Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer in children. Currently, chemotherapy is the most effective method of leukemia cancer treatmentwhich has many side effects. New strategies in cancer therapy utilizecompounds that specifically target aberrant signaling pathways in order to reduce toxic sideeffects Indole-3-carbinl (I3C) found in vegetables has multiple anti-cancer properties because of its ability to modulate multiple cellular signaling pathways. In this study the molecular mechanism of the action of indole-3-carbinol on pre- B ALL cells was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In current study, NALM-6 cells were treated with different concentrations of I3C at specific times. Analysis of cellular DNA content was performed by flow cytometry for evaluation of cell cycle status. The protein expression of p21, p53 as well as c-Myc proteins was determined by Western blot in I3C-treated cells.

Results: Cell cycle histogram analysis showed that I3C significantly increased the percentage of G1 cells compared with non-treated cells (control)(p<0.05). The western blot analysis also indicated I3C significantly up regulated p21, p53 expression and down regulated c-Myc expression (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The G1 arrest induced by I3C is associated with down-regulation of c-Myc and up-regulation of p53 and its downstream target p21.

Background: Some children have abrupt onset of severe urinary frequency, voiding as often as every 10-15 min during the day, without dysuria, UTI, daytime incontinence, or nocturia. The most common age for these symptoms to occur is 4-6 yr, after the child is toilet trained, and the vast majority are boys. This condition is termed the daytime frequency syndrome of childhood or Pollakiuria. The condition is functional no anatomic problem is detected. The symptoms occur often just before a child starts kindergarten or if the child is having emotional family stress-related problems. OCD is a chronically disabling illness characterized by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors over which the patient has little or no control. OCD has a lifetime prevalence of 1-3% worldwide, and as many as 80% of all cases have their onset in childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between OCD and Pollakiuria.

Materials and Methods:In this case-control study, we evaluated (152) children aged 6-18 years old who were visited in the pediatric clinics of Amir-Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran. The control group considered of (76) healthy children and the case group included (76) age and sex matched children with Pollakiuria. Then, the children’s behavioral status was evaluated using the children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (C-YBOCS). The C-YBOCS is helpful in identifying children with OCD. The data was analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS-16.

Results: OCD was detected in (5) case (6.6%) with Pollakiuria and (8) controls (10.5%). The difference in OCD was not significant (p-value 0.282) between the two groups.

Conclusion: OCD isn’t more common in Pollakiuria versus non-Pollakiuria children. It is recommended to conduct a study with higher sample volume in order to detect the relationship between OCD and Pollakiuria.

Background: The distal radius’ fracture is one of the most prevalent fractures in menopause women. Because of no delisery of an exact dosage by inhalation calcitonin, the effect of a systemic form such as parenteral on healing up of this area was investigated.

Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective cohort on 44 women 60 years-old with distal radius’ fracture divided into 2 equal groups of control and treatment (parenteral calcitonin, just after operation, 100 I.U/day during 10 days consecutive of each month for 3 months). The rate of improvement, hand ability and stiffness of joints of hand fingers and wrist according with physical examination, time of cortex healing up, level of alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphor serum levels and rate of osteoporosis accord to radiography indexes.

Results: The rate of osteoporosis and pain was less tham that of control group. Prevention of osteoporosiss and the cortex healirg was significaltly more than that of control group. The hard activity (Mayo Wrist index) and ability of ceetching of objects was better in calcitonin group. There were not any significant effects of calcitonin on level of alkalire phosphatose, calcium and phosphor us serum levels.

Conclusion: Calcitonin especially with calcium supplements can accelerate the improvement of distal radius’ fracture. Then patients will tolerate fewer problems at convalescence period.

Background: This study aimed to examine the antibacterial effect of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer on Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the antibacterial effects of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer were studied by disc diffusion and micro-dilution method. Different concentrations of Polyamidoamine-G4 inoculated onto blank disks and were placed in Mueller-Hinton agar media. Zone of inhibition was investigated by bacterial inoculation according to the McFarland standard 0.5. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer were determined by micro-dilution method in nutrient broth culture.

Results: Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 &mug/ml of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimers for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 14, 0, 35 and 29mm, respectively. Concerning the Zone of inhibition in gram negative bacteria with gram positive ones was p<0.05 and had significant difference. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 1250, 2.5, and 1 &mug/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer belonged to Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 2500, 5 and 5 &mug/ml, respectively. Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer had not bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on Enterobacter cloacae.

Conclusion: According to the results, Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer can eliminate Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis effectively. It is suggested in the rest of this study that the probable toxicity of nanostructured compounds examined in drinking water and, economic studies is done for synthesis and their applications in case of prevention of using.

Background: Male fertility depends on the proper function of a complex system of organs which plays an important role in spermatogenesis. In this study the effects of sulpiride-administration were assessed by means of sperm parameters and in vitro fertilization potential.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study thirty adult male mice were divided into 3 groups as test, control-sham and control. The test group were injected with 40 mg/kg sulpiride solution daily for 45 days IP. Sham mice were injected by solvent only. After 45 days, all mice were dispatched by cervical dislocation consequence of unconsciousness. Cauda epididymis were used to collect sperm cells and assess their motility, viability and DNA integrity. The rate of in vitro fertilization and embryonic development were also examined.

Results: In comparison with sham and control groups, sperm motility and viability rate showed a significant reduction in the sulpiride-administered animals. Rate of DNA damage increased which gives rise to a remarkable reduction of fertilization rate, zygote division, blastocysts number, and significant increase of arrested embryos in sulpiride treated mice (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Data suggest that following sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia, induction of spermatogenesis dysfunction, causes low sperm quality that accompanies a significant lower fertility potential and embryonic development in comparison with the sham and control groups.

Background: Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent still in widespread use in hematologic malignancies. A side effect of anthracyclines such as doxorubicin is the activation of nuclear factor-&kappaB (NF-&kappaB), a potent inducer of antiapoptotic genes, which may blunt the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs. In this study, the effect of indole -3-carbinol (I3C) on the activation NF-&kappaB and the anti-apoptotic genes whose expression is regulated by NF-&kappaB was assessed in NALM-6 cells.

Materials and Methods: NALM-6 cells were preincubated with various concentrations of I3C and then treated with doxorubicin. Cellular DNA content assay and Annexin V-FITC staining were performed by flowcytometry for evaluation of apoptosis. For assessing the effect of I3C on the expression of XIAP, survivin, and nuclear p65 proteins, NALM-6 cells were pretreated with I3C and then incubated with doxorubicin. Whole-cell and nuclear extracts were prepared for Western blot analysis. A paired t-test was conducted to evaluate the results.

Results: DNA histogram analysis of NALM-6 cells indicates a combination of I3C with doxorubicin significantly escalated the percentages of sub-G1 population cells compared with doxorubicin - only treated group (p<0.05). Annexin V-FITC staining also showed that cotreatment of NALM-6 cells with I3C and doxorubicin significantly increased the proportion of Annexin-V positive cells in comparison with the doxorubicin treated cells (p<0.05). The western blot analysis indicated I3C significantly inhibits both doxorubicin -induced nuclear translocation of p65 and the expression of doxorubicin-induced NF-&kappaB target.

Conclusion: Our results indicated that using natural non-toxic inhibitors of NF-&kappaB such as I3C in combination with anthracyclines might be a rational combination therapy for BCP-ALL cells in which NF-&kappaB is constitutively active.

Background: Estrogen hormone regulates cell proliferation in breast tissue physiologically. Evidences show that changes in estrogen signaling pathways, including the receptor alpha (ER&alpha), happen during breast cancer progression. ER&alpha is expressed in most breast tumors and its association with the development of low-grade tumors has been demonstrated. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes may differ in susceptibility to cancer and result in different respond to treatment in different populations. The present study aimed investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2234693: C/T) in gene ESR&alpha in patients with breast cancer.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study 150 women with breast cancer and 142 healthy women without a family history of breast cancer were enrolled. DNA was extracted from blood samples. After primer design, technique of PCR-RFLP was used and samples were genotyped by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version 20 and chi square test and Final findings were specified.

Results: TT and CT genotypes for ra2234693: C/T site compared with the CC had 5.5 and 1.5-fold increased risk respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between cases and controls for fibrocystic disease and age at menarche.

Conclusion: We not found an association between C/T polymorphism and breast cancer. But CC and TT genotypes of this polymorphism in estrogen receptor alpha gene related with breast cancer that are consistent with the findings of some other researchers.

Background: Colorectal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal cancer. Investigating the factors that predict survival time for these patients is important.The purpose of this study was comparison of parametric models by estimating the prediction error and also identifying the effective factors on predicted survival time of patients with colorectal cancer.

Materials and Methods: This cohort study was conducted with 600 patients who were suffered from colorectal cancer in Taleghani Hospital of Tehran between 2001 to 2005 and they were followed up for at least 5 years. For identifying the effective factors on survival time, of the patients we analyzed the data by some parametric models such as Weibull, Exponential and Log logistic and compared these models with the estimation of prediction error by apparent loss method.

Results: Among 600 patients there was 344 men (57.3%) and 256 wemon (47.7%). Of total, 151 patients were died that 62.3% of them were men. Univariate analysis showed that the effect of BMI, sex, staging of tumor, tumor site were significant but in multivariate model staging of tumor and BMI were significant. By the estimation of prediction error, the best model was Log logistic.

Conclusion: With respect to the importance of survival time prediction, we found that we can use the prediction error to compare the parametric models. In addition, because of effectiveness of tumor stages and BMI in the patients’ survival time, survival time could be increased by an on-time diagnosis and an appropriate controled diet.

Background: Phacoemulsification is a modern cataract surgery that developed surgery from large incisions into smaller incision size and lead to faster wound heal and earlier visual rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes and complications of 3.2 and 2.65 mm main Incisions in phacoemulsification .

Materials and Methods: In this clinical study in Amir Kabir Hospital of Arak, 78 patients with senile cataract were divided into two groups. Half of them experienced 3.2 mm main incision (first group) and the others were under main incision with 2.65 mm (group 2). Immediately after operation if patients had a wound leak, the standard stromal hydration was used and a suture was placed. A day after operation, the patients were examined in the light of iris prolapse, if it existed, then a suture would be palced.

Results: The occurrence of anterior chamber wound leak was 7.7% and 2.6% in group 1 and group 2, respectively. Stromal hydration was needed 5.1% and 3.2% in group 1 and group 2 respectively. In fact, suture was needed 2.6% and 0.0% in group 1 and group 2, respectively. There was no iris prolapse in both groups.

Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference between two groups from the point of view of wound leak and the need for suture and the rate of iris prolapse (p>0.05). Also, in low or intermediate nuclear density grade, the smaller and the more permanent incision with 2.65 mm is preferred.

Background: One of the side effects of chemotherapy drugs is oxidative stress that can damage the sperm and decrease fertility potential. Antioxidant agents in Imedeen like Lycophence GS and Biomarine complex play important role in preventing the direct and indirect effects of free radicals. So, in this study, the inhibitory effects of Imedeen on the damage caused by cyclophosphamide were investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 mature male mice were divided into six groups. The control group received physiological serum, the second group received CP with 12mg/kg/day dosage, the third group received Imedeen with 111µg/kg/day dosage, the fourth group received Imedeen with 222 µg/kg/day dosage, the fifth group received CP and Imedeen with one dosage and the last group received CP and Imedeen with double dosage. Sampling and studies on sperm quality were performed after 35 days.

Results: The results obtained from the caudal epididymal sperm analysis revealed that treated with CP caused significant decrease in sperm count, motility, and viability, while abnormal sperms increased as compared to control gruop. These changes were associated with significant increase in DNA damage and chromatin abnormality in the caudal epididymal spermatozoa as evidenced by Acridine Orange and Aniline Blue staining respectively. Notably administration of Imedeen caused a considerable recovery in above-mentioned parameters.

Conclusion: The results suggest that Imedeen as an antioxidant could diminish the side effects of cyclophosphamide in the reproductive system of male mice.

Background: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) consists of repetitious physical and psychological symptoms that occurs in luteal phase of menstrual period and will be over when menstrual period starts. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of calcium therapy plus vitamin D and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the parameters of PMS symptoms in women suffering from PMS.

Materials and Methods: This study has an experimental plan of pretest and post-test of the control group. The statistical society is 250 female staff of Tehran Universities in academic year 2013-2014. Premenstrual syndrome screening tool (PSST) questionnaire was used as an evaluation tool. The collected data were analyzed using the indexes of the descriptive statistics and covariance analysis (p<0.05).

Results: The minimum age of the statistical society was 24, 52.5 % of them held a master's degree and 60% were single. Cognitive behavioral therapy method, calcium and vitamin D therapy were significant in improving the parameters of symptoms at p<0.05 level of significance.

Conclusion: Combining cognitive behavioral therapy and calcium supplementation and vitamin D is significantly effective in improving components of PMS sympotoms and applying these methods is recommended by the consultants and gynecologists.

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most common genital malignancy in women. In majority of developing countries the prevalence of this malignancy is high. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer among married wemon in Arak.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out on 1000 married women. Demographic variables involving age, literacy, history of hysterectomy, nutrition statute, marriage age, history of abortion, smoking habits, etc were filled by questioners. Then Pap smear was done in all subjects and specimens were sent to the pathobiology laboratory. The data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software.

Results: The mean age of studied subjects was 39.38±10.1, the most freqrency of marriage once was 459(45%), the mean age of marriage was17.9±10.3, the mean age of first sexual intercourse was 15.1 (9.2%), the most frequency of the numbers of peregnancy was 2.6±2.1, and the mean times of abortion once was 153(15.3%). In this study, the prevalence of cervical cancer was 0.004(4 per 1000). There was a significant correlation between age, hysterectomy the time of marriage and painful sextual intercourse and cervical cancer (p<0.005). There was no statistically significant relation between smoking, food diet, pregnancy prevention drugs and the other variables of the study of cervical cancer (p>0.005).

 Conclusion: With attention to high prevalence of cervical cancer, promoting education and knowledge about the importance and necessity of pap smear and risk factors of cervical cancer and encouraging marriaged women to take part in screening programs is necessary.

Background: Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that broadly is used to treat gram negative bacteria infections, although it has side effects such as nephrotoxicity. According to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory properties of Zataria Multiflora, the effects of co-treatment with zataria Multiflora and hydroalcholic extract on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicitj were investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this study, male rats of Vistar race were divided into 4 groups: control group, co-treatment with gentamicin and vehicle group, co-treatment with gentamicin and zataria Multifiora extract group, and co-treatment with zataria Multiflora extract and normal saline solution group. Zataria Multiflora hydroalcoholic extract was added to drinking water as 800 PPm concentration. They, systolic blood pressure and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured. Also, the amounts of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and osmolarity were measured in plasma and urine samples

 Results: In co-treatment group with zataria Multiflora extract, the amounts of urea, creatinine, absolute sodium excretion and relative sodium and potassium excretion and malondialdehyde (MDA) that have been inceased in treatment with gentamicin, significantly were reduced. Creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, RBF and FRAP that was decreased in gentamicin group in compare to control group, significantly increased.

Conclusion: Co-treatment prevents nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin and attenuates oxidative-stress associated renal injury by reducing oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation, So it can be effective to cure rats receiving gentamicin.

  Background: Trabeculectomy is one of the most common ophthalmic surgeries, but over filtration may cause serious ophthalmic complications. The aim of this study is to compare two suture methods in trabeculectomy.

  Materials and Methods: This clinical trial accomplished on 28 eyes of 28 patients with primary open angle glaucoma unresponsive to full medication. Patients were divided into two equal groups. In one group, standard and the other group releasable suture trabeculectomy was performed. Post-Surgery short-term complications and intraocular pressure were compared in both groups.

  Results: The mean IOP reduction in group with releasable sutures was 22.14±13.99 and in standard group was 28.14±14.10 (p=0.269). Frequency of iridocorneal touch in releasable and standard groups was 7.1 and 50 percent, respectively(p=0.016). Also, Frequency of shallow anterior chamber in releasable and standard groups was 21.4 and 92.2 percent, respectively(p<0.001).

Conclusion: Trabeculectomy with releasable suture reduces short-term complications and in this group, IOP control is equal to standard trabeculectomy.

  Background: Due to the harmful side effects of chemical drugs, in recent decades, much attention has been returned to the use of medicinal plants. The flavonoids as plant secondary compounds are allocated to own an important part of this attention. Based on previous studies, some of the flavonoids are able to reduce contraction induced by KCl, acetylcholine, etc in rat ileum. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the flavonoid extract of parsley leaves on smooth muscle contraction of the ileum and the role of Nitric oxide (NO) has been studied.

  Materials and Methods: Distal segment of Wistar rat ileum was separated and contractions under one gram tension and at 37°C, in an organ bath containing Tyrode solution was recorded by isotonic method. Rats were divided into 2 groups with 7 in each group. After placing the tissue exposed to L-NAME 100&muM (Sigma, America) as an inhibitor of NO, the antispasmodic effect of cumulative concentrations of the flavonoid extract was investigated

  Results: The extract cumulative concentrations reduced ileum contraction induced by KCl in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the antispasmoide effect of flavonoids extract on ileum contractions (only 16 mg/ml) was affected by L-NAME.

Conclusion: This study showed that the extract relaxed rat's ileum by the NO system at higher concentrations.

        Background: Dendrimers are a subset of branched structures that have certain structural order. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of Polypropylenimine-G2 (PPI-G2) dendrimers in removal of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus from aqueous solution .

        Materials and Methods: In this experimental study , initially dilution of 10³ CFU/ml was prepared from each strain of bacteria . Then , different concentrations of dendrimers (0.5, 5, 50 and 500 µg/ml) was added to water . In order to determine the efficiency of dendrimers in removal of bacteria, samples were taken at different times (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min) and were cultured on nutrient agar medium . Samples were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C and then the number of colonies was counted .

       Results: By the increasment of dendrimer concentration and contact time , the number of bacteria in aqueous solution decreased. In times of 40 , 50 and 60 minutes, and the concentrations of 50 and 500 µg/ml, all kinds of bacteria in aqueous solution were removed . 0.5 µg/ml of dendrimer concentration had not effect in reducing the number of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis . The effect of dendrimer on gram-negative bacteria was weaker than gram-positive bacteria.

       Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that PP I -G2 dendrimer is able to remove Escherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in aqueous solution. However, using dendrimers can be considered as a new approach for drinking water disinfection but it requires further wide range studies.

Background: Considering the increased activity of hippocampal glial cells due to chronic morphine administration and the involvement of hippocampus in restoration of the addictive drug-associated experience, the role of these cells on morphine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, four groups of animals were evaluated. After habituation to CPP apparatus on the first day, conditioning was done by injection of morphine (5 mg/kg) or its vehicle (saline) during three consecutive days. On the fifth day, the time spent in each compartment of CPP cage and locomotor activity was recorded for 20 min. To investigate the role of hippocampal glial cells in CPP, these cels were inbibited by bilaterally injecting fluorocitrate (1nmol/1ml), before each morphine injection. CPP testing in this group and animals received fluorocitrate vehicle (Phosphate buffer saline) was done before morphine injection.

Results: Fluorocitrate pretreatment reduced morphine induced conditioned place preference acquisition, so that a significant decrease was observed in conditioning score (unpaired t-test, p<0.01) in this group (n=8) compared to animals received morphine (n=9). Neither morphine nor fluorocitrate pretreatment did not affect locomotor activity (ANOVA, p>0.05).

Conclusion: The results suggest that glial cells in the hippocampus are involved in morphine induced conditioned place preference.

Background: Thyroid nodules are common. 4-7% of adults have a palpable nodule and up to 50-70% of nodules are detected in high-resolution sonography. Thyroid nodules in women are 4 times greater than men and the rate of thyroid cancer in women is 3:1 compared to men, and is the sixth most common cancer in women. Epidemiological findings and experimental evidences show that sex hormones, especially estrogen, may have effect on this gland and its neoplasm. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between rs1256049 polymorphism in the estrogen receptor beta gene with thyroid nodular disease.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 146 Patients with nodular thyroid and 151 health individuals were referred to Amiralmomenin hospital of Arak were recruited in study. Diagnosis is based on by ultrasonography and was confirmed by an endocrinologist. Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA treated whole blood .The genotypes were determined using tetra-amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) and analyzed by statistical methods.

Results: The frequency of CC, TC and TT genotypes in case group 136(93.2%), 10(6.8%) and 0(0%) and in the control group 139(92.1%), 12(7.9%) and 0(0%) were obtained respectively. No statistically significant association (p=0.72) was observed between nodular thyroid disease and rs1256049 polymorphism.

Conclusion: Our findings showed no significant association between rs1256049 polymorphism and nodular thyroid disease. For best deduction, it is recommended that this study be done in other populations.

Background: Laryngeal carcinoma induce immune system suppression in tumour micro environments with unknown mechanism. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules which play a critical role in the management and induction of immune responses. In this regard, the importance and the role of TLR 2, 4 and 9 have not been studied together in laryngeal cancer. The present study aims to evaluate the expression level of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in patients with laryngeal carcinoma.

Materials and Methods: 89 tumour samples and 35 tumour-free tissues were obtained from laryngeal carcinoma male patients and the expression level of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 was analysed using Real-time PCR method.

Results: The expression level of TLR2 was increased as the result of increasing lymph node involvement, pretumoral involvement and regional metastasis. Also, the TLR4 gene expression levels were increased 1.5 fold in patients with lymph node involvement. The expression Level of TLR9 was increased by increasing stage and primary tumour involvement. The expression pattern of TLR2 and TLR4 in tumour and tumour-free tissues was the same, while TLR9 gene expressions show higher level in tumour tissues than its normal tissue. None of our findings were statistical significant.

Conclusion: we have shown that the expression status of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in patients with laryngeal cancer was correlated with their clinicopathologic features. Additionally, the expression level of TLRs in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues shows no significant changes.

Background: Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase are used as biological markers for cardiomyocytes and its levels in serum are used as indicators of myocardial cell injury. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different training protocols (runing, swimming, and pedaling training) on myocardial cell injury biomarkers in young girls.

Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest–posttest design, ten healthy young girls (aged 23.0±1.6 y) were selected in a convenience sampling way. The subjects performed three types of exercise in 7 days interval. Blood sample was assessed before and after the exercise sessions. Data were analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance.

Results: Our results indicated that creatin kinase increased significantly after three types of exercise (p<0.05). Running exercise led to greater increase in serum creatine kinase (p<0.05). Also, troponin T levels significantly were increased after three types of exercise (p<0.05), although no significant differences were observed between exercise types (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Our data suggest that intensive exercise is associated with cardiac damage in less trained girls and the type of exercise is determinants of the magnitude of myocardial injury biomarkers release.