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Introduction: The reason of infertility can have a direct influence on the plan and outcome of management. In this paper we intend to show the effect of tuberculosis (TB) history on female infertility among infertile couples attending to Rooyan infertility management center. Materials and methods: In this case-control study our cases were those who were diagnosed as infertile female and controls were those women whose husbands were infertile due to some male factor. We used logestic regression for analyzing the association of history of Tuberculosis and female infertility with attributable risk estimation. Results: 308 cases were compared to 314 controls. Considering the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval, there was a significant difference between the history of TB and infertility (OR=4.7, 95% CI: 1.01-29.91). The attributable risk of TB for female infertility was 0.023±0.01 (which is significant at 5% level). Conclusion: These figures show that at least 2% of female infertility can be prevented by prevention and proper treatment of tuberculosis.

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Introduction: Nowadays, depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders and is a prevalent mood disorder. Recently researches about depression etiology, show that in addition to different neurotransmitters and life events, internal stressors such as serum cholesterol, triglyceride and some coagulation factors can have an effect. This study was focused on the relationship between major depressive disorder and serum cholesterol level. Materials and Methods: This research is a case control study that was performed in the year 2006. Case group were 62 patients referred to Hashemi Senejani psychiatric medical center and control group were chosen from ENT ward patients of Amir-Kabir hospital. Both groups were paired match for age, gender and education. In order to determine serum cholesterol level, 5cc blood sample was taken of each person from both groups. Data was analyzed using K-S and Mann-Witheny U tests. Results: The mean age of samples was 35.5±9.9 years. 77% were female, 67.2% married, 25.8% single and 6.5% divorced. Average serum cholesterol level in case group (215.6 ± 47.6 mg/dl) in comparison to control group (183.1 ± 31.2 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the results, it seems that serum cholesterol is an internal stressor for depressive disorder so everyone with high serum cholesterol level must be evaluated for depressive disorder.

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Introduction: As tonsillectomy operations are done in vicinity of airways, two important purposes in anesthesia are decreasing bleeding and recovery time. Because of common use of Halothane and its reported side effects, we managed a study for comparing these two factors in two methods of anesthesia with or without Halothane. Materials and Methods: In a single blinded clinical trial, 140 (4-12 years old) children undergoing tonsillectomy, were randomly allocated in two equal groups. In the control group maintenance was done with Halothane-N2O 50% but in the case group without Halothane plus hyperventilation (Liverpool technique). Bleeding volume was estimated according to preoperative and 6 hour's postoperative hematocrit. Recovery time was recorded in minutes. Data was ahalyzed using Mann-Whitney U, T, Leven and K-S tests. Results: There was not any significant difference in sex, age, and weight and operation duration in the two groups. Mean recovery time in the case group was 7.87 minutes and in the control group 15.59 minutes, which showed a significant difference (p=0.00001). Mean bleeding volume in the case group was 44.22 ml and in the control group 58.52 ml, which also showed a significant difference (p = 0.005). Conclusion: According to our study it seems that anesthesia with Halothane causes more bleeding and prolonged recovery time in comparison to Liverpool technique.

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Introduction: The increasing users of microwave appliances such as cell phones caused an increasing interest on investigation of its adverse effects on human health and development of animals.This study is done to investigate the effects of simulating cell phone waves on gonads and sex cells of male Balb/C mouse. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study in which with the use of generating apparatus of simulating cell phone waves, adult male mice were exposed to cell phone waves for 10 days (4 hours per day). Then structure and ultrastructure of testes and number of sex cells were examined by light and transmission electron microscope. Data was analyzed using t and Mann Whitney testes. Results: The results did not show any significant differences in the size and weight of testes in mice exposed to the simulating cell phone waves. Results also showed that the number of spermatogonia cells and primary spermatocytes and spermatids and sperms were significantly increased in exposed mice (p<0.05), but the number of sertoli cells were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The study of micrographs showed changes in ultrastructure of sexual cells, such as cleft and hetrochromatined nucleus and decrease of cell organelles and vacuolization of cytoplasm. Conclusion: Results indicate the effect of simulating cell phone waves on number and ultrastructure of sex cell in male Balb/C mouse.

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Background: Pain is an unpleasant feeling which humans experience. It is a warning sign of the damaged tissue. Due to the awful sense of pain, scientists always attempt to relieve it. Retinoic acid (RT), an active metabolite of natural vitamin A has important roles in modulation of the inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to analyze the pain threshold of rats which had microinjections of RT, applying acute and chronic models. Methods and Materials: In this study, the tail flick and formalin tests were used to determine pain threshold. In each test, the acute and chronic pain thresholds of 252 Wistar male rats (275 ± 25 gr) were assayed. The druge were injected in the acute model one-dose30 minutes before behavioral testing and in chronic model two-dose for one or two-weeks. The rats of both models divided randomly into six groups (n=7). In four treatment groups retinoic acid (RT) intra cerebro ventricular (i.C.V) were injected as dosagc of 0.5, 3 and 6 (µg/kg) micrograms per kilogram. In control group, was microinjected by ACSF. In vehicle group injected RT solvent (DMSO+ Distil water). Results: The resuits Showed acute injection of RT did not change pain thresholds in the tail-flick methd, but the chronic administration of RT (0.5, 1, 3, 6 µg/kg) reduced tail-flick latencies of the rats (p<0.05) in compare to DMSO group. The threshold of pain in the first phase of formalin test was reduced after injection of 3µg/kg of RT for two weeks. Conclusion: It was concluded that chronic i.c.v. injections of RT can induce significant hyperalgesia in rat.

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Background: Providing health not only is responsibility of governmental organizations but also is responsibility of Community Health Vounteers help to health staff in health centers and try to promote people's knowledge and practice about their health. This study is conducted to determine knowledge and practice of the volunteers before and immediately after education and evaluated long – term education effects. Methods and Materials: This interventional (semi- experimental) study was carried out on 78 health communicators Arak with census method. In Arak axis education were included check of vital signs and rescue method during disasters. Methods of education were lecture, smallgroup, problem solving, and practical training in Skin lab. Data were gathered with questionnaire and check list and were analyzed with Paired T-test and Pearson correletion coefficient. Data was analyzed using paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: There was a significant difference between mean of knowledge and practice scores before and immediately after training (p<0.001). But the relationship between scores immediately after training and one year later, was not significant. Conclusion: It seems updated knowledge and practice of health volunteers change health behavior, promote knowledge and practice and decrease health care expenses.

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Background: In order to selected indigenous potential probiotic bacteria, we surveyed antagonistic activities of 22 strains of acid and bile tolerant Lactobacillus, isolated from traditional dairy products by biochemical and molecular methods. Methods and Materials: In a fundamental practical study assessment of antimicrobial activity of this strain with neutrallized and Dual layer two methods against bacterial pathogene such as E-coli, L.monocytogenes, S.auteus and Y.entercolitica was done. These strain were identified with two methods for determining of biochemical and sequence of 16Sr DNA. Results: Dual layer method based on the growth of zone diameter were estabilished in three groups of strains inhibitors, semi inhibitors and non inhibitors. Neutralize method around well acidic extract containing strains C5i4, Y144, K213, C4i2, C612 and neutral extract C5i4 zone blight strains was observed. Based on the results, sequence area 16Sr DNA of four strains inclulde C4i2, C1d2, Y2c4, D3b1 indicator bacteria that revealed the highest percentage of inhibitor effect of bacterial indicators, were duplicate and sequency. So four strains L.Bacilus Pentosus, L.Bacillus Bervis and L. Bacillus Paraplantarum, were indentifed respectivey. Conclusion: It seems that indigenous lactobacillus from Iranian dairy products have potential as probiotics. So use of them as bio preservative prevent food bacterial contamination.

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Background: Due to concerns over the negative impacts of PCB compounds on environment and their persistence, their production, use, and import has been banned in some countries. More recently, the Chemical Treaty on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has listed PCBs among priority chemicals for eventual elimination by 2025. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of solvents on the photodegradation of askarel oils using photolysis for reducing their hazards. Materials and Methods: The photochemical reactor, used in this experimental trial, was based on photolysis through UV/ H2O2 with a 500 ml beaker and low-pressure mercury lamp with a wavelength of 254 nm. The lamp was immersed in the beaker. The temperature and PH of the samples were constantly monitored. The experiments were repeated three times. Askarel oils were analyzed by GC/ECD. Results: The means of degradation of total PCBs due to the use of lamp for ethanol solvent and isooctane were 88% and 77%, respectively. The mean degradation of total PCBs in terms of the applied solvent ratio to the oil transformer for 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 values for ethanol and isooctane were 55%, 85%, and 88%, and 40%, 77%, and 78%, respectively. Conclusion: Photolysis of PCB compounds in the presence of ethanol solvents, isoocatnes with strong oxidants such as H2O2, indicated their degradation or reduction in oil transformers with lower energy, and no yield of toxic byproducts. There was a significant difference in the employment of ethanol solvent and isooctane in degradation of askarel oil.

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Background: Pain following tonsillectomy is common in children, and its elimination due to its subsequent complications is essential. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of obtaining the best method of administering ketamine for reducing pain following tonsillectomy with the greatest efficiency and the least side effects. Materials and Methods:This study was a double-blind clinical trial which was conducted on 92 children, aged 3-9, who had been admitted for tonsillectomy. The patients were randomly divided into oral ketamine and ketamine injection groups (each containing 46 patients). Thirty minutes before the operation, all the patients were given apple-juice ketamine injection group received normal apple juice without ketamine, whereas the oral ketamine group received 5mg/kg ketamine with the apple juice. Three minutes before tonsillectomy, 0.5 mg/kg ketamine was injected to the peritonsillar area in ketamine injection group while the same volume of saline was injected to the oral ketamine group. Data were registered, gathered, and, then, analyzed using Wilcoxon, Man Whitney, and t tests. Results: Demographic data and blood pressure before and after the operation did not have significant differences in the 2 groups. In terms of the duration of operation time, a significant difference was observed between the two groups the operation time in the ketamine injection group was shorter (p=0.006). Also, pain score in the ketamine injection group was less than the oral ketamine group. Conclusion: Ketamine is effective in reducing the pain after tonsillectomy operation. Peritonsillar injection of ketamine is more effective than its oral usage.

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Background: Due to problems caused by traditional dressings, scientists have long been in search for producing alternative cellulose. Unique characteristics of bacterial cellulose synthesized by acetobacter xylinum, due to its nanostructure cellulose, resulted in attempts to devise an ideal dressing with this cellulose. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of impregnated bacterial cellulose on staphylococcus aureus culture. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, cellulose disks synthesized by bacterial cellulose and cellulose blank disks (without antibiotic) were placed in 3.3% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. These disks were, then, together with ciprofloxacin standard, control cellulose, and cellulose blank disks, placed on the cultured media of staphylococcus aureus. After 24 hours, the results were obtained through the measurement of growth inhibition zone. Determining the amount of antibiotic absorbed into bacterial cellulose can be done through the comparison of the effects of cellulose disks containing different concentrations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and ciprofloxacin standard disks. Results: Both cellulose and blank disks created a growth inhibition zone in staphylococcus aureus media, whereas the growth inhibition zone of cellulose and cellulose blank disks (negative control) were insignificant. Conclusion: Noticing the unique characteristics of bacterial cellulose as a dressing and its proven ability in absorption and release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, the prospects are seen for production of antibiotics containing dressings of this microbial product in future.

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Background: Molybdenum is an essential trace element for both animals and plants. Molybdenum (Mo), which functions as a cofactor for a limited number of enzymes including xanthine dehyrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase in mammals, is believed to be an essential trace element in animal nutrition. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of sodium molybdate against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, adult male rats received daily oral administrations of different doses of sodium molybdate (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g/kg bw) along with intrapertioneal CCl4 (50% CCl4 in olive oil, 1 ml/kg bw) twice a week for 28 consecutive days. Results: Histopathological examinations in CCl4-treated rats showed extensive liver injuries characterized by extensive hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, fat degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration while histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were significantly attenuated by sodium molybdate treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that sodium molybdate could protect liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, and this hepatoprotective effect might be contributed to the protection of liver by preventing the toxic chemical reactions which generate oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and molecular changes which ultimately lead to liver tissue necrosis.

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Background: Noticing the fact that graft survival rate of kidney transplantation from live donors is more than deceased donors, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between the graft survival rate of renal transplantation and the donor source in patients transplanted from March 1999 to March 2009 in Namazi Hospital Transplantation Center of Shiraz. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study which was designed to determine the relationship between graft survival of kidney transplantation and the donor source (related live donor, unrelated live donor, and deceased donor) in 1356 patients who were transplanted in Shiraz Transplant Center, Namazi Hospital. Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the survival rate, log-rank test was used to compare survival curves and Cox regression model was used for ruling out the intervening factors. Results: Five-year graft survival rates of renal transplantation from related, unrelated, and deceased donors were 92.4, 92.6 and 82.1%, respectively. Also, a significant relationship was seen between donor source and survival rate of the renal allograft (P>0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study transplanted patients with kidneys from living donors (related or unrelated) have a higher graft survival rate compared with deceased donors.

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Background: Bacterial cellulose synthesized by acetobacter xylinum is a harmless microbial product with unique characteristics as an ideal dress that many studies have been done on. The aim of this study was to consider the capability of this product in absorption and release of tetracycline hydrochloride. Indication of this capability can pave the way for supplying a new dressing containing antibiotic from bacterial cellulose. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, cellulose sheet was initially impregnated on aqueous solution of tetracycline hydrochloride. Then the release process was considered in diluted water and normal saline. Ultra violet spectrophotometry method was applied to the detection of the antibiotic during absorption and release processes. Results: The results of data analysis demonstrated that bacterial cellulose has a great potential in absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride and can release it in a wet environment. Conclusion: Considering the advantages of bacterial cellulose over traditional dressings, the results of this study can provide the ground for further research on supplying an ideal dressing containing antibiotic from this microbial product.

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Background: Noise-induced hearing loss is a noticeable clinical issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of N-Acetylcysteine on the reduction of permanent noise-induced hearing loss in workers at Hepco Company. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, in a one-month period from October to November, 118 male 22-52 year-old workers with at least 5 years of experience working in places with permanent high tone noise (more than 850db) were selected and divided to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received Fluimucil (NAC) and the control group received vitamin B1. Hearing ability of the two groups was evaluated through audiometry after the one-month period. Results: In the control group, hearing loss was significant and it was in direct relationship with age and job experiment. The placebo (vitamin B1) did not have any significant effects on preventing hearing loss. In the experimental group, there was significant hearing loss in higher frequencies and at 6000, a relative improvement was observed, whereas with increases in age and job experience hearing loss became more significant which was rather low in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this study shows that using N-Acetylcysteine has significant effects on NIHL (high tone loss) in higher frequencies. This study can be used as the basis for launching future studies on reducing the damages induced by noise

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Background: Cardiac rehabilitation is one of the essential components of caring in cardiac patients both in hospital and community. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effects of cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life in patients with myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods:This clinical trial was conducted on two groups (experimental and control). Thirty patients with myocardial infarction at Heart Center Hospital of Sari were randomly assigned to each group. The experimental group participated in the Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program (3 visits at home in weeks 4, 8, and 12) however, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected via demographic data and SF-36 quality of life questionnaires and patients’ home-based health behaviors checklist. Data analysis was done by Chi Square, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests using SPSS software version 16. Results: The two groups were homogenous in terms of demographic characteristics. The patients’ quality of life increased in the experimental group in physical and mental dimensions and in total before and after the intervention (P<0.001). In addition, the comparison of the quality of life showed a significant difference between experimental and control groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Cardiac Rehabilitation Program at home can improve the quality of life in these patients therefore, its implementation is recommended.

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Background: Aquatic ecosystems pollution with heavy metals, especially mercury, has always been a major concern for aquatic organisms health. Hence this study not only described an innovative method for analyzing organic mercury compound, but also evaluated total and organic mercury concentrations in great cormorant and compared them with world health standards. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 18 great cormorants were randomly captured in March, 2009. Total and organic mercury of muscle, kidney, and liver tissues were analyzed by an advanced mercury analyzer made in the United States (Model Leco, AMA 254), and statistical analysis was done by Mann-Whitney U, and Kolmogrove-Smirnov tests. Results: Mean accumulated total mercury in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues were 5.67, 3.59, and 2.26 mg kg -1 w.w., respectively and organic mercury formed 82, 79, and 58 % of the total mercury. Conclusion: The levels of accumulated mercury in all tissues of great cormorant were more than the established limits by WHO, FAO, and EPA. These results can be a serious warning for consumers of these birds, especially vulnerable people.

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Background: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bacterium is the most important bacterial agent causing diarrhea. Specific virulence factors, such as enterotoxins and colonization factors, distinguish ETEC from other classes of diarrheagenic E.coli. In this study, heat-labile toxin was purified which could be utilized for anti-toxin assay in GM1 gangelioside receptor-ELISA based method and for identification of ETEC producing toxin. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, bacterial strain producing heat-labile toxin was first cultivated for production and purification of toxin. Then supernatant soluble proteins were precipitated with ammonium sulfate and purified using biochemical methods. Finally, purified protein was dialyzed against Tris 0.02 mM pH 8 and analyzed on gel electrophoresis. GM1 gangelioside receptor-ELISA based method was used for detection and assessment of the purified toxin. Through this method, the effect of anti-recombinant heat-labile toxin B subunit neutralization on heat-labile toxin was investigated. Results: Toxin purification was revealed by the presence of 12 and 28 KD protein bands. This study demonstrated that anti-recombinant heat-labile toxin B subunit antibody can detect the purified toxin and can inhibit its binding to GM1 receptor up to 80%. Conclusion: Purification of heat-labile toxin and gangelioside receptor-ELISA assay can be used for accurate detection and epidemiological study of clinical isolates.

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Background: Nowadays, international concern about the impact of antibiotic residues on the environment increased and their removal has received a lot of consideration. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Fenton’s advanced oxidation process (H2O2/Fe+2) in sulfadiazine antibiotic removal from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: An experimental-laboratory scale study was done on a synthetic wastewater containing sulfadiazine antibiotic with 0.079, 0.19, and 0.47 mM concentrations under Fenton’s process. Then optimal values of affecting parameters, such as initial antibiotic concentration, molar ratio of reagents, [Fe+2] and [H2O2] concentration, detention time, and pH, were determined. The discharged effluent analyzed by HPLC-UV to identify the antibiotic residues. Results: The results showed that the optimal parameters in the Fenton’s oxidation process to remove the sulfadiazine included antibiotics at pH 3.5, molar ratio of [H2O2] / [Fe +2] equal to 1.5, and contact time of 15 minutes, respectively. In these optimal conditions, the efficiency of removal of antibiotic in concentrations of 0.079, 0.19, and 0.47 mM were 99.82%, 97.97% and 78.23% and the wastewater COD removal degrees were 83.33%, 78.57%, and 78.57%, respectively. Conclusion: The experiments showed the efficient removal of sulfadiazine antibiotic in wastewater by Fenton’s oxidation process. The efficiency of this method can also be considered in eliminating other antibiotics resistant to biological treatment

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Background: Poly chlorinated biphenyls (PBCs) are the group of organic chemical materials that have a great chemical stability. These compounds are hazardous pollutants which pose various occupational and environmental problems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of microwave rays, hydrogen peroxide, Tio2 catalyst, and ethanol on the decomposition of PBCs. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a vessel reactor (250ml volume)that was connected with a tube connector to thecondensor system was used. A microwave oven with a fixed frequency of 2450 MHZ was used to provide microwave irradiation and ray powers used at 540, 720 and 900w. pH and temperature of the samples were continuously monitored and the experiments were repeated three times. Askarel oils were analyzed by GC-ECD. Results: The mean of total PCBS degradation at 540, 720, and 900w was 83.88±1.63, 89.27±2.44, and 95.98±0.81%, respectively. The mean of total PCBS degradation in terms of ratio to solvent with oil transformer in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 was 53.8±3.26, 79.04±1.24, and 95.08±1.69%, respectively. The mean of total PCBS degradation in terms of not using H2o2/Tio2 and using H2O2 (20%) and 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g of Tio2 concurrently was 71.47±0.81, 87.9±2.16, 89.48±1.69, 91.7±1.24, and 93.07±3.09 %, respectively. Conclusion: Using microwave irradiation in the presence of H2O2 oxidant and Tio2 catalyst leads to the reduction of PCBS.

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Background: In recent years, changes in the composition of Iranian population into aged population have increased the need for more information about the quality of life (QOL) of this group. Proper planning for this age group for increasing their quality of life depends on the identification of factors associated with QOL. The aim of the current study was to assess the quality of life and its relationship with the quality of diet in elderly people aged 60 years and more living in the urban areas of Markazi province. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 165 elderly people in the urban areas of Markazi Province in 2010. Data obtained via general and QOL (SF-36) questionnaires and three 24-hour recalls on food. The quality of diet was measured using Healthy Eating index. Results: The means of total SF-36, physical and mental components scores were 55.66, 51.32 and 57.30, respectively. Additionally, the average overall healthy eating index score was 82.83. The results showed that the total, physical, and mental components of SF-36 scores in the elderly were positively associated with the healthy eating index but not significantly (P=0.2). QOL and diet scores were significantly associated with age, sex, education, previous employment, income, leisure activities, exercise, insurance, smoking, present disease, and drug consumption (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the QOL in the elderly was not related to their quality of diet.