was a clinical trial which was conducted on 100 married women, aged 18-44, whose infection with bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed through clinical Amsel criteria. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 50 persons each: Micosin vaginal cream and metronidazole vaginal gel. Patients identified with tricamona or candidiadis infections were excluded from the study. Treatment period in each group lasted for seven days. Clinical Amsel criteria and patient complaints were again checked 2 to 7 days after completion of the treatment period, and the side-effects were registered. Results: Following the treatment with micosin vaginal cream and metronidazole vaginal gel, patient complaints and clinical Amsel criteria showed a significant decrease (p<0.05), in a way that clinical recovery rates in micosin and metronidazole groups were 80% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion: Micosin vaginal cream seems to be an appropriate alternative for metronidazole vaginal gel in treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

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Background: Chemical weapons are among the most non-humanistic types of man-made weapons. These gases can cause problems like breathing disorders and other serious illnesses, such that nearly 80 percent of wounded people in Iran have signs of coughing, exuding, and asthma. The aim of this study is to use the results of spirometry tests that are cheap in calculating the probability of illnesses in those exposed. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional-analytic study, data related to 1865 individuals wounded by chemical weapons in Sardasht who had been exposed to sulfur mustard were extracted from the existing medical files in Bonyad Janbazan Office. Data analysis was done through the logistic regression method while for evaluating the validity of this model, COX- SNEL was utilized. The spirometry device used in this study was Chest HI801 which was made in Japan. Results: Women formed %23.6 of the population and the rest %76.4 were men. Also, %48.7of the participants were under 40 and %51.3 were 40 and above. Mean age of men was 45.2(11.27) while this was 48.53(14.43) for women. Totally, %48.6 of participants were ill while %51.4 were reported to be healthy. Mean of FEV1 was measured to be 81.78 (21.81) and regression model parameters were as follows: constant =0.465, sex= -0.478, age= 0/29, and FEV1= -0/128. Conclusion: Through the obtained model, the probability of disease incidence in those exposed to sulfur mustard can be computed in a more economic way which can compete with the more expensive, invasive methods.

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As the world is moving at the fastest possible speed toward industrialization, great technical developments, and becoming a place devoid of difficulties and troubles, the issue of illnesses and mental problems still persists as an unpleasant matter which is quite noticeable. This study was done through reviewing the available Quranic books and resources. In such matters, Quran and Hadith are rich in both content and foundation and play a vital role in decreasing and alleviating mental pressures and enhancing and establishing mental health in the society. In this regard, Islam (Quran and Hadith) enjoys and offers recommendations and solutions for fortifying the individual’s mental and spiritual basis in the society in a way that it eliminates the peoples’ economic and mental pressures and strengthens or establishes their economic mental hygiene. In this regard, the solutions and recommendations of Quran and Hadith can be applied to the treatment of the majority of economic mental diseases and their consequences.

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Background: Some plant extracts, including species of Santolina have antibacterial effects and they can be used as antimicrobial agents in treatment of infections. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the compounds of essential oil and the anti-microbial properties of its essential oil and extract. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, yarrow plant in late spring was collected from Sistan region in 2008. The compounds of the essential oil were analyzed by GC/MS. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and diameter of inhibition zone of growth for the standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, and Candida.albicans were determined through disk diffusion and agar-well diffusion methods and dilution in the liquid medium, respectively. Results: Camphor was the major compound of the essential oil. The standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus presented the greatest sensitivity to the stem extract and leaf extract in MIC> 0.573 and MBC> 1.146, respectively and to the flower extract in MBC> 1.663 and MIC> 0.831, respectively. In addition, it presented an intermediate sensitivity to standard strains E.coli with MBC> 2.293 and MIC> 1.146, respectively to the stem and leaf extract and MBC> 6.650 and MIC> 3.325 respectively to the flower extract. However, the standard strains of Candida albicans and P.aeruginosa did not show a significant sensitivity to the extracts. Also, the essential oil of this plant in comparison with the extracts did not have any significant antimicrobial effects. Conclusion: The plant extracts, especially stem and leaf possess anti-bacterial effects. But further investigations are needed for determining its exact mechanism

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Background: Old, obese, and sedentary individuals are at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Exercise improves metabolic anomalies associated with such diseases, but the effects of caloric restriction in coupled with exercise on such high- risk groups are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12 week lifestyle modification program on C- reactive protein and metabolic syndrome parameters in middle-aged obese/overweight men. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study with pretest – posttest design, 21 sedentary men were randomly assigned to 12- week caloric restriction (CR) [~500kcal] (age: 45.59± 4.90, BMI: 30.02± 1.73, CR, n=10) or exercise+caloric restriction group (EX+CR) [~500kcal] (age: 45.23± 5.6, BMI: 29.84± 1.60, EX+CR, n=11). Body composition, cardiovascular risk markers, and C- reactive protein were measured pre and post intervention. Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, significant reduction in body weight, abdominal fat (visceral, subcutaneous), insulin resistance, blood lipid profile, and C- reactive protein were observed in EX+CR group (P>0.05), Whereas, in CR group only significant improvement were observed in body weight and insulin resistance index (P>0.05). Conclusion: Lifestyle interventions incorporating diet to exercise improve insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged obese/overweight men.

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Background: The major aim of this study was synthesis and assay of antimicrobial activity of peptide D28 and its new analogues derivatives as dimeric peptides. Materials and Methods: Three antimicrobial peptides known as D28, Di-D28-Lys,Di-Cys-D28 including 20, 41, 42 residues were synthesized respectively. For peptide synthesis, solid phase peptide synthesis method using blocked amino acids with flourenyl methoxy carbonyl group and for peptide purification HPLC were used. Peptides compositions were confirmed by amino acid analysis and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were performed as disk and well diffusion on plate and by adding to liquid broth culture (Broth macrodilution) in different concentrations. Results: Three required peptides (D28, Di-D28-Lys, Di-Cys-D28) successfully were synthesized. All three peptides were effective against S. aureus, but Di-Cys-D28 on the contrary to two other ones, showed no antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. The inhibitory activity of Di-D28-Lys against P. aeruginosa was more than that of D28 peptide. Conclusion: Improvement of antimicrobial peptides activity through dimerization depends on the methods of dimerization and the strain of bacterium. Di-D28-Lys peptide in comparison with D28 and Di-Cys-D28 showed wide range and more antimicrobial activity. Therefore, Di-D28-Lys peptide could be a suitable antibiotic candidate for future studies.

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Background: Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza virus. Influenza epidemics are reported every year and worldwide pandemics occur with varying frequencies. The majority of mortalities are due to underlying diseases and complications associated with influenza. In this study, we evaluated ten fatal cases caused by the established type A influenza (H1N1) infection in the 2009-2010 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This mortality survey was compiled by a review of the deceased patients’ files. The assessed variables were demographic data, underlying diseases, secondary infections, delayed commencement of therapy, and non-medication. Collected data were analyzed by measures of central tendency and dispersion using SPSS software. Results: In the ten deaths due to the established H1N1 virus, the median of age was 30 years and 90% of the cases had underlying diseases. Ninety percent of the deaths occurred during October and November and the rest took place in December and February. Conclusion: The main cause of death was the delayed commencement of antiviral treatment. This emphasizes the importance of timely treatment in high risk patients. In flu pandemics, physicians should swiftly start specific therapy in at-risk groups to reduce the mortality rates.

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Background: Brucellosis is one of the most common bacterial zoonotic infections in the world. The incidence of this infection is quite high and is endemic in several countries. According to WHO report, the prevalence of zoonotic and human brucellosis is on the rise in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and west Asian countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the usage of silver nanoparticles in treatment of brucellosis. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the activity of silver nanoparticles against Brucella meltensis 16M was determined by agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of silver nanoparticles were determined by macrodilution method. Also, the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles was studied in mouse model. Results: The results showed that silver nanoparticles in low concentrations can kill Brucella melitensis 16M in laboratory conditions. MIC and MBC of silver nanoparticles were 4 ppm and 6 ppm in macrodilution method, respectively. The anti-brucella effect of silver nanoparticles was also observed in mouse model. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that silver nanoparticles can be used against brucellosis.

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Background: Green tea due to its antioxidant properties can prevent some types of chromosomal damage. In this study, the effects of green tea on repressing chromosomal aberrations induced by cell phone waves in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of male Balb/C mice were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Balb/C mice were randomly divided into five groups: control (natural conditions), sham exposed (no exposure to cell phone waves in vitro), experimental group 1 (exposure to cell phone waves), and experimental group 2 (intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg dose of green tea extract for 5 days and exposure to cell phone waves), and experimental group 3 (intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg dose of green tea extract for 5 days and exposure to cell phone waves). Micronucleus test was run in all groups. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests using SPSS software (p<0.05). Results: The mean number of micronucleus in polychromatic erythrocytes of the sham group (3.47± 0.253) compared with control group (3.43 ± 0.605) did not show a significant difference (p> 0.05), whereas the mean micronucleus frequency in the experimental group 1 (5.64±0.308) increased significantly. However, the mean micronucleus frequency in experimental group 2 (0.92 ± 0.129) and experimental group 3 (0.55 ± 0.046) compared with the control and sham exposed groups decreased significantly (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Cell phones microwaves (940 MHz) induce chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of male Balb/C mice, but green tea has inhibitory effects and reduces chromosomal damage.

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Background: Mindfulness and emotion regulation have important effects on the variables related to mental health in chemical weapons victims. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion regulation training on the affect and mood in chemical weapons victims. Materials and Methods: This interventional study was conducted with two experimental groups and a control group including 47 male chemical weapons victims with high scores on the General Health Questionnaire in Sardasht city, Iran, randomly selected and then assigned to mindfulness training, emotion regulation training, and control groups. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training was used with experimental group 1, emotion regulation (ER) training was implemented with experimental group 2, and the control group received no training. Data were gathered using the General Health Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect and Depression-Happiness scales. Analysis of variance with repeated measure was used for analyzing the data. Results: The results indicated that mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion regulation training significantly increased positive affect and mood and decreased negative affect in chemical weapons victims. Conclusion: The results supported the effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation training on affect and mood in chemical victims. Therefore, attention to the effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation on variables related to mental health is important in chemical weapon victims.

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Background: Heavy menstrual bleeding is one of the leading causes of poor quality of life and iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age. This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effect of tranexamic acid (TA) on menorrhagia. Materials and Methods: In this before and after clinical trial, 46 women with menorrhagia were selected and, after a control cycle for evaluation of the volume and duration of primary bleeding, were subjected to tranexamic acid treatment (500mg every 6 hours from day 1 to 5 of bleeding) for 3 consecutive cycles. Data on the duration of bleeding, amount of bleeding (PBAC chart), quality of life (SF-36 and MQ questionnaires), and hemoglobin and ferritin values were checked and compared before and after treatment using SPSS software. Results: Tranexamic acid reduced mean PBAC score from 242.86 (160.47) in control cycle to 101.50 (72.67) after the third cycle (p<0.001). Hemoglobin increased from 11.85 (0.84) to 13.08 (0.97) g/dl and ferritin increased from 15.9 (20.39) to 22.13 (2.03) ng/dl (p<0.001). Duration of menstrual bleeding decreased from 7.6 (1.23) days to 6.86 (0.84) days (p=0.001). Tranexamic acid reduced mean MQ score from 70.26 (17.64) to 11.64 (6.49) (p<0.0001). Quality of life scores increased in all aspects (except for bodily pain scale) (p<0.001). Conclusion: TA due to its short course of prescription, fewer side effects, especially on the pattern of bleeding and menstrual cycle, and not having hormonal effects, seems to be an effective drug for menorrhagia in women of reproductive age.

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Background: There is some evidence of antinociceptive effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Apium graveolens fruits in some recent studies. In present study, the possible mechanism of this effect of extract has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male mice were examined. To evaluate the antinociceptive effect of extract, formalin test was used. The possible mechanism of extract was investigated with interaction of 3 drugs [Naloxone (2mg/kg), Dextromethorphan (20 mg/kg), L-NAME (20 mg/kg)] and Hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits.(400 mg/kg) Results: Administration of Naloxone had no effect on antinociception of Hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits. There was no significant difference between Dextromethorphan Plus extract and extract group in first phase. Pretreatment with L-NAME, decreased antinociceptive effect of extract in second phase of formalin test(p<0.05) Conclusion: Dextromethorphan has analgesic effect in acute phase and its interaction with hydroalcoholic extract of apium graveolens fruits shows at least, part of antinoceceptive effect of extract is via NMDA receptors in acute phase. On the other hand, it seems part of antinoceceptive effect of extract is via inhibition of NO syntheses in chronic phase. Extract of Apium graveolens may be effect via other neural pathways such as dopamine, noradrenalin or serotonin that need more research.

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Background: Enterococcus is known as an important pathogen in Iran like all around the world. The increasing use of vancomycin makes vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) an important nosocomial pathogen. Vancomycin in combination with an aminoglycoside can provide effective treatment for severe enterococcus infections, while resistance to vancomycin antibiotic is increasing in enterococci. In this study, the pattern of antibiotic resistance and prevalence of vancomycin resistance enterococci have been explored. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after isolating and identifying 150 strains of enterococci from clinical specimens, the antibiotic resistance pattern of these strains to erythromycin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole and linezolid was examined. The MIC test by using micro dilution broth method was performed for the vancomycin resistance enterococci specimens with the vancomycin and teicoplanin antibiotics. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility test showed 14% and 5.3% of the samples were resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin respectively. Resistant to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, linezolid and gentamicin were 64, 40, 38.6, 6.6, 0, 38.76 percent respectively. Fourteen samples had high resistance to vancomycin which MIC were ≥ 256 µg/ml. Conclusion: Based on the results of present study, there are vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Arak as well as other parts of the world. The percentage of vancomycin resistance enterococci is high in Arak and appropriate treatment of infections caused by enterococcus is essential

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Background: Reports on microsporidia infections are increasing and some species, such as Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, have become important causes of chronic malabsorptive diarrhea, especially in HIV infected patients. In this study, Modified Trichrome-Blue (MTS) and Acid-Fast Trichrome (AFT) staining methods as well as PCR technique were used for detecting microsporidia in stool specimens. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 71 stool specimens from AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea were collected and sent to laboratory. Two slides were prepared for each stool specimen. The slides were fixed with methanol, stained with MTS and AFT stain, and read by at least three individuals. In addition, PCR with primers directed to a conserved region of the 16s rRNA of intestinal microsporidian spores was used. Results: Totally of 71 patients, 13 patients (18.30%) were positive for microsporidia by MTS and AFT stain methods. In addition, 9 patients (12.67%) were positive for cryptosporidium by AFT stain and 4 (5.63%) of them were positive for microsporidia. Furthermore, 16 patients (22.53%) were positive for intestinal microsporidiosis by PCR technique. Notably, all cases that were positive for microsporidia by staining methods were also positive for PCR technique as well Conclusion: PCR technique was more sensitive than staining methods. Also, MTS and AFT stain methods were equally useful in the diagnosis of microsporidiosis.

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Background: Deaths due to cancer have been increasing in many countries in recent years. Probiotics are live microorganisms that have beneficial effects on consumer’s health. The aim of this study was to investigate antimutagenic and anticancer effects of Lactobacilli strains isolated from Tarkhineh in order to select potential probiotic strains. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 25 strains of Lactobacillus that had previously been isolated from Tarkhineh were used. Antimutagenicity test was performed based on proposed method of Ames. The results of the test were individuated after comparison between samples (suspensions of Lactobacilli) and positive (sodium azide) and negative (distilled water) controls. SPSS version 16 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Antimutagenic activity was observed only in four strains of Lactobacilli. The inhibitory percentage in the four strains of Lactobacilli, in its highest level was equal to 60.38 and in its lowest percentage equal to 39.37%. Also, the inhibitory percentage of mutation among the four strains in the presence of microsome were significantly different (P<0.05) than the absence of microsome. Adding the microsome of rat liver (S9) proved the anticancer effects of four Lactobacilli strains. Conclusion: Of the 25 strains of Lactobacilli, 4 strains which had the highest antimutagenicity effects were chosen as the potential probiotic strains.

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Background: Poly chlorinated biphenyls (PBCs) are the group of organic chemical materials that have a great chemical stability. These compounds are hazardous pollutants which pose various occupational and environmental problems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of microwave rays, hydrogen peroxide, Tio2 catalyst, and ethanol on the decomposition of PBCs. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a vessel reactor (250ml volume)that was connected with a tube connector to thecondensor system was used. A microwave oven with a fixed frequency of 2450 MHZ was used to provide microwave irradiation and ray powers used at 540, 720 and 900w. pH and temperature of the samples were continuously monitored and the experiments were repeated three times. Askarel oils were analyzed by GC-ECD. Results: The mean of total PCBS degradation at 540, 720, and 900w was 83.88±1.63, 89.27±2.44, and 95.98±0.81%, respectively. The mean of total PCBS degradation in terms of ratio to solvent with oil transformer in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 was 53.8±3.26, 79.04±1.24, and 95.08±1.69%, respectively. The mean of total PCBS degradation in terms of not using H2o2/Tio2 and using H2O2 (20%) and 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g of Tio2 concurrently was 71.47±0.81, 87.9±2.16, 89.48±1.69, 91.7±1.24, and 93.07±3.09 %, respectively. Conclusion: Using microwave irradiation in the presence of H2O2 oxidant and Tio2 catalyst leads to the reduction of PCBS.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important health problems in the world. B-cells are susceptible to damage by free radicals. Noticing the mechanism of cupping, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cupping together with drug therapy on biochemical factors and oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 5ml of intravenous blood was obtained from diabetic patients in beginning and late stages of this disease who referred to a diabetes center. In addition to receiving metformin and glibenclamide, the patients underwent cupping after one month and were analyzed one month later. Blood samples obtained one month before and after the treatment were compared in terms of diabetes and oxidative stress indicators. To evaluate lipid peroxidation, TBA method was used and FRAPS method was employed to measure total serum antioxidants and blood factors by Pars Azmon kit. Results: Hemoglobin A1C, fasting blood sugar, blood sugar 2 hours after fasting, triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein as well as high-density lipoprotein showed significant increases. Aspartate transferase in diabetic patients significantly decreased after phlebotomy (p<0.05). Conclusion: Cupping improves blood factors in diabetic patients and it is recommended to be used as a complementary treatment in patients with diabetes type II.

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Background: There are few investigations about the possibility of cyst production in human via accidental entrance of protoscoleces in ways other than cyst rupture in intestines. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of cyst production by cutaneous erosion, peritoneal injection, and oral inoculation in mice. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, infected livers featuring hydatid cysts were collected from abattoir. Protoscoleces were examined for viability and lack of bacterial infection and washed 3 times by PBS. Protoscoleces were flown on the scratched skin, injected peritoneally, and inoculated orally to three groups (n=15) of mice. After 4 months, the mice were dissected and their skin and visceral were subjected to microscopic analysis. ELISA test for hydatidosis was also run for all of the groups. Results: All the mice were negative by ELISA test except the mice of peritoneum injection group which were positive with an average titer of 11.92±0.80 by ELISA. Only two mice had cysts on the peritoneum in the peritoneal injection (PI) group with an average size of 3mm. Cysts, however, were not observed in the other groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that protoscoleces flow over scratched skin and oral inoculation do not produce hydatid cyst however, peritoneal implant of protoscolex can result in hydatidosis in mice.

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Background: Some clinical trials have revealed the effects of Matricaria chamomilla on premenstrual syndrome symptoms. This study was done to compare the effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract and mefenamic acid on the severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms.

Materials and Methods: In a randomized double-blind clinical trial, 90 students completed daily rating form for the diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome symptoms and its severity for two consecutive cycles. After verification, they were randomly divided into two equal groups. The participants received one 100 mg capsule of Matricaria chamomillaor 250 mg mefenamic acid three times daily from day 21 of menstrual cycle till the beginning of the menstruation. They completed the daily symptom rating form at the same time.

Results: General severity reduction of symptoms was significantly greater among Matricaria chamomilla extract users (25±13.8 and 28±14.5%) than that among mefenamic acid users (14.8±18.5 and 16.2±18.2%) after the first and second cycles (p<0.05). Severity of emotional symptoms was significantly higher among Matricaria chamomilla extract users (30.1±26.6 and 33.4±25.3%) than that among mefenamic acid-users (11.6±25.7 and 10.7±26.8%) after two cycles intervention (p>0.05).Reduction of physical symptoms was not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Matricaria chamomilla reduces the severity of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome symptoms during treatment. Matricaria chamomilla effect on the severity of general and emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome symptoms is greater than that of mefenamic acid.