---

Introduction: Acute  renal  failure (ARF)  is  one  of  the  relatively  incident  complications  in  surgical  emergency  wards  and  is  defined  as  increasing  serum urea  and  creatinine   and  decreasing  GRF. In  this  study  we  investigated  acute  renal  failure  incidence  in  patients  admitted  to  emergency  surgical  ward.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  cross  sectional  analytical  study  in  which  all patients  with  primary  diagnosis  of  emergency  surgery  (traumatic  or  non traumatic) admitted  in  emergency  surgery  ward  were  selected. After  history  taking  and  physical  assessment  patients  having  history  of  kidney  disease  were  excluded. Urinalysis, BUN  and  creatinine  tests  were  performed  for  all  samples. Data  was  analyzed  by  SPSS  software.
Results: In  this  study  2100  patients  (1280  male)  were  assessed  during  a  10  month  period. 5.66%  of  samples  had  some  degree  of  ARF. 1136  patients  undergone surgery  due  to  accidents  and  trauma  (72%  multiple  trauma  and  28%  single  trauma) and  964  patients  due  to  nontraumatic  emergencies.  ARF  was  seen  in 6.84%  of  the  first  and  4.25%  of  the  second  group. ARF incidence  in  male  and  female  was  5.6%  and  5.7%  respectively.
 ‍Conclusion: The overall  incidence  of  ARF  in  this  study  was  not  so  different  from  developed  countries.   ARF  was  significantly  more  incident  in  traumatic (especially  multiple  trauma)  and  old  aged  patients.  This  factors  must  be  considered  as  ARF  risk  factors  in  emergency  wards.

---

---

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American's men and is the most common malignancy after skin in men. The purpose of this research was comparison of demographic characteristic of patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with surgical and medical orchiectomy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross- sectional analytic study carried out on 53 patients with locally advanced and metastatic (stages III- IV) prostate cancer referring to oncology wards in Buali hospital in Hamadanand and Vali-e-Asr hospital in Arak for adjuvant therapy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy during 2003-7. Demographic characteristics such as age, disease stage, cultural status, habitancy, socioeconomic status and patients accepted treatment of advanced prostate cancer treated with surgical and medical orchiectomy (hormone therapy), were determined and compared. Results: There was a significant difference between age mean of patients treating by orchiectomy and hormone (p=0.007). Also socioeconomic status distribution in two groups was different (p= 0.025). Distribution of disease stage, cultural level, habitancy in two groups were similar (respectively p=0.207, p=0.617, p=0.272). Conclusion: People less tend to orchiectomy to hormone therapy. Also, in high socioeconomic status and in elder, tendency to surgical orchiectomy is more.

---

Background: APACHE IV scoring system is one of the most useful scoring systems for evaluating the quality of health care services in ICU. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of health care services in ICU wards of Valiasr and Amiralmomenin Hospitals of Arak. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients admitted to ICU wards in Valiasr and Amiralmomenin Hospitals of Arak. First, the predicted mortality and length of stay (LOS) in ICU were calculated by APACHE IV scoring system. Then the real mortality and the real length of stay in ICU were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 11.5 and t-test. Results: Real mortality in men and women were 57.2% and 61.9%, respectively. The real length of stay in men and women were 11.58 and 11.62 days, respectively. Predicted mortality calculated by APACHE IV in men was 23.72% while it was 24.1% in women. Predicted LOS by APACHE IV in men was 15.02 days while it was 16.64 days in women. There was a significant difference between real mortality and predicted mortality (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the quality of health care services in ICU wards of Valiasr and Amiralmomenin Hospitals of Arak are far from international standards.

---

Background: Morphine is one of the derivations of opium alkaloids. Contradictory reports exist on hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects of morphine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of opioid receptors involved in blood glucose changes in morphine-treated Balb/c mice. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 8 groups of male Balb/c mice (n=6), including group1(morphine), group 2 (naloxone (morphine antagonist) + morphine), group 3 (naltrindole ( receptor antagonist) + morphine), group 4 (norbinaltorphimine ( receptor antagonist) + morphine), group 5 (CTOP ( receptor antagonist) + morphine), group 6 (saline), group 7 (saline + saline), and group 8 (saline + morphine). Blood samples were obtained from retro-orbital sinus at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours after injection. Blood glucose level was measured by enzymatic technique. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The application of morphine resulted in significant hypoglycemia in comparison with the control group which was significantly compensated by naloxone compared to the morphine group. The application of naltrindole could significantly inhibit hypoglycemia induced by morphine compared to the control group, whereas norbinaltorphimine and CTOP failed to do so. Conclusion: Since naltrindole could compensate for hypoglycemia due to morphine, hypoglycemia caused by morphine is likely to be mediated by opioid receptors

---

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent type of cancer and the second cause of death among American men. Its prevalence has a direct relationship with increasing age. The present study was carried out to determine the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and calcium level in blood in men with prostate cancer and BPH in Arak.

Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, out of 400 Arak males, were selected from different inner-city areas through cluster sampling during a period of two years (august 2011-august 2012). After the population was approved to have the necessary criteria to be included in the study, their PSA and calcium level was measured and its mean in over 40 years. In order to determine mean difference among the seven groups T-test analysis and to determine "PSA", PSA Assay and Tandem-R kits were utilized and for measurement of serum calcium, pars azmoon kit was used.

Results: In this study, there was a markedly relationship between age and serum calcium and serum PSA in both groups.in this way that there was a negative relationship between age and serum calcium and a positive relationship between age and serum PSA.

Conclusion: With respect to the findings of the study, it could be confirmed that was a markedly relationship between serum PSA and serum calcium only in prostatic cancer patients,according to this study in future maybe we used serum calcium as a tumor-marker for screening for prostate cancer.

---

Introduction: Paints are composed of extensive variety of hazardous substances, such as organic solvents and heavy metals. Occupational exposure to paint increases oxidative stress, hematological disorders, and DNA injury. This study was performed to explore the beneficial effects of Selvit on the paint workers by measuring total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and blood parameters as main oxidative stress biomarkers.

Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 25 male workers who worked in the paint factory. Serum markers such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and also hematological parameters were measured before and after using Selvit (14 days). SPSS software was used for data analyses and paired t-test and Pearson correlation analysis were applied.

Results: Results showed that after using the Selvit, an increase in TAC and a decrease in LPO were observed but they were not significant. Also, aspartate transaninase significantly decreased after using Selvit and high density lipoprotein significantly increased.

Conclusion: Selvit have beneficial effect on hematological parameters due to its antioxidant capacity.

---

Background: Nickel and chromium are heavy metals whieh after arriving in biological systems can produce highly reactive free radicals in the body and interact with macromolecules cause damage to them. The purpose of this study, the effect of bilberry and cinnamon extract on blood biochemical factors in workers exposed to nickel and chromium.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 99 workers were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (control), group 2 workers, welders exposed to nickel and chromium without extract (G) and group 3 workers, welders exposed to nickel and chromium with extracts (B). First biochemical parameters were measured in blood serum. Then the group 3, 2 times a day for four weeks, billberry juice and tea - Cinnamon received. Finally, Biochemical parameters in blood were measured and compared. SPSS software and descriptive statistics (mean±SD), T- independent and one-way ANOVA test were used to analyze the data.

Results: Between group Variance in some biochemical variables between the three groups, control, G and B showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Within-group variance was significant in some variables.

Conclusion: After consumption of billberry juice and tea-cinnamon positive changes in biochemical parameters in workers who are exposed to the toxic effects of nickel and chromium was obtained.