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Introduction: Performing aerobic exercise programs during pregnancy will have positive effects on various characteristics related to the health of mother and children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic activity of the mother during pregnancy on the levels of leptin hormone in the blood serum of adult rats.
Methods: This research is of an experimental type with a post-test design with a control group, including 20 female rats with an average age of 8 weeks, randomly divided into two training (T) (221 ± 8.9 grams) and control (C). (223±12.8 grams) groups. Pregnancy sports activity was performed immediately after the observation of vaginal plaque for 21 days and for 5 sessions per week with moderate intensity on the treadmill, and it was terminated 2 days before delivery. The comparison of leptin hormone level in two control and exercise groups was analyzed using independent t-test in 8-week-old mice at a significant level of P≥0.05.
Ethical considerations: This study was an experimental and interventional type, and the ethical standards in maintaining and conducting experiments are in accordance with the ethics code of this study (IR.QUMS.REC.1396.288) which has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Basic Sciences of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.
Results: The amount of leptin hormone (p=0.002) in adult rats whose mothers had exercised during pregnancy was significantly lower than the control group, the weight of food consumed by the mother in the last weeks of pregnancy in the group training was less than the control group and the weight of the adult rats in the training group was less than the control group.
Conclusions: It seems that sports activity during pregnancy can have positive effects on weight control and prevention of obesity in adult children.
 

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Introduction: Reducing physical activity as well as consuming more calories than the body needs increases obesity and its related disorders, such as metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training (RT) on brain tissue gene expression of AKT2 and insulin resistance in obese Wistar rats.
Methods: 30 male rats weighing 160 to 185 grams were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. After the approval of the obesity protocol of increasing the weight of the rats, which to be more than 300 grams, the rats were divided into three groups, including the control group (n = 10), HIIT group (n = 10), as well as RT group (n = 10). Until the end, the rats continued to eat a high-fat diet. HIIT was performed for eight weeks and five sessions per week, with an intensity of 80 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption on a treadmill. Moreover, RT was performed with an intensity of 40-60% of a maximum repetition on the ladder. After eight weeks of training interventions, the expression level of the AKT2 gene in brain tissue was measured by the real-time PCR method.
Results: The results of the present study demonstrated a significant increase in AKT2 gene expression of HIIT and RT groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results illustrated that the insulin resistance of rats in both training groups was significantly reduced (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: According to the findings of the present research, it could be concluded that HIIT, as well as RT interventions, probably causes an increase in AKT2 gene expression and could be effective in reducing insulin resistance and improving glucose profile.

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Introduction: Since endurance training and a fasting diet are effective in reducing the symptoms of heart disease, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of endurance training with electrical stimulation on the expression of ICAM and VCAM genes in the heart tissue of obese fasting rats.
Methods: In this study, 35 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, average weight 200 ± 19 g) were rendered obese and then randomly assigned to five groups of seven: obese control, fasting, fasting with endurance training, fasting with electrical stimulation, and fasting with endurance training with electrical stimulation. All groups except the obese control followed a 16/8 intermittent fasting protocol. The endurance training lasted 4 weeks, with 5 sessions per week, starting at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption in the first week and progressing to 65% by the fourth week. Electrical stimulation was delivered via foot shock (0.5 mA for 20 min). 24 hours after the last session, cardiac tissue was extracted under deep anesthesia. The expression levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 genes in the heart were measured using real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, with the significance level set at P ≤ 0.05.
Results: The results of the present study demonstrated that intermittent fasting, endurance training, and electrical stimulation—each independently—led to a significant reduction in the gene expression of vascular adhesion molecules in the cardiac tissue of obese rats (P = 0.001). Moreover, it appears that the combination of all three interventions exerts a greater effect in reducing the expression levels of these adhesion molecules in the cardiac tissue of obese rats (P = 0.001).
Conclusions: Based on the findings, the simultaneous application of endurance training, intermittent fasting, and electrical stimulation exerts a considerable impact on decreasing the expression of VCAM and ICAM in cardiac tissue. However, it is still not possible to definitively determine the directionality of the individual or combined effects of intermittent fasting, endurance training, and electrical stimulation (foot-shock stimulation) on adhesion molecules under conditions of obesity and intermittent fasting.
 

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Introduction: Today, diabetes is one of the main problems in the world. Type-2 diabetes is more common in obese and overweight people, and obesity is a serious health problem. In addition to the importance of exercise in diabetes, some supplements can be effective on inflammatory factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training along with purslane seed supplement consumption on the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and CRP in middle-aged type-2 diabetic men on the threshold of obesity.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 male patients with type 2 diabetes with an average age of 40-55 and fasting blood sugar above 120 were selected, then randomly divided into four groups of 10 including: control group, exercise group, exercise+supplement group. And the complementary group was divided. The subjects had no history of regular sports activity (for the previous 6 months) and consumption of purslane and were on the threshold of obesity (BMI between 28 and 30). The subjects walked 3 sessions a week and each session was for one hour without rest. The duration of the training session started from 30 minutes in the first week and reached 45 minutes of training in the eighth week with an intensity equal to 50-70% of the maximum reserve heart rate. The supplement group consumed 7.5 grams of purslane seeds per day for 8 weeks. The control group was not subjected to any training or supplements during 8 weeks. Paired t-test was used to compare the results before and after check the significant difference between the four groups, the analysis of covariance test was used, and if a significant difference was observed, the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference between the groups using SPSS 25 and EXCEL2010 statistical software at the significance level (P<0.05).
Results: The results of covariance analysis showed a significant difference in CRP (P=0.000). The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test indicated a difference between the two groups of exercise-supplement and placebo exercise compared to the control group (P<0.05). No difference was observed in IL-6 values.
Conclusions: It seems that the consumption of purslane seeds along with exercise improves the inflammatory index and CRP predicts heart problems. As a result, the use of purslane seed supplement if combined with exercise can be an effective method for middle-aged men with type 2 diabetes on the verge of obesity, but the effect of endurance training is more effective than purslane seed supplement.