Abstract

Background: The present research aimed to measure the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on reducing the severity of symptoms of post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Stuttering in a four-year-old child post-traumatic stress disorder in children is one of the disorders relating to trauma and stressful factors, also, stutterring or word fluency disorder is a nerve growth disorder.

Materials and Methods: This research design was conducted as a case study with a multiple baseline design. Participant in this research was a four-year- old child with Diagnostic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychogenic Stuttering. He had been placed under the intervention with EMDR at Shahid Birjand Counseling Center. The instruments used for this research included demographic researcher-made questionnaire, the third edition of stuttering severity test, the scale of parents’ report of post-traumatic Symptoms and child’s report of posttraumatic Symptoms. Data analysis was done through graphic and descriptive analysis. The data was collected as base line and during the treatment as well as after the treatment and follow-up (in terms of 3 and 24 months).

Results: Means percentage improvement (MPI) to reducing the severity of post-traumatic symptoms was achieved as %74.66 and it was %56.06 for reduction of the severity of stuttering and they continued to maintain in the follow-up period.

Conclusion: Results showed that EMDR method had affected on reduction of the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and stuttering intensity.

Background and Aim: Coping with stress is one of the most important research areas in health psychology. Researching in this regard requires a tool with strong psychometric properties and validation in Iranian culture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most commonly used short-scale factor structure, the Carver’s Brief Cope.
Methods & Materials: This study was a cross-sectional and methodological study of test type. The statistical population consisted of all students studying at Birjand University in 1977-98. Sampling was available by the method. The condition for entry into the study was the experience of a stressor for at least 6 months. After receiving a medium or high score on the perceived stress level, 629 students completed the 28-question form. Data was analyzed using SPSS V. 15 and laser software V. 8.8. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the factor structure of the questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirming the factors. Reliability was established through retesting and internal consistency.
Ethical Considerations: This study is part of a PhD. thesis, registered (Code: IR.UM.REC. 3/50099) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Before entering the study, an informed consent was obtained from the subjects.
Results: After confirming the face and content validity quantitatively and qualitatively, the exploratory factor analysis results after varimax rotation showed 55.139% of the total variance explained by the first eight factors with a higher than one specific value. However, in confirmatory factor analysis, the first two factors, 4 and 7, were omitted due to insufficient power to explain the present variables. Finally, the goodness-of-fit indices of the RMFIA, PFI, GFI, IFI, IFI, CFI, AGFI confirmed the fit of the six-factor structure with the data. Reliability of the instrument was also confirmed by internal consistency (α=0.73) and test-retest reliability (r=0.59).
Conclusion: The highly abbreviated 6-item form of Carver’s Brief Cope showed good validity and reliability in the student sample and can be used in health psychology studies.

Good governance, as one of the fundamental concepts in managing health systems, plays a critical role in improving efficiency, effectiveness, and equity in delivering healthcare services. Emphasizing principles such as transparency, accountability, participation, and rule of law, good governance has been regarded as a framework for enhancing policymaking and management within health systems.
Objective: This study aimed to design and propose a model of good governance in the health system using a combined approach of thematic analysis and the partial least squares (PLS) method.
Methodology: The research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative phase, the research population consisted of managers, experts in health and medical sciences, senior officials from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, and academic scholars. Seventeen participants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the quantitative phase, the PLS method was utilized to fit the proposed model. The statistical population included all health and medical professionals in Iran. Based on Cochran’s formula, the minimum sample size was calculated to be 384 participants.
Findings: The results of thematic analysis in the qualitative phase, followed by model fitting in the quantitative phase, revealed that the final model of good governance in the health system consists of seven main dimensions: effectiveness, efficiency, equity, transparency and accountability, participation, rule of law, and leadership. Each dimension was further divided into specific components, confirming their significance in strengthening good governance.
Conclusion: This study presents a comprehensive model of good governance for the health system, offering a framework to enhance policymaking, management, and performance in this field. The proposed model can serve as a tool for strategic decision-making and improving managerial structures.