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Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of the serious complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to identify biochemical alterations of renal bone disease in hemodialysis patients of Qazvin province. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive study, fasting blood samples of arterio-venul shunt, before starting hemodialysis, were taken from all CKD patients and Ca++, P-- and ALP were measured by colorimetric methods and PTH by IRMA method. Descriptive statistics was used to present data. Results: In 4% of cases there were no abnormalities of mentioned parameters but in 96% of patients one or more parameters were abnormal. The most prevalent abnormality was related to P-- (increased) and the least one to ALP (increased). 51% of patients had raised PTH level (hyperparathyroidism) and higher abnormalities of other biochemical parameters. No differences were seen in the mean of age, duration and number of hemodialysis and also sex ratio of hyperparathyroid patients and all studied patients. Conclusion: The Biochemical and hormonal results revealed a predominance of mild to moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal bone disease in CKD patients, so there is a need to control the disease with specific treatments.

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Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common problem in women. The purpose of this study was to compare two identification methods new PCR analysis (with DNA extracted from samples) and conventional culture technique in detection of Candida species in vulvovaginal samples.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental-analytical study, 150 women of fertility ages participated and two vaginal discharge samples were collected by speculum. One sample used for direct DNA extraction as well as PCR and the other was used for culture and phenotypic evaluations. Phenotypic evaluations waere performed by germ tube and chlamydospore formation and specially culture in chrome agar medium to detect color of the colonies. PCR was performed by DNA extracted from samples as templates and finally size of Candida specific amplicons was determined.

Results: From 150 samples, 87 in culture and 127 in new PCR technique were positive. In culture method, from total 87  Candida species , 73 C. albicans, 12 C. glabrata and 2 C. tropicalis were isolated whereas in new PCR technique, from  total 127 candida species 107  C. albicans, 18 C. glabrata and 2 C. tropicalis were identified. Concordance of the two methods were calculated as 68 percent.

Conclusion: The new molecular method (innovative PCR) has the potential to rapidly and accurately diagnose Candida vulvovaginitis in patients and can be used for diagnosis of  Candida species in clinical specimens.