---

Introduction: The  first  hours  after  birth  is  a  critical  for  parent  infant  bonding. Touch of  skin  to  skin  contact  between  the  infant  and  mother  is  necessary  development  of  future  parent  child  attachment, also  increase  mother  care  from  infant.
Materials  and  Methods:  This  research  is  random  clinical  trial, 43  women  is  group  with  skin  to  skin  contact  and  43  women  contact  were  compared. All  of  them  were  primigravida  with  wanted  pregnancy  and  term  newborn. Method  of  collection  data  were  questionnaire  and  check  list.  In  case  group  immediately  after  birth  care, newborn  be  held  with  mother  for  skin  to  skin, eye  to  eye  contact  and  breast  feeding  for  15  minutes. In  control  group  didn’t  so  contacts.  Materred  offectionate  behavior  recorded  during  feeding  in  two  steps.  One  in  post  partum  foeld  and  another  in  mothers  home  after  one  month. The  data  obtained  by  descriptive  statistics  and  T.Test.
Results: The  mean  age  of  group  with  contact  were  20.6%  and  control  group  were  20.34%. 15.2%  of  group  mothers  with  contact  and  53.3%  control  group  mothers  knew  fetus  sex.  In  first  step  before  leaving  the  hospital. The  highest  affectionate  behavior  in  two  groups  related  to  looking  at  infant  and  lowest  to  kissing. T.test  had  significantly  different  in  touching (p=0.01)  and  talking (p=0.02)  in  group  with  contact.  Another  step, was  done  after  one  month  all of  the  mean  affectionate  behavior  in  group  with  contact  were  high  and  the  highest  behavior  related  to  looking  at  the  infant  in  two  groups.
Conclusions: Data  showed  that  maternal  affectionate  behavior  in  group  with  contact  were  higher  than  in  contact  group, first  minutes  and  hours  after  birth  are  critical  periods, and  are  necessary  to  contact  between  mother  and  newborn.

---

Introduction: Pain is one of the main complaints of many postoperative patients. Narcotic and NSAID drugs are used to control postoperative pain.
Recent studies suggest different results of pain relief by NSAID group. We compared analgesic effects of intramucular Pethedine to Didofenac Sodium and Indomethacin suppositories due to inguinal hernioplasty.
Materials and Methods: This study was a clinical trial study over 55 patients of 17-60 years old who underWent unilateral inguinal hernioplasty.
These patients divided into 3 groups. The first group included 17 patients who received 100 mg Indomethacin suppository every 8 hours to relief postoperative pain. The second group of 18 patients who received 100 mg Diclofenac Sodium suppository every 8 hours and the third group induded 20 patients who received 0.5 mg/kg body weight Pethedine intramuscularly every 8 hours. The first dose of each drug started 2 hours after termination of operation. Tue sevrity of pain was checked by visual analogue scale method every 2 hours for 24 hours. Mean pain severity recoded and compared in 6 hours intervals.
Results: The averages of pain severity in the first 24 hours were 23±12 for Indomethacin, 31±9 for Pthedine and 27±12 hours for Diclofenac Sodium groups. There was no significant difference in whole 24 hours.
Conclusion: We concluded that Indomethacin and Diclofenac Sodium suppositories are good substitutes for intramuscular Pethedine to relief postoperation pain during the first postoperation day.

---

Introduction: Most  women  in  first  stage  of  labor  complain  of  low  back  pain.  Nowadays. alternative  methods  are  at  interest  for  pain  relief  because  there  are  respiratory  complications  for  newborn, and  increased  mortality  and  morbidity  for  mother  when  pharmacological  methods  are  used. One  of  the  alternative  methods  is  injection  of  a  solution  locally  to  painful  area, which  is  simple  with  no  risk  for  mother  and  fetus  and  has  low  expense. Studies  had  shown  different  results  about  this  technique. So  we  decided to  investigate  its  effectiveness.
Materials  and  Methods: This  survey  is  a  single  blind  randomized  clinical trial.  Sampling  method  was  simple  random. 140  mothers  were  selected  which  were  sat  in  2  groups (70 in  case  group, and  70 in  control  group). Instruments   of  data  collection  were  questionnaire, pain  ruler , insulin  syringe , sterile  water  and  check  list.  After  selecting  four  injection  areas  of  sacrom, sterile  water(0.1 ml)  was  injected  in  case  group, and  control  group  had  dry  injection. Then  in  10^th, 30^th, 45^th, 90^th  minutes  post  injection  pain  was  estimated  in  both groups .SPSS  software  and  paired  t-test  and  t-student  were  used  for  data  analyzing.
Results:  Data  showed  that  the  mean  of  pain, 10  minutes  after  injection  was significantly  increased  in  case  group  in  comparison  with  control  group (p=0.001). Also  in 30^th minute  after  injections  pain  was  increased  significantly (p=0.004). The  difference  between  mean  of  pain  before  injection  and  45  and  90  minutes  after  that  in  case  group  was  significant  (0.005).
‍Conclusion: Data  showed  that  subcutaneous injection  of  sterile  water  in  sacral  area  did  not  decrease  pain  and  only  lowered  the  rate  of  increasing  pain.  Regarding  the  effects  of  many  factors  for  example  anxiety, labor  environment, culture  and  parental  education  on  pain  perception, using  a  specific  method  for  relieving  pain  may  be  unsuccessful  and  it  may  be  better  to  use  a  combination  of  alternative  methods.
 

---

Introduction: Previous investigations and available data demonstrate that there are different patterns of diseases distribution in developed and developing countries. While in developed countries the major cause of death are cancers, in developing countries the main cause of death are infectious diseases. Various factors may be responsible for different causes of death in two those groups of countries. There are raising scientific evidences that some infectious and parasitic organisms when enter the body may effect the tumor growth. In order to explore this presumption, in this work the effect of Leishmania major infection on fibrosarcoma tumor growth in mouse model has been investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study a group of inbred mice (n=6) were infected with Leishmania major as case group. After one month both these mice and some more mice as control group (n=6) were challenged with fibrosarcoma cells. The size of growing solid tumors was measured in individual mouse every two days up to two weeks. This measurement was performed 5 times on days 5, 7, 11, 13 and 16. Tumor area was also calculated for every single mouse. T-test was used to analyze data. Results: Results of this work showed that the mean size of tumor in case group was smaller than that of control group only in the first week following challenge with fibrosarcoma cells but the tumor mass was bigger in days 13 and 16 in case group. However the difference between the tumor mass in case and control groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Results of this investigation revealed that there was no significant difference between the tumor mass in case and control mice. However to explore more about the hypothesis of this study, it is recommended that the research work be carried out using different tissue parasites and also different cell lines.

---

Background: Measurement of mean arterial blood pressure is better predictive factor for pregnancy-induced hypertension than measurement of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure or systolic blood pressure. According to the theory of “protective effect of fish oil supplementation on pregnancy-induced hypertension “and the importance of blood pressure control in pregnancy, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on mean arterial blood pressure. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 120 healthy pregnant women were randomly divided into two groups of 60 persons. Same prenatal care was performed for both groups and the intervention group was received Salmon fish oil capsule 1000 mg/day, from 16th week to the end of the pregnancy. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in both groups once every four weeks up to 28th week, every 2 weeks from 28th till 36th week and once every week up to the end of pregnancy. Mean arterial blood pressure was calculated and all gathering data was analyzed with T test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Mean arterial blood pressure in the intervention and control group was 80.76±5.50 and 78.46±4.50 mmHg which was not significantly different (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that adding fish oil supplements to the diet of pregnant mothers had no significant effect on mean arterial blood pressure.

---

Background: Sleep behavior and movement disturbance (SBMD) is of a relatively high prevalence in children and has a significant impact on their performance in daily activities and quality of life. Snoring, on the other hand, is considered one of the main causes of sleep disturbance in children. This study aims to assess the relationship between snoring and SBMD in 2 to 12 years old children in Qom city.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 100 children with snoring and 100 healthy children were studied over 3 months. The parents took Berlin questionnaire on snoring and childhood sleep questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 18.

Results: There was a significant correlation in mean SBMD between case (13.78) and control (11.45) groups (p<0.001). Independent t-test indicated a significant difference between the case and control groups in the mean of SBMD (p<0.001). Also, significant relationships were seen between snoring and adenotonsilar hypertrophy (p<0.001) and apnea and SBMD (p=0.036), but there was not any relationships between SBMD and age, children less than 7 and more than 7 years old (p=0.231), and severity of snoring and SBMD (p=0.202).

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of sleep disorders, especially snoring and SBMD and their relationship, in children. Sufficient attention to this issue can raise parents and physicians awareness and pave the way for early diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.

---

Background: This study aimed to examine the antibacterial effect of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer on Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the antibacterial effects of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer were studied by disc diffusion and micro-dilution method. Different concentrations of Polyamidoamine-G4 inoculated onto blank disks and were placed in Mueller-Hinton agar media. Zone of inhibition was investigated by bacterial inoculation according to the McFarland standard 0.5. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer were determined by micro-dilution method in nutrient broth culture.

Results: Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 &mug/ml of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimers for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 14, 0, 35 and 29mm, respectively. Concerning the Zone of inhibition in gram negative bacteria with gram positive ones was p<0.05 and had significant difference. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 1250, 2.5, and 1 &mug/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer belonged to Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 2500, 5 and 5 &mug/ml, respectively. Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer had not bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on Enterobacter cloacae.

Conclusion: According to the results, Polyamidoamine-G4 dendrimer can eliminate Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis effectively. It is suggested in the rest of this study that the probable toxicity of nanostructured compounds examined in drinking water and, economic studies is done for synthesis and their applications in case of prevention of using.

---

        Background: Dendrimers are a subset of branched structures that have certain structural order. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of Polypropylenimine-G2 (PPI-G2) dendrimers in removal of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus from aqueous solution .

        Materials and Methods: In this experimental study , initially dilution of 10³ CFU/ml was prepared from each strain of bacteria . Then , different concentrations of dendrimers (0.5, 5, 50 and 500 µg/ml) was added to water . In order to determine the efficiency of dendrimers in removal of bacteria, samples were taken at different times (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min) and were cultured on nutrient agar medium . Samples were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C and then the number of colonies was counted .

       Results: By the increasment of dendrimer concentration and contact time , the number of bacteria in aqueous solution decreased. In times of 40 , 50 and 60 minutes, and the concentrations of 50 and 500 µg/ml, all kinds of bacteria in aqueous solution were removed . 0.5 µg/ml of dendrimer concentration had not effect in reducing the number of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis . The effect of dendrimer on gram-negative bacteria was weaker than gram-positive bacteria.

       Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that PP I -G2 dendrimer is able to remove Escherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in aqueous solution. However, using dendrimers can be considered as a new approach for drinking water disinfection but it requires further wide range studies.

---

Background and Aim: Obesity is a clinical condition that affects the growth-related hormonal system, especially in adolescents. High-Intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) might reduce such destructive effects.
Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental research, among adolescent boys [age: 13-18 years, height: 154±8 cm, Body Mass Index (BMI): 27.05±1.4 kg/m²], 30 volunteer subjects were selected. The study participants were divided into 3 groups of short-term and long-term periodic exercises as well as controls. The short-term exercise group performed 9 bouts of 30 seconds with 150-second breaks between sessions; the long-term exercise group performed 4 bouts of 150 seconds with 240-second breaks between sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Body composition and blood samples were obtained 48 hours before and after conducting the training protocol to measure the desired parameters. The changes of each index were analyzed by repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)  at the significant level of P<0.05.
Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University (Code:  IR.TABRIZU.REC.1398.021).
Results: After 8 weeks of HIIT, growth hormone increased and thigh, arm circumference, and fat percentages decreased (P<0.05). However, no changes were detected in the insulin-like growth factor I, BMI, and weight of the examined subjects (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Short- and long-term HIIT have the potential to improve the growth hormone status and body composition of overweight adolescents.