---

Introduction: Diabetes  during  its  progress can  result  in  nephropathy.  Some  of  its  symptoms  are  increasing  kidney  size  and  weight  and  its  components.  Regarding  useful  components  of  onion  and  its  antioxidant, decreasing  stress  oxidative  and b decreasing  blood  glucose  effects. This  investigation  is designed  to  study  the  effect  of  onion  water-alcohol  extract  in  preventing  nephropathy  and  its  effect  on  kidney  structure  based  on  stereology  method.
Materials  and  Methods: Four  groups  of  matured  vistar  rats (n=8)  were  selected randomly (control  group, control + extract  group, diabetic  only  group, diabetic + extract  group). Diabetes  was  induced  by  injecting  interperitoneal  sreptozotocin  (60mg/kg). The  control+ extract group  and  diabetic + extract  group  were  treated  by  onion-water  extract (50 mg/rat)every day  for  four  weeks. Then  all  groups  were  anesthetized  and  their  left  kidney  was  removed  and  fixed  in  Bouin  fixative. After  histologic  passage  and H & E  dying, using  stereologic  techniques, qualitative  measurement  was  performed  by  Cavalier  method  for  cortex, medulla, glomerulus  and  kidney  size.  Data analysis  was  done  by  SPSS  software  using one  way  anova, tukey  and  paired  test. p<0.05  was  considered  significant.
Results: The  primary  and  secondary  weight  of  rats  in  only  diabetic  group  and  diabetic  + extract  group  was  not  different, but  in  control  group  and  control  + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.05). Medulla, cortex  and  whole  kidney  size  in  only  diabetic  group  in  comparison  with  diabetic+ extract  group  had  no  difference, but  total  glomerular  size  in  diabetic  only  group  and  diabetic + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Experimental  induction  of  diabetes  by  STZ  in  a  short  period  showed  that  onion  extract  can  prevent  glomerular  hypertrophy  and  increasing  kidney  weight  in  diabetic  rats, but  had  no  effect  on  overall  kidney  size. So  the  study  of  onion  extract  effects  on  kidney  structure  during  a  long  period  is  recommended.      
 
 
 

---

Introduction: Flexor tendon entrapment of the digits (FTED) is a disorder characterized by snapping or locking of the thumb or fingers (with or without pain) and called trigger finger. Corticosteroid injections are one of the most commonly used treatments for chronic tendon disorders. Despite their popularity, the systematic evidence for their benefits are largely lacking. This study tries to determine the efficacy of local corticosteroid injection in treatment of trigger finger. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial research. Variables including local tenderness, trigerring stage, pain during isometric flexion and passive stretching of the tendon (based on VAS) were evaluated before local injection of corticosteroid and then 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after the injection. Data was collected by special forms and analyzed using Chi square and ANOVA Tests. Results: The difference between persence of A1 pulley tenderness in 4 examinations was significant (p<0.0001). The difference between pain induced by isometric flexion and pain induced by stretching the tendon passively in extension was also significant (both p<0.0001). The difference between frequency distribution of triggering was significant (p<0.0001). Patients satisfaction was 90% . Conclusion: The rate of success in local corticosteroid injection was 90% (only with one injection). The high rate of success and low side effects, make this method a suitable treatment for trigger finger.

---

Introduction: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is a rare but important etiology of cervical lymphadenopathy in young women. This disease is self limited and improves during 2-8 months. Diagnostic key is the pathology of involved lymphnode. Association of the disease with viral and autoimmune disease is not proved yet. In this article two cases of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease are reported. Case: The first case was a 31 years old female patient with sever fever and right axillary lymphodenpathy (size: 57cm) in which one month after the disease, diagnosis was proved by pathology studies. This patient has erythematous patches in her face and nose in several times that were improved spontaneously. The second case was a 20 years old female patient with fever, chill, headache, weigh loss and cervical lymphadenopathy (size: 21cm). She received antibiotic at several times without any improvement. Finally after 5 months since the beginning of symptoms, the disease was diagnosed as Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease by surgical excision of lymhnode and pathology studies. After the surgery two small lymphnodes were appeared around the surgical site. Conclusion: In differential diagnosis of lymphadenpathy especially cervical in young women, Kikuchi-Fujimoto should be considered. Consumption of antibiotic in lymphadenopathy without clear diagnosis should be avoided. After diagnosis of Kikuchi-Fujimoto, long term work up for recurrence or the appearance of autoimmune disease symptoms is necessary.

---

Background: Central venous catheterization (CVC) is a common procedure associated with various side effects such as pneumothorax. Recently, the routine post-catheterization chest X-ray has been challenged. The aim of the present study was to design a scoring system for selecting patients requiring radiography after CVC procedure. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 210 patients requiring CVC were enrolled in the study and pneumothorax potential risk factors, including body mass index>30, history of neck or chest surgery, emphysematous disease, history of catheterization, number of punctures, inappropriate position during CVC, and treatment with ventilator were recorded. Finally, chest radiography and clinical signs before and after CVC were compared and scoring system sensitivity and specificity were determined. Results: Incidence of pneumothorax was 5.24%. The number of punctures and patient's position and history of catheterization showed significant associations with pneumothorax development (p<0.001). Pneumothorax incidence in patients with score> 4 was 80% which was significantly higher than patients with score<4 (OR: 174.2, p<0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of using the scoring system at cut-off score> 2 were 81.8% and 87.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that pneumothorax development risk is very low in patients with score<2 and there is no need for post CVC routine chest X-ray. However, in patients with score>4, pneumothorax development risk is high and it seems that chest radiography with close intervals even more than one time is necessary. Further studies are recommended to validate the proposed scoring system.

---

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated inflammation of the small intestine which caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically sensitive individuals. This research aimed to investigate of comparison big five factors of personality and early maladaptive schemas among celiac people and normal people.

Materials and Methods: The research method was ex post facto and statistical population included all people with Celiac whose 108 patients were selected by convenient sampling and 108 normal people were selected by convenient in 4 universities of nursing, psychological, literature and accounting of Azad University in Karaj city. Both groups responded brief five factors questionnaire of NEO personality characteristics and Yang’s early maladaptive schemas. Data were analyzed by using independent t-test, analysis of variance and Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Ben Frooni test, Landa test Wickelz and SPSS version 19.

Results: Results indicated that from five main factors of personality, score of psycho -lesion of patient with celiac were more than normal people. Also, patient’s scores in early maladaptive schemas (emotional baffling, lack of trust, fault/shameless, social recluse/ strangeness, attachment/inefficiency, vulnerability toward loss or sickness, not self –maturing/ engaged, failure, fitness/modesty, self-denial, insufficient self-discipline, servitude, self –sacrifice/ aggressive criteria, extreme criticize and emotional inhibition) were higher in comparison with normal people.

Conclusion: This study revealed that according to influence of early maladaptive schemas on celiac sickness, psychological training courses and schema therapy in order to improve emotional and cognitive patterns of these patients.

---

Background: Hydatid disease is a zoonotic infestation by a tapeworm of the genus of Echinococcus that characterized by cystic lesions in the liver and lungs but rarely in other parts of the body.

Case: Known case of chronic Lymphocytic leukemia was a 56-years old man with several hydatid cysts of liver and lungs that was hospitalized because of ascites and abdominal pain. The patient received albendazol and surgical operation with diagnosis of peritonitis and complicated hydatid cyst in lungs and liver and Peritoneum. Patient expired with DIC and sepsis.

Conclusion: This case report provides evidence that complicated hydatid cysts in immunocopromised patients have a bad prognosis and can not be safely treated by medication and surgery.

---

Background: Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder that leads patients to avoid any kind of activities. Since different factors are involved in migraine incidence and its triggers, so drugs are used to prevent or treat it are so variable. Also, combined medications are used to relieve migraine. This study examined the effectiveness of self-control training on quality of life in patients with migraine.

Materials and Methods: Statistic population of this study included all migraine patients in Ardabil in 2014(Estimation: N=1150) that 40 patients were selected by convenience sampling. Demographic and disease information questionnaire and quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) were used to collect data in clinical centers. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze data, because present research was a experimental and clinical trial with pre-test and post-test with control group.

Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between mean in quality of life in migraine patients and control subjects. It means that physical health and mental health of quality of life was different between control and experimental groups after self- control training.

Conclusion: Self-control training can be used to enhance quality of life in migraine patients. These results have important and effective applications in the treatment of migraine patients. Generally, specialists of clinical centers can use this method alongside other treatment interventions.

---

Background and Aim: Attention Control Training is a new cognitive intervention that improves emotion regulation by reducing attentional bias towards negative information. Given the significant association between death anxiety and emotion dysregulation and death-related attentional bias, this study aimed to assess attention control training as an intervention for reducing death anxiety.
Methods & Materials: In this clinical trial, the Convenience Sampling Method sampled 50 university students in Tehran and was randomly assigned to 2 experimental and 1 control groups. Attention control training was delivered using death-related stimuli for the 1st experimental group and negative stimuli unrelated to death for the 2nd experimental group. The control group didn’t receive any interventions. In 3 measurements of pretest, posttest, and 3 months follow-up, death-related attentional bias, death anxiety, and sensitivity to mortality salience were assessed, respectively, using the Modified Stroop Test, Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS), and Propensity to Moral Disengagement Scale (PMDS) after inducing Mortality Salience condition.
Ethical Considerations: This study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Code: IRCT20190406043181N1) and was approved by the research ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1398.539).
Results: The study showed that after completing attention control training, the 1st experimental group’s death-related attentional bias, death anxiety, and sensitivity to mortality salience were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and this reduction was maintained at 3 months of follow-up. No significant changes were observed in the other two groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that attention control training is capable of significantly reducing death-related attentional bias, and this reduction in attentional bias leads to decreased death anxiety and sensitivity to mortality salience