---

Introduction: Peptic ulcer is a mucosal lesion of stomach or deodenum in which acid and pepsin play major pathogenic roles. In general population, Helicobacter pylori (HP) plays an important role in peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer is more common in chronic renal failure (CRF) but its etiology is unknown. Materials and methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, the prevalence of peptic ulcer in CRF patients was studied and its relationship with HP was evaluated. All patients were visited in Tajrish shohada hospital, Tehran. CRF was defined as a serum ceratinin concentration equal or more than 2 mg/dl at least for 3 months. Patients who stressful conditions, or were recieved immunosuppressive or NASID drugs, or drugs for eradication of HP were excluded. Upper GI endoscopy was performed for all patients by gastroentrologists to find out peptic ulcer. Biopsy was taken for HP identification by rapid ureas test. Results: The mean age of participants was 56 year and 51% of them had GI symptoms. Nineteen of 98 patients with CRF (19%) had peptic ulcer. That 5 of them were positive HP. HP was identified in 45 (46%) of patients. Conclusion: This study showed that HP is not more prevalent in CRF patients compared to general population. Additionally, peptic ulcer was more common in male patients with CRF than non-CRF subjects.

---

Introduction: Nearly, 6% of recently diagnosed cancer in the United States was upon to lymphoproliferate and leukemia and 9% of fatality in cancerous people was upon to these two illnesses. Using some simple, cheap and in-hand tests and special consideration to clinical inspections in suspected subjects provide a faster diagnostic and suitable treatment. It may ultimately promote the quality of life and decline the fatality among patients.
Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional investigation which carried out during a 1.5 years in the form of forward direction. Forty-two lymphoproliferate (28 lymphoblast and 14 Hotchkin) and 21 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (10 acute lymphoblast leukemia and 11 miloid acute leukemia) subjects were evaluated. ESR, LDH and ALP levels were measured in all patients. In clinical examinations, oversizing of lymph nodes, spleen and liver were exactly considered.
Results: According to our results the best tests to rule in and rule out acute leukemia from lymphoprolifeatives were ESR and LDH, respectively. Additionally, The most sensitive and specific evaluations to rule out these two diseases were LDH and oversizing of liver inspection. It was also determined that LDH is the best screening test to rule out leukemia from lymphoproliferate.
Conclusion: Using of simple examinations such as ALP, LDH, ESR and more consideration to oversized spleen, liver and lymph nodes in each suspected patients, we could easily differentiate lymphoproliferate and acute leukemia from each other.

---

Introduction: Radius end fracture is one of the most common fractures of the upper limb, the treatment of which is controversial, and improper treatment can have significant side effects. In this study, we intend to examine the results of treatment with an external fixative method.
method: It was easy to study without control and sampling. The study was performed on 30 fractures (26 patients) for one year, based on radiographs of the fracture site of type 4 universal 5. Surgery with standard techniques was performed under general or regional anesthesia, and patients were followed up for up to one year after surgery and examined for shortness of breath, joint surface angle, range of motion, and pain.
Results: Twenty-four men and two women with a mean age of 5.28 years were examined. In all patients, clinical and radiographic effusion occurred. There were two cases of mild infection at the site of the pin, which were treated with medication. In one case, there was a slight sensation in the sensory branch of the radial nerve, which disappeared after a while, and in no case was there a tendon lesion. The mean deviation to the palm was 6.6.5.5 and the ulnar deviation was 4.5 to 12.5.
There were 4 cases of pain during strenuous activity, 2 cases of mild movement restriction and one case of severe movement restriction.
Conclusion: Compared to other studies, the results of this study are much better in many cases and it is recommended to use this treatment in the treatment of unstable fractures of the lower end of the radius and especially if it develops into the radiocarpal joint.

---

Introduction: The phone's sound beams are known to be a valid test that reflects the activity of foreign hair cells, and are therefore very useful for assessing cochlear changes, such as those that occur after exposure to noise.
method: In one clinical trial, 74 volunteers aged 18-25 were examined by simple random sampling. The results of audiometric tests of the participants' pure sounds and tympanometry were within the norm on the day of the experiment. In this study, the phonetic tests of the phone were spontaneous, transient, and distorted from both ears of the subject, which was considered as a basic level of evaluation for us. Then a person's ear was selected and in the intensity of SPL 100 decibels and for 5 minutes in his ear was given a turn. After 2 minutes after the end of the presentation, the previous evaluations were repeated in both ears and the range of responses in both ears was compared.
Results: In 34 participants, submucosal nostrils led to a decrease in amplitude or SOAE responses. One of the interesting findings in this study was the emergence of new peaks in SOAE responses in the opposite ear after the presentation of the sound. The proposed noise created a significant statistical decrease in the range of TEOAE response both in the affected ear and in the opposite ear. Comparing the mean amplitude of DPOAE responses before and after exposure to shift-induced noise in the ear was significant in the Hertz range of 1699-6299, but this comparison was not significant in the opposite ear. The mean time of DPOAE incubation before and after exposure to shingles did not show a statistically significant difference in both the affected ear and the opposite ear.
Conclusion: The findings show that the phone's sound beams are a good tool for tracking hearing damage caused by noise. TEOAEs are also more sensitive to tracking than other tests, and can even be used as a very fast screening tool to assess susceptibility to hearing damage caused by noise before entering high-end industrial environments. And considered sound.

---

Introduction: Hidden hepatitis B is a condition in which the surface antigen of hepatitis B in the patient's serum is negative but the DNA of the hepatitis B virus is detected in the serum or liver tissue. In this study, the prevalence of latent hepatitis B in chronic hepatitis C patients and their biochemical and histological changes were investigated.
method: In this descriptive study, target sampling was performed so that 27 chronic hepatitis C patients whose HBsAg was negative and during 2001 and 2002 to two hepatitis centers of Tehran and Research Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases of Shahid University of Medical Sciences Beheshti came in and underwent liver sampling. On the hepatic paraffinic block of these patients, polymerase chain reaction tests were performed for the presence of HBVDNA, as well as immunohistochemical tests for the presence and detection of HBsAg and central hepatitis B antigen.
Results: Of the 27 PCR samples examined, patients reported positive HBVDNA in 5 cases (19%). In all of these patients, IHC tests were reported to be negative for HBsAg and HBcAg. Histological changes of cirrhosis and irreversible cirrhosis symptoms were seen only in the HBVDNA group.
Conclusion: The prevalence of latent hepatitis B is relatively high in patients with hepatitis C. In these patients, latent hepatitis B can exacerbate liver damage and accelerate the progression of cirrhosis.

---

Introduction: Electric seizure therapy is one of the most important treatments in psychiatry that is used as the least effective treatment for mental disorders. Significant anesthetics commonly used in Iran for this purpose are sodium thiopental with a dose of 0.5-3.5 mg/kg and propofol with a dose of 2-3 mg/kg, each of which has the above effects. It focuses on different systems of the body and causes different autonomic responses in patients. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the therapeutic effects and side effects of these two drugs in patients undergoing treatment for seizures with electricity. 
method: In this study, which is a cross-sectional clinical trial study, 40 patients in the field of electronics seizure therapy were examined twice, one time with propofol and the next with sodium thiopental to induce anesthesia. Pre-, post-operative, and postoperative information were collected and analyzed by a questionnaire for seizure duration, blood pressure, heart rate, and level of awareness.
Results: The duration of seizures in propofol was less than in thiopental, which was statistically significant (P<0.001). Blood fluid in the case of thiopental increased significantly compared to propofol (P<0.001). The thiopental receptor group also showed a higher increase in heart rate, but this difference was not significant.
Conclusion: The use of propofol in seismic therapy with electricity has fewer side effects than thiopental and its use is recommended.

---

Introduction: Dendritic  cells (DCs) play  an  important  role  in  induction  of  cellular  immune  responses. It  has  been  showed  that  the  nature  of  the  immune  responses  is  not  the  same  in  all  tissues.  It  seems  that  DCs  reside  in  different  organs  may  distinct  in  their  ability  to  induce  lymphocyte  proliferation .The  innate  tolerogenic  characteristic  of  the  liver  may  be  due  to  the  inability  of  liver  DCs  to  induce  proliferative  responses.
Materials  and  Methods:  In  this  study, the  DCs  were  isolated  from  the  liver  and  spleen  of  normal  C57BL/6  mice  by  enzymatic  digestion  and  nycodenz  centrifugation  gradient.  Isolated  DCs  were  pulsed  with  a  proper  concentration  of  myelin  oligodendrocyte  glycoprotein  peptide (MOG35-55). About  6*105  pulsed  DCs  from  liver  and  spleen  were  injected  to  the  footpad  of  two  different  groups  of  mice. Unpulsed  Dcs  were  injected  to  control  group.  After  5  days, the  mononuclear  cells  (MNCs)  of  the  popliteal  lymph  nodes  were  isolated  from  immunized  mice  and  their  proliferative  response  were  evaluated  in  the  presence  and  absence  of  MOG35-55.
Results: The  obtained  results  showed  that  the  proliferartive  response intrnsity  of  MNGs  in  mice  immunized  with  pulsed  DCs  were  higher  than  control  group  (p<0.004). furthermore  there  was  no  significant  difference  between  proliferative  response  of  mice  immunized  with  liver  DCs  and  those  immunized  with  splenic  DCs. These  finding  showed  that  the  liver  and  spleen  DCs  could  be  pulsed  proplerly  with  the  antigen  in  tissue  culture  and  can  induce  a  reasonable  proliferative  response.
Conclusion: The  equal  ability  of  liver  and  spleen  DCs  to  induce  the  proliferative  response  indicates  that  the  type  of  induced  response  may  differ  at  in  vivo  and  ex  vivo  conditions  and  microenviromental  factors  can  modulated  the  immune  response.

---

Introduction: Hp  is  the  most  common  human  infection  which  can  result  in  gastritis, peptic  ulcer  and  gastric adenocarcinoma  and  lymphoma.  Several  combinations  of  drugs  have  been  tested  in  HP  eradication.  Thyme  is  a  herbal  drug  that  has  antiseptic  and  GI  anti  spasmodic  characteristics. In  this  study  we  tested  Thyme  combination  regimen  in  comparison  with routine  regimes. 
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  randomized  clinical  trial  study.  90  patients  with  GI  symptoms, confirmed  peptic  ulcer  and  HP  infections, were  divided  into  three  groups, group  A (Omeperazole, Bismuth, Metronidazole  and  Tetracycline), group  B: Omeperazole, Bismuth, Metronidazole, Tetracycline  and  Thyme  and  group  C:  Bismuth, Omeperazole, Tetracycline  and  Thyme.  Duration  of  treatment  was  2  weeks . after  treatment  they  were  given  Ranitidine  for  2  weeks  and  2  weeks  without any  treatment  and  then they  were  evaluated  for  HP  and  peptic  ulcer.
 Results: Distribution  of  sex, age, and  smoking  was  equal  in  three  groups, 81 (90%)  of  cases  had  upper  epigastric  pain.  Clinical  recovery  rate  was  96.6%  in  group  B  and  C  which  was  more  than  group  A  (p=0.43). After treatment  endoscopy  showed  70%  complete  relief  in  group  C  which  was  significantly  more  than  two  other  groups (p=0.04). Complete  response  rate  (negative  RUT+ negative  HP  histology)  was  46.7%  in  group  C (p=0.03).
Conclusion: In  general,  group  C  regimen  that  substituted Thyme  with  Metronidazol  was  more  effective  in  HP  eradication.  With  regard  to  high  effectiveness, low  complication  and  low  cost  of  Thyme, we  suggest  that  adding  this  drug  to  routine  quadriple  HP  eradication  regimens  could  be  useful.
 

---

Introduction: Tension  headache  is  the  most  common  type  of  headache. Tension  headache is  mostly  caused  by  stress, anxiety  and  depression.  Treatment  is  by  pharmacological  and  nonpharmacological  methods.  Nowdays  nonpharmacological  methods  are  used  increasingly. This  is  a  response  to  the  over  use  of  drugs, side  effects  and  cost.  The  purpose  of  chronic  tension  headache.
Materials  and  Methods: This  research  is  a  clinical  trial  study. 25  women  suffered  from  chronic  tension  headache  were  treated  by  massage  during  5  weeks. Samples  were  asked  to  record  headache  indexes  in  a  checklist  four  times  a  day  (before  breakfast, before launch , before  dinner  and  before  sleep)  through  these  5  weeks. Data  from  the  first  and  fifth  weeks  were  recorded  as  pre  and  post intervention  data and  data  from  the  second, third  and  fourth  weeks  of  investigations  were  recorded  as  the  data  during  intervention.  During  the  intervention  samples  were  treated  twice  a  week  for  20  minutes  each  time  with  the  friction  massage  on  posterior  parts  of  the  neck  and  shoulders.  Headache    indexes  included: intensity, frequency  and  duration  of  headache, headache  intensity  was  recorded  using  11  points  criteria. Headache  frequency  was  measured  by  calculating  the  days  of  headache  in  a  week  and  the  duration  of  the  headache  was  calculated  by  dividing  sum  of  headache  hours  in  a  week  to  the  frequency  of  attacks. Data  was  analyzed  by  analysis  of  variance  and  Tukey  test.
Results: Results  showed  the  positive  effect  of  massage  in  which  headache  indexes  showed  a  meaningful  difference  in  three  stages  of  pre, during  and  post  intervention (p<0.01).
The  recovery  rates for  each  index  were  52%, 28%  and  57%  respectively.
Conclusion: Massage  therapy  resulted  in  the  reduction  of  intensity, frequency  and  duration  of  tension  headache  and  can  be  useful  in  treatment  of  tension  headache .

---

Introduction: Oxidative  stress is  one  of  the  factors  producing  poisoning  during  chronic  exposure  to  organophpsphporous  poisons.  In  this  research  we  studied  oxidative  stress  status  and  acetycholinesterase  in  pesticide  manufacturing  workers.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  cross-sectional  analytical  study  in  which  45  organophopsphorous (OP)  formulating  pesticide  workers  with  a  minimum  work  history  of  1  year  in  the  age  range  of  23-35  were  studied. Controls  were  age–matched  workers  of  a  food-making  factory.  They  were  evaluated  for  oxidative  stress  markers, including  Tthiobarbituric  acid-reactive  substances (TBARS)  indicator  of  lipid  peroxidation (LPO), ferric  reducing  ability  of  plasma (FRAP)  indicator  of  total  antioxidant  capacity, total  Thiol (SH)  groups  and Gammaglutamyl  transpeptidase (GGT)  levels  in  blood  and  ACHE  activity  in  erythrocytes.
Results: The  results  showed  marked  inhibition  of ACHE, increased  TBARS, decreased  FRAP  and  decreased  Thiol  group  level  in  workers.  The  reduction  in  activity  of  ACHE  correlated  well  with  increased  TBARS  and  decreased  FRAP  in  OP  formualtors.
Conclusion: It  is  concluded  that  Op-formulating  workers  are  exposed  to  more  oxidative  stress. The  measurement  of  erythrocyte  ACHE  activity  in  pesticide  workers  who  formulate  Ops  can  be  a  good  monitoring  factor  and  is  recommended  to  be  performed  in  a  regular  manner.
 

---

Introduction: Impressive  research  demonstrates   the importance  of  essential  fatty  acids  for  many  physiological  and  bahavioral  mechanisms  in  both  human  and  animals.  Essential  fatty  acids  must  be  supplied  via  the  diet.  In  this  study  we  assessed  the  dietary  effects  of  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  on  seizures  induced  by  pentylenetetrazol  in  rats.
Materials  and  Methods:  In this  study  animals  were  divided  into  four  groups.  In  the  test  groups  cis, trans  or  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  were  add  to  the  standard  foods  of  rats  and  in  control  group  only  standard  food  was  dietary  administrated. After  one  month  kindling  was  established  in  rats  with  PTZ  in  subconvulsive  dose (45 mg/kg). convulsing  activities  were  monitored  for  20  min.
Results: Results  showed  that  there  was  no  meaningful  difference  between  rat  groups  receiving  cis, trantary  administration  of  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  had  no  effect  on  penylenetetrazol  kindling  in  rats.s  or  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  in  their  standard  food.
Conclusion: It  was  concluded  that  dietary  administration  of  cis  and  trans  fatty  acids  had  no  effect  on  pentylenetetrazol  kindling  in  rats. 
 

---

Introduction: Diabetes  during  its  progress can  result  in  nephropathy.  Some  of  its  symptoms  are  increasing  kidney  size  and  weight  and  its  components.  Regarding  useful  components  of  onion  and  its  antioxidant, decreasing  stress  oxidative  and b decreasing  blood  glucose  effects. This  investigation  is designed  to  study  the  effect  of  onion  water-alcohol  extract  in  preventing  nephropathy  and  its  effect  on  kidney  structure  based  on  stereology  method.
Materials  and  Methods: Four  groups  of  matured  vistar  rats (n=8)  were  selected randomly (control  group, control + extract  group, diabetic  only  group, diabetic + extract  group). Diabetes  was  induced  by  injecting  interperitoneal  sreptozotocin  (60mg/kg). The  control+ extract group  and  diabetic + extract  group  were  treated  by  onion-water  extract (50 mg/rat)every day  for  four  weeks. Then  all  groups  were  anesthetized  and  their  left  kidney  was  removed  and  fixed  in  Bouin  fixative. After  histologic  passage  and H & E  dying, using  stereologic  techniques, qualitative  measurement  was  performed  by  Cavalier  method  for  cortex, medulla, glomerulus  and  kidney  size.  Data analysis  was  done  by  SPSS  software  using one  way  anova, tukey  and  paired  test. p<0.05  was  considered  significant.
Results: The  primary  and  secondary  weight  of  rats  in  only  diabetic  group  and  diabetic  + extract  group  was  not  different, but  in  control  group  and  control  + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.05). Medulla, cortex  and  whole  kidney  size  in  only  diabetic  group  in  comparison  with  diabetic+ extract  group  had  no  difference, but  total  glomerular  size  in  diabetic  only  group  and  diabetic + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Experimental  induction  of  diabetes  by  STZ  in  a  short  period  showed  that  onion  extract  can  prevent  glomerular  hypertrophy  and  increasing  kidney  weight  in  diabetic  rats, but  had  no  effect  on  overall  kidney  size. So  the  study  of  onion  extract  effects  on  kidney  structure  during  a  long  period  is  recommended.      
 
 
 

---

Introduction: different  isotypes  of  antibody  can  be  produced  by  immune  system  after  antigen  contact.  Detection  and  measurement  of  different  classes  of  antibody  against  the  antigen  is  very  important  in  some  cases.  The  aim  of  this  study  is  designing  of  an  ELISA  method  on  the  basis  of  inhibition  of  enzyme  activity  by  using  a  non-competitive  inhibitor.  Therefore  in  this  study  rheumatoid  factor  is  used  as  a  model  for  the  detection  of  different  other  classes  of  antibodies  against  the  antigen.
Materials  and  Methods:  In  this  cross  sectional  analytical  study, we  measured  IgM  and IgA   rheumatoid  factors  in  sera  of  10  patients  with  rheumatoid  arthritis  and  positive  latex  test , by  mixed  and  routine  ELISA.  In  mixed  ELISA  the activity  of  the  first  conjugated  enzyme  was  blocked  by  a  non-competitive  inhibitor  after  adding  the  substrate. Then  the  next  conjugated  antibody, which  was  specific  for  another  isotype, was  added. By  optical  density, results  was  comparisoned  with  routine  ELISA.
Results:  The  obtained  results  showed  that  the  average  optical  density  is  lower  when  compared  with  routine  ELISA , but  the  difference  is   not  statistically  significant.  however  these  two  methods  did  not  show  any  significant  difference  in  quantifying  antibody  isotypes. Also  there  is  a  positive  association  between  mixed  and  routine  ELISA (r=0.9, p=0.001).
Discussion: Lower  optical  density  in  mixed  ELISA  is  probably  because  of  stick  hindrance  by  the  first  conjugate. So, because  there  is  no significant  difference  between  the  results  of  these two  types  of  ELISA, and  also  no  need  to  repeat  the  test  for  each  isotype  in  this  method, it  is  recommended  to  use the  new  method  instead  of  the  routine  one  to  save  time  and  reagents.
 

---

Introduction: Acute  renal  failure (ARF)  is  one  of  the  relatively  incident  complications  in  surgical  emergency  wards  and  is  defined  as  increasing  serum urea  and  creatinine   and  decreasing  GRF. In  this  study  we  investigated  acute  renal  failure  incidence  in  patients  admitted  to  emergency  surgical  ward.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  cross  sectional  analytical  study  in  which  all patients  with  primary  diagnosis  of  emergency  surgery  (traumatic  or  non traumatic) admitted  in  emergency  surgery  ward  were  selected. After  history  taking  and  physical  assessment  patients  having  history  of  kidney  disease  were  excluded. Urinalysis, BUN  and  creatinine  tests  were  performed  for  all  samples. Data  was  analyzed  by  SPSS  software.
Results: In  this  study  2100  patients  (1280  male)  were  assessed  during  a  10  month  period. 5.66%  of  samples  had  some  degree  of  ARF. 1136  patients  undergone surgery  due  to  accidents  and  trauma  (72%  multiple  trauma  and  28%  single  trauma) and  964  patients  due  to  nontraumatic  emergencies.  ARF  was  seen  in 6.84%  of  the  first  and  4.25%  of  the  second  group. ARF incidence  in  male  and  female  was  5.6%  and  5.7%  respectively.
 ‍Conclusion: The overall  incidence  of  ARF  in  this  study  was  not  so  different  from  developed  countries.   ARF  was  significantly  more  incident  in  traumatic (especially  multiple  trauma)  and  old  aged  patients.  This  factors  must  be  considered  as  ARF  risk  factors  in  emergency  wards.

---

---

Introduction: Because tetraploid embryo is used as a base for growth and development of transgenic cells, one of the most important stages in animal biotechnology is to produce tetraploidy by electrofused 2-cell embryo. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fusion duration on developmental rate of tetraploid embryos.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study some of the bovine 2-cell embryos were obtained from in vitro matured and fertilized cumulus oocyte complexes 33-35 hr post fertilization as an unexposed control group (UCG). The remaining 2-cell embryos were exposed to 0.75 kilovolt per centimeter for 80 microsecond, and were transferred to SOF1 medium. Subsequently those embryos fused at 30 and 60 minute post electrofusion were categorized as fused groups (FG30 and FG60) and separated from unfused embryos as exposed control group (ECG). The developmental rate was compared between UCG, ECG, FG30, and FG60 groups and the relation between fusion duration and cleavage and developmental rate was surveyed. Results: The cleavage rate up to 8-cell stage in FG60 was increased significantly compared to FG30 (p<0.05) while the blastocyst rate has no significant difference between the two groups. The cleavage and developmental rate in UCG was significantly higher than ECG, FG60 and FG30. Chromosomal analysis showed that 76% of embryos were true tetraploid.
Conclusion: The fused embryos in FG60 had more ability to produce embryos up to 8-cell stage than FG30. The electrical pulse can decrease the cleavage and developmental ability of embryo

---

  Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, human leukocyte antigens

Introduction: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1 diabetes is created by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas in genetically susceptible individuals. The relationship between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associated factors and susceptibility to IDDM disease, was reported by several investigators. Association with different HLA types depends also on the studied populations. The aim of the present study was to determine HLA antigens which represent a high susceptibility to develop the IDDM disease in this area. Materials and Methods: In this study, the prevalence of HLA class-I and II antigens has been determined in 31 Arakian patients with IDDM and 57 normal healthy controls with similar ethnic background and from the same geographical area. The typing of HLA antigens was carried out using standard microlymphocytotoxicity method. Results: A significantly higher frequency of HLA-A2, A3, B21, DR3 and DQ2 were found in IDDM cases compared to the controls. In contrast, HLA-DR2, DR7 and B53 were represented at a somewhat higher frequency in controls compared to the IDDM patients. Conclusion: These results indicate that HLA-A2, A3, B21, DR3 and DQ2 antigens contribute to susceptibility to IDDM independently and HLA-DR2, DR7 and B53 antigens maybe associated with prevention of IDDM in Arakian patients.

---

Introduction: Cystic hygroma is a disorder in lymphatic vessel formation that involves the adjacent organs and can affect them due to its fast growing nature . The main treatment for cystic hygroma is surgical intervention that can have many complications after surgery. Treatments other than surgical interventions is the use of sclerosing agents. The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of Beliomycin in treating cystic hygroma . Materials and Methods: This quasi experimental study was carried out clinically at st-al Zahra and Kashanie hospitals of Isfahan from 1372 to 1383. A checklist including age, sex, cyst location, cystic hygroma volume before and after Beliomycin injection and/or surgery, was completed for each patient. Data was analyzed by T and paired T-Tests. p<0.05 was considered meaningful. Results:The study was carried out on 72 patients. 24 patients were treated with Beliomycin and 48 patient by surgery. Patients age was below 1 month up to 18 years old . Cystic hygroma was mainly located at neck region(46.8%). The average size of cystic hygroma was 103.9±29.66cm3 before Beliomycin injection and 34.91 16.19cm3 after that (p=0.004). and 43.511±7.81cm3 before surgery and 1.39±1.39 cm3 after that(p=0.006). The rate of recurrence of lymphingoma in the surgery treated group was 25.1% and in the group treated with Beliomycin was 29.2% with no significant difference. Conclusion: Regarding the considerable decrease in cyst volume after Beliomycin injection and it,s low complication compared to surgery, this method can be used as a primary treatment or supplementary to surgery.

---

---

Introduction: The main goal of treatment and care of chronic patients including those suffering from end stage chronic renal failure is to promote their health and their quality of life (QOL). Various researches have shown that health level, performance status and QOL, especially for hemodialysis patients are often less than expected. So, an attempt to find effective and cost benefit education methods in this area seems to be necessary. This study is done to compare the effects of two educational methods of direct and indirect (multimedia educational package) self-care program on QOL and physical problems of hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: This quasi experimental research was carried out on two groups of hemodialysis patients. Sixty three patients were selected from three main dialysis centers in Tehran and allocated randomly into two groups (group one 32 and group two 31 patients). The first group used the direct educational program and the second group used the indirect educational package (multimedia). Patients were assessed before education using QOL questionnaire (short form SF-36), need assessment questionnaire and checklists. After determining educational needs and status of the patients, a self care educational program was designed based on self care model and the principles of patient education and also through counseling with nephrologists and nutritionists. The educational program was implemented directly on group one (direct education). Also it was recorded and indirectly used for the second group as a multimedia educational package once a week within one month during dialysis. After implementation of the self care educational program, both groups were assessed and measured again by same questionnaires and checklists. Data was analysed using student T, Wilcoxon and Mc Nemar tests. Results: Findings showed that most of studied variables including laboratory tests, blood pressure, weight gain between two dialysis, skin itching, edema and some vascular complications are decreased significantly in each group before and after education. QOL was also significantly improved in each group. But there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Since, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of efficiency of two methods of direct and indirect (multimedia) educational self care programs and also due to the problems and higher costs of the direct educational program comparing to the indirect method, the indirect method is recommended as an effective, cost benefit, simple and patient-friendly method for hemodialysis patients.