Showing 41 results for Moradi
Zabihollah Shahmoradi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Winter 1996)
Abstract
This article has no abstract.
Mehdi Mosabebi, Ahmad Shahmoradi,
Volume 2, Issue 7 (Summer 1999)
Abstract
This study was carried out in 1994-95 and all of the under weight children in 21 villages (447 in number as case and 447 children as control with natural weight) were studied. The results showed that 49.9% of under weight children and 39.2% children with appropriate weight were infected by intestinal parasitic infection. This difference was significant (p<0.01) The amount of infection was roughly the same in boys (45.24%) and girls (44.3%) and the highest percent pf infection was seen among the 3-4 age group. The variation of parasites is more among under weight - children and more types are found among 4-5 years old children as a whole children 44/5% were infected by one or some types of parasites: Giardia lambia 25.5%, E. coli, 13.2% H. nana, 2.3% B.hominis3/55
Zabihollah Shahmoradi,
Volume 2, Issue 9 (Winter 1999)
Abstract
The ORF disease is transmitted to human from animals such as sheep and goat. Most of the ORF lesions are solitary and appear on the fingers. At the beginning a red macule appears and after one week it is changed to 1-4cm hemorrhagic bullae and after 4-6 weeks complete remission occurs.
In this investigation from 16 patients who are differentiated from other patients, the following information about age, sex, profession, site, number of lesion, previous treatmet, remission period, scar and concomitant skin disease have been collected and the following results have been concluded:
Age distribution of disease has been between 25 to 60 years.
_Sexual distribution is 62.5% in females and 37.5% in male patients.
_Professional distribution is higher 56.25% among housekeepers.
_The most frequent site of involvement in patients was both fingers(75%) and solitary(62.5%)
_Most of the patients (81.25%) recovered without any scar and in 5 cases (31.25%) erythema multiform was seen with ORF.
_Eleven patients (68.75%) has been misdiagnposed and treated as slam tumor, or local infection.
Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Mohmmmad Rafiyees, Malihe Nikroo,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (Winter 2000)
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (M.C) is one of the nearly prevalent dermatologic disease of childhood are skin-colored papule which have a central umbilication. The main objective of this study, was looking for M.C in kindergartners of Arak city. The total prevalence of M.C in this study was 1.96%. There is no significant relation between sex and M.C common involved age 2-3 years and no seen under the age of 1 year. The distribution of the lesions is more multiple and the most prevalent lesions in both sex are seen on the trunk and then neck and axillae.
Shahla Enshaeye , Zabihollah Shah Moradi , Masoud Farinam,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (Spring 2003)
Abstract
Chemical weapons are among the most violent weapons of mass destruction used during wars. Unfortunately, these dreaful weapons were frequently used by Iraq against Iranian soldiers during Iran-Iraq war, so that we are still witnessing the late onset consequence of the exposure to these weapons among their victims.
Regarding the fact that the usage of chemical weapons is a threat against humanity with many hazardous effects which tend to appear even after years of exposure, it seems very important to have a complete and correct undestanding about the nature of these gasses in order to gain more information about the clinical pictures of their victims leading to a better approach to the management of there patients. The present article in the result of thorough review and analysis to the textbooks articles and papers published in the last two decades. There are minor and major complications associated with the exposure to these lethal gasses, ranging from simple medical problems like skin colour changes to more serious conditions such as severe ophthalmologic and pulmonary injuries and malignancies. There complications are reviewed in two separate categories (regarding early onset as late onsent complications) in this article. |
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Abbas Rezaei, Zabihullah Shahmoradi, Amir Hossein Siadat, Ali Asilian,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (Spring 2004)
Abstract
Introduction: Some articles have suggested an increase in the prevalence of oral candidiasis in patients with psoriasis, as well as the potential for exacerbation or chronicity of psoriasis. Therefore, the prevalence of oral candidiasis in patients with psoriasis and its comparison with healthy individuals has been considered.
method: In this cross-sectional study, 43 people with psoriasis and 43 seemingly healthy individuals referred to dermatology clinics affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected and examined for the presence or absence of Candida albicans in the oral mucosa by direct lam and culture. Were placed.
Results: According to the results of this analytical study, 44.2% of patients with psoriasis with Candida albicans were infected with oral cavity, which was 25.6% for healthy individuals, and this difference was significant (p=0.05). There was also a significant relationship between the severity of psoriasis and the prevalence of oral Candida albicans (p=0.05).
Conclusion: The study found that candida yeast was more common in patients with psoriasis than in healthy people. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that all patients with psoriasis be examined for the presence of Candida albicans in the mouth and, if the test is positive, be treated with antifungal drugs.
Hamidreza Jamilian, Esmat Mashadi, Ali Ghazavi, Mehri Jamilan, Maryam Eftekhari, Ashraf Moradi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (9-2006)
Abstract
Introduction: An association between depression and altered immunity has been suggested by a number of studies but has not been consistently demonstrated .The effect of maternal depression response on fetal immune system have not been investigated. Thus in this study we evaluated the effects of depression on some parameters of innate and humoral immune system of pregnant women and their infants. Materials and Methods: 62 pregnant women (including 32 depressed and 30 healthy) and their infants in Taleghani hospital of Arak in 2004 were included in this study. All depressed mothers had a diagnosis of depression by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and clinical interview based on DSM-IV system. The level of immunoglobulins and components were evaluated by single radial immunosdiffusion (SRID) method of Mancini. Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were determined by Hycel (an automated cell counter) and for more accurancy were also evaluated by manual method. Statistical analysis was performed using K-S, Mann-Withney, One way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson tests. P<0/05 was considered significant. Results: Serum IgM level and serum C4 level of infants of mothers with depression were significantly lower than infants of healthy mothers. Lymphocyte number and percentage in infants of depressed mothers was also significantly higher than infants of healthy mothers. The mean cord/maternal blood ratio of IgG in infants of depressed mothers was also significantly lower than infants of healthy mothers. Serum IgG level of depressed mother was significantly higher than other mothers. Conclusion: Fetal impact of stress and depression during pregnancy is just beginning to be understood and research in this area is developing. Our results indicated that maternal depression adversely affects the development and function of fetal immune system. These results are in agreement with the immunological findings of preterm and LBW infants.
Mohammad Golparvar, Gholamreza Moradi,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (12-2006)
Abstract
Introduction: Chest wall in children is more compliant, slow twitch muscle fibers are less than adults and the alveolus are smaller in size and lesser in number. Airways are more expandable and smaller in diameter. In the other hand the inhalational anesthetics can cause respiratory depression and rapid shallow ventilation. These changes can cause microatelectasia, low respiratory system compliance and increase in work of breathing. Controlled ventilation probably will prevent these events. This study is going to compare behaviors of respiratory system under inhalational anesthesia. Materials and Methods: In a clinical trial, 60 pediatric patients between 6 months to 6 years of age, ASA I & II, who were candidates of elective surgery on extremities and lower abdomen, entered to study. Patients were randomly allocated in two groups of spontaneous and controlled ventilation. In the first group inhalational and in the second group intravenous inductions was performed. Both groups were given halothane (0.8-1%) in a 50% mixture of N2O and O2 for maintenance of anesthesia. HR, RR, BP, SPO2 and T before induction and all of these plus EVT and peak and plateau APs, 5 minutes after induction and every 15 minutes thereafter were measured and dynamic and static compliance were calculated by using measured data. Data was analyzed by ANOVA, T student and Chi square tests. Results: Patients in spontaneous ventilation group had significantly more RR and EtCO2 and less awakening time (p<0.05).Total mean of HR, SBP, DBP, SPO2, T, PIP, PltIP, dynamic and static compliance after induction of anesthesia had no statistical differences between the two groups. Conclusion: There are no constant significant differences between the two groups in respiratory system compliance, airway pressures and T and this study can not prove the development of significant changes in respiratory system indices between the two groups. Thus microatelectasis (if developed) is not clinically important during less than one hour surgeries.
Bahman Salehi, Hassan Solhi, Amirreza Fotovat, Derakhshandeh Motamedi, Shirin Moradi, Somaieh Ebrahimi,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (August 2012)
Abstract
Background: Addiction is undoubtedly one of the biggest problems of human societies that every year governments spend enormous amounts of money on fighting it. Most addicts, besides their addiction, cause many psychological problems in their families therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the presence of these disorders between the families of addicts and non-addicts. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on a sample of 650 persons of opium addicts' and non-addicts' families using random sampling method. Data were collected through SCL-90-R questionnaire and were analyzed by Chi-square and t-test using SPSS software version 18. Results: There was a significant difference in psychiatric disorders in addicts' and non-addicts' families (p=0.005). Among the 9 psychiatric disorders under assessment, only anxiety, aggression, paranoia, and depression disorders in three types, including pathologic, borderline, and combined (pathologic-borderline), were significantly higher in addicts' families compared with non-addicts' families (p=0.005). Conclusion: Drug dependence disorder in one member of a family has a very important effect on the mental hygiene of the other family members and requires prevention and treatment in both.
Salman Ahmady Asbchin1, Moein Safari, Hosein Moradi, Vahid Sayadi,
Volume 16, Issue 6 (9-2013)
Abstract
Background: The most important pathogen in nosocomial infections are microorganisms in the patient's body. 90 percent of nosocomial infections caused by bacteria. Medlar is an medicinal plant that its therapeutic effects has historically been emphasized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extract of medlar against bacteria isolated from hospital environment.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the Nosocomial bacteria were obtained from Shahid Mostafa Khomeini hospital, Ilam, Iran. Soxhlet extraction method was used for medlar leaf extract. Disk diffusion method was used to study the effect of antimicrobial and broth microdilution method were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC).
Results: Two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three strain of Staphylococcus aureus and five strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from hospital. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Medlar leaf inhibited the growth of all strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa and four strain of Staphylococcus aureus and also inhibits the growth of all strains of Escherichia coli strains except E4 strain. The maximum antimicrobial activity was against E2 strain that zone diameter around it was 19/67 Millimeters. Quantities of minimum inhibitory concentration for all three strains P1, P2 and P3 and E2, E3, E5, S1, S2 and S3 strains was equals with 125 mg/ml.
Conclusion: Medlar leaf methanolic extract possesses significant antibacterial activity against bacteria causing nosocomial infections and so this extract can be considered in the control of infectious diseases.
Akram Jafari, Mohammad Reza Moradi,
Volume 16, Issue 11 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background: Aging is associated with appetite decline, weight loss, reduced muscle mass and increased fat mass. Ghrelin and Obestatin are two peptides that effect appetite. According to importance of physical activity in energy balance and some body composition variables the aim of this study is investigate the amount of ghrelin, obestatin and some body composition variables and their relationship in athletes and non-athletes 50 -70 year old men.
Materials and Methods: This is an analytical study. Thirty athletes and thirty non-athletes 50-70 years old men took part in this research. Ghrelin, obestatin and some body composition variables include weight, muscle mass, fat mass, present boy fat and body mass index were measured.
Results: The result of this study showed that muscle mass significantly (p<0.01) and ghrelin insignificantly (p=0.16) were higher in athlete group. In addition percent body fat was lower in athletes group insignificantly (p=0.13). There was negative significant relationship between ghrelin and obestatin with muscle mass and positive significant relationship between ghrelin and obestatin with percent body fat in non-athletes group. There was strong relation between ghrelin and obestatin in both groups.
Conclusion: Regular participating in basketball training can increase muscle mass in 50-70 years old men. It seems that exercise training can delay aging effects on body composition by increasing some anabolic hormones such as ghrelin and growth hormone and it can change relationship between ghrelin, obestatin and some body composition variables.
Ahmad Reza Ghandy, Abbas Alimoradian,
Volume 17, Issue 8 (11-2014)
Abstract
Background: The distal radius’ fracture is one of the most prevalent fractures in menopause women. Because of no delisery of an exact dosage by inhalation calcitonin, the effect of a systemic form such as parenteral on healing up of this area was investigated.
Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective cohort on 44 women 60 years-old with distal radius’ fracture divided into 2 equal groups of control and treatment (parenteral calcitonin, just after operation, 100 I.U/day during 10 days consecutive of each month for 3 months). The rate of improvement, hand ability and stiffness of joints of hand fingers and wrist according with physical examination, time of cortex healing up, level of alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphor serum levels and rate of osteoporosis accord to radiography indexes.
Results: The rate of osteoporosis and pain was less tham that of control group. Prevention of osteoporosiss and the cortex healirg was significaltly more than that of control group. The hard activity (Mayo Wrist index) and ability of ceetching of objects was better in calcitonin group. There were not any significant effects of calcitonin on level of alkalire phosphatose, calcium and phosphor us serum levels.
Conclusion: Calcitonin especially with calcium supplements can accelerate the improvement of distal radius’ fracture. Then patients will tolerate fewer problems at convalescence period.
Somayeh Jahani, Masoud Salehi, Amin Shakiba, Aliasghar Moradipour, Forouzan Forouzandeh,
Volume 18, Issue 5 (8-2015)
Abstract
Background: Ferula assa-foetida is one of the common medicines that was used as antiseptic with a view to traditional uses, it can be used as a safe and effective drug to treat diseases particularly resistant bacterial infections. This study aims to product gelatin nano- capsules containing Ferula assa-foetida essential oil and investigate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on gelatin nano-capsules containing Ferula assa-foetida essential oil (FAO) (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/w), glycerol (25% w/w) as plasticizer and glutaraldehyde as cross-linker. The morphology, antioxidant and antibacterial activities and operation of the nano-capsules were assessed according to American Standards by Scanning Electron Microscopy, ABTS, and microbiological tests.
Results: Gelatin nano-capsules exhibited low antioxidant and antibacterial activities while gelatin nano-capsules incorporated with FAO exhibited excellent antioxidant and antibacterial. The highest rates of these effects were seen merged with 8% of FAO.
Conclusion: Gelatin nano-capsules merged with FAO have excellent physical form, as well as they are an appropriate antioxidant and antibacterial that have been considered to produce antoxidant and antibacterial drugs.
Reza Talebi, Abbas Alimoradian, Mehdi Sadegh,
Volume 18, Issue 6 (9-2015)
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress and severe neuro-excitation have significant effects on pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and agents with antioxidant property can potentially prevent these effects. Herein we examined potential protective effects of melatonin as an antioxidant agent and memantine as an uncompetitive receptor of NMDA, on a model of Parkinson’s disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).
Materials and Methods: Male mice were divided into 8 groups with 7 mice in each group: saline, ethanol, melatonin, memantin, MPTP, melatonin+MPTP, memantin+ MPTP, melatonin+ memantin+ MPTP. All of agents were injected intraperitoneally once a day for 14 days before beam traversal test. Dopaminergic neurons of the Substantia Nigra Pars compacta (SNPC) were determined by immunohistochemical and were counted.
Results: Melatonin improved notably movement dysfunction resulted of MPTP such as the number of errors, paces and the time of movement during behavioral test and also the counting of neurons of Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta. Memantin had a synergic effect on the most of improvements. However, the level of improvement and retrieval of signs was not as in saline and ethanol groups.
Conclusion: Melatonin especially together with memantine is able to prevent some of the MPTP-induced dysfunctions. However, the protective effects were not enogh, probably because of the amount of dose and the time of injection.
Khosro Naghibi, Darioush Moradi Farsani, Babak Ali Kiaei, Anahita Hirmanpour,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (5-2016)
Abstract
Background: Due to high prevalence of vitrectomy surgery, and the importance of anesthetic technique in conducting an uncomplicated surgery, we decided to do this study.
Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized study was conducted on 80 patients 40-80 years old candidating deep vitrectomy sugery under general anesthesia that were categorized into II and III Class by American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA). Patients were randomly allocated to two groups of 40 members. Anesthesia was induced in both groups in the same manner. For maintaining anesthesia, patients from I group receiVed 1.2% isofluran with 50% O2 in air at 4L/min and infusion of remifentanil (0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1). But in the P group, we used propofol up to 10mg/kg /hr with infusion of remifentanyl. Propofol and isoflurane in fusion was discontinued with the last surgical stitches, but remifentanil infusion continued in both groups until the eye was covered with shield. Hemodynamic variables were recorded just before the induction of anesthesia and in different time intervals till discharging of the patients from the recovery room. Then, data were compared.
Results: Results showed that there is a significant changes in propofol group compared to isofluran in deep vitrectomy surgery operations.
Conclusion: Hemodynamic changes are more significant in maintaining propofol anesthesia when compared with isoflurane.
Bahman Salehi, Shirin Moradi, Somayeh Ebrahimi, Mohammad Rafiei,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (7-2016)
Abstract
Background: Boredom is a psychological phenomenon that was defined as an aversive state or incompatibility with every repetitive experience while the release of stability is not allowed. Boredom has several complications. So, the goal of this study is to compare the predictors of boredom in students of Arak University of medical sciences and Islamic Azad University.
Materials and Methods: The current descriptive-comparative study has been done on966 students (from Arak University of medical sciences and Islamic Azad University). The scale of current study was a checklist list of demographic information, predictors of boredom assess questionnaire, Farmer and Sundberg’boredom proneness scale. Data were analyzed by using chi-square, Pearson correlation, multivariate regression, and Fisher'sz.
Results: The greatest number of students from both universities have normal boredom without a statistically significant difference between male and female students (p=0.06). University factor had the highest average between students. Totally, boredom had a significant correlation with each of the home (p=0.000) and society (p=0.001) factors. All three factors including home (p=0.033), university (p=0.033) and society (p=0.031) can explain and predict boredom in male and female students.
Conclusion: The results showed that university factor was the most important factor for predicting boredom between college students. Thus, in order to avoid adverse effects of boredom on students educational activities, this phenomenon and its causes should be considered.
Farid Eghbali, Mahdi Moradi,
Volume 19, Issue 11 (2-2017)
Abstract
Background: High blood pressure increases various cardiovascular events about 2 to 3 times in a person. The purpose of this study is to recognize the effect of a course of pilates exercise on hypertension, nitric oxide, and resting heart rate in the eldrlymen with hypertension.
Materials and Methods: Subjects of this quasi-experimental research included 30 elderly men with hypertension grade one(in the range of systolic-diastolic 140/90 to 159/99mm Hg) who participated voluntarily and accessibly in the study and were divided randomly into two experimental peer (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. Weight, height and BMI of subjects were 75±80, 170±175 and 25-26, respectively. The experimental group did selected exercise of Pilates for eight weeks (three one-hour sessions per week). Desired variables of the subjects of both groups were evaluated 24 hours before the start of exercise and 24 hours after the last session. Data analysis was conducted using dependent and independent t-test by SPSS16 statistical software at the significant level of p≥0.05.
Results: The research results showed that the eight-week pilates exercise gave rise to reduction in blood pressure(p≤0.05) as well as resting heart rate (p≤0.05) and to increase in nitric oxide of elderly men with hypertension (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: The eight-week pilates exercise reduced blood pressure and resting heart rate and increased the production of nitric oxide in elderly men. So, it seems that the regular physical exercise can be effective as a preventive factor in the outbreak of cardiovascular diseases of the elderly men.
Mojtaba Khansooz, Bahram Abedi, Mehdi Moradi, Abbas Mehranpour,
Volume 19, Issue 12 (3-2017)
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of supplementation Jadvar on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes after exhaustive incremental exercise in men's handball.
Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental double blinded study 12 handball players with at least 2 years record in league (with average age=21.42, height=186cm, weight=83.25, and body mass index=24.09kg/m2) divided into 2 groups (n=6) accidentally. Both groups performed maximum Bruce protocol until exhausting level. Before (fasting) and after performing protocol ,blood samples were taken from middle forearm vein and transferred to lab then supplementation group consumed three 500 mg jadvar capsules and control group consumed three 500 mg maltodextrin for 7 days daily. 24 hours after eating last capsule ,they performed maximum Bruce protocol up to exhausting level and the samples were collected like primary protocol blood samples before (fasting)and after performing protocol and were transferred to the laboratory.
Results: The results of dependent and independent t-test showed that consuming jadvar supplements for 7days did not have significant effect on aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)(p≥0.05).But alanine aminotransferase in supplementation group (16.83 mg.dl-1) decreased in comparison to placebo group (20.5 mg.dl-1). Also, aspartate aminotransferase was increased from 28 mg.dl-1 to 35.17 mg.dl-1 , but neither decrease nor increase was not meaningful (p≥0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that acute consuming of jadvar supplement and one session incremental exercise does not have meaningful effect on AST and ALT in man handball players.
Niloofar Moradi, Mehdi Paryan, Behzad Khansarinejad, Mohammad Rafiei, Mahdieh Mondanizadeh,
Volume 19, Issue 12 (3-2017)
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third major cause of cancer death worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HBx gene play an important role in the development of HCC by influencing signaling pathways. Since there is no detectable symptom in the early phase of HCC, there is need to find new HCC-specific markers with high sensitivity for early detection and diagnosis of HCC. On the other hand, by the advent and development of bioinformatic sciences, it is now possible to predict miRNAs as biomarkers, and their targets. Therefore, in the present study, based on the results of the bioinformatic software applications with different algorithm, we selected the miRNA targeting HBx and NOTCH1 mRNAs according to higher score, suitable connection with target gene and confirming them in more softwares.
Materials and Methods: First, the sequences of NOTCH1 and HBx genes were retrieved from NCBI. Afterwards, several software applications such as TargetScan, mirWalk, miRBase, Miranda, PicTar, miRVir, and DIANA were applied to predict miRNAs.
Results: Based on the high scoring by bioinformatics softwares and suitable targeting, miR-34a were selected to target NOTCH1 and miR-6510, miR-5193 and miR-214 were chosen to targetHBX gene.
Conclusion: Because of tumor suppression roles of miR-214 and miR-34a, they probably could be used as therapeutic strategy in cancer researches. It is also seems that the miR-5193 could act as a specific marker in Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Darioush Moradi Farsani, Babak Alikiaei, Fatemeh Hoseinzadeh,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (5-2017)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of ondansetron, Midazolam and metoclopramide with placebo in preventing PONV following strabismus surgery.
Material and Methods: 160 patients were allocated with simple randomization in 4 groups of 40: group ON received Ondansetrone 0.05mg/kg, MT group received Metoclopramide 0.15mg/kg, MD group received Midazolam 0.03mg/kg intravenously and group CT received the solution of NaCl 0.9% as placebo infused with the same volume and the same manner 30 minutes before the end of surgery. The patients were evaluated for nausea, vomiting, need and dosage of anti-emetic drugs, time of liquid and solid diet tolerance, drug complications and satisfaction score for the initial 24 hours after anesthesia.
Results: The frequency of nausea (p-value = 0.001< 0.05) and vomiting (p-value=0.084>0.05) was lower in ON group and both of these complications were lower in MD group compared with MT and CT group. Use of rescue antiemetic was higher in MT and CT group (p-value = 0.001 < 0.05). Patient satisfaction was higher in ON group compared with other 3 groups (p-value=0.001<0.05).
Conclusion: Prophylactic use of Ondansetron is more effective with fewer side effects than Metoclopramide and Midazolam in the prevention of PONV following strabismus surgery. Furthermore, metoclopramide was less effective and was associated with more adverse effects.
