Background: Pain is a complex medical problem creating which inadequate control pain results adverse effects on the patients physiological, metabolic and mental conditions.The aim of this study was comparison effect of Ketamin-propofol with Alfentanil-propofol on creating analgesia and sedation during cystoscopy and comparing the side effects of two drugs and patient and physician satissfaction.

Materials and Methods: In this double- blind clinical trial 140 person who were candidate for cystoscopy were randomly divided into two groups The first group received 1mcg/kg alfentanil with 1mg/kg propofol and the second group received 0.5 mg/kg ketamin with 1mg/kg propofol. Sedation score ,pain score, time of cystoscopy and hemodynamic changes determined and data were analyzed by SPSS.

Results: The mean of sedation in alfetanil group was significantly more than ketamin group(p=0.001) . The mean of pain score in alfetanil group was significantly less than ketamin group( p=0.001) .The time of cystoscopy in cystoscopy in alfetanil group was significantly less than ketamin group (p=0.001).

Conclusion: Results showed that alfentanil-propofol compare to ketamin-propofol reduced pain score and increased time of sedation with less side effects during cystoscopy .So this study supports the preference alfentanil compare to ketamin.

Background: Allergic rhinitis affects 40% of general population and has an increasing prevalence. Sleep disturbance is an important problem in individuals with allergic rhinitis. Recent studies have shown that 68% of cases with perennial rhinitis and 48% with seasonal rhinitis have impaired sleep.

Materials and Methods: In this case-report study, 33 children with allergic rhinitis aging 6-18 years entered the study. Thirty five children without allergic rhinitis entered the study as control group. A questionnaire containing demographic data and types of sleep disorders filled for every child.

Results: Except respiratory disorder, there was no other significant difference between groups in any sleep disorder. Sixteen children (48.5%) in case group has respiratory disorder while none of control children were involved (P=0.0).

Conclusion: Nasal congestion is the main factor involved in sleep impairment in children with allergic rhinitis. Therefore, it seems that it is the first symptom to be treated.

  Background: The prevalence of constipation in childhood is 0.7% to 29.6%. Inorganic causes are considered as the most common cause of constipation in children. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most effective and safest laxatives which is usable in children in the long-term. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of PEG treatment and probiotic bacilluscoagulans and bifidobacterium and probiotic to enhance the growth of probiotics.

  Materials and Methods: In this double blind clinical trial study(interventional study), 120 children aged 2-16 years with chronic functional constipation enrolled the study based on ROME III criteria. The bowels became empty by using liquid paraffin. Then, children were randomly divided into three groups of polyethylene glycol+placebo and Probiotics+placebo and polyethylene glycol+probiotics recipients. After 6 weeks of treatment, treatment success rates between the three groups were compared before and after the study Data analyzed by SPSS 20 software.

  Results: The results of the study conducted on the three groups for treatment of constipation showed that the effect of polyethylene glycol and probiotic on treatment was considerable before and after treatment but the levels of effect was similar in the comparison of groups. The simultaneous use of two drugs was more effective than a single drug.

Conclusion: Overall, the results of our study showed that concurrent use of polyethylene glycol and probiotics is much more effective in the treatment of constipation.