---

---

Introduction: Relationship between Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and primary headaches is not well recognized yet and the studies that have been done had different results. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between primary headaches and multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study, 117 patients with actual MS were selected by convenience sampling as case group and 351 healthy subjects as control group. The incidence of primary headaches was assessed by a physician using a questannaire. Variables under investigation were age, sex, type of MS, Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS), and characteristics of headache based on International Headache Society (IHS) classification. Data analysis was done using Chi-square, t-test, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression. Results: 53.8% of MS group and 27.4% of control group had chronic headaches (p=0.0001). Frequency of Migraine and tension type headaches among patients with headache in MS group were 73.1% and 26.98%, and in control group were 40.6% and 58.7% respectively. There was a statistically significant relation between Relapsing-Remitting MS and migraine headache (p<0.001).There was not any correlations between headache and using Interferone, MS duration, and EDSS. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that primay headaches, especialy migraine without aura, are common in MS patients comparing to general population.

---

  Introduction: Researches indicates that physical training are a basic component of pulmonary rehabilitation in asthmatic patients , and can result in improvement of sign and symptoms of asthmatic patients.The purpose of present study is evaluation of the effects of physical exercises on pulmonary function and clinical manifestations and signs and symptoms of asthmatic patients.

  Materials and methods: The samples included 24 asthmatic patients that participated in a physical exercise program have refered to Ardebil Bou _Ali Hospital (1386) .The researcher followed test –re-test design in the present study.

  The data were collected using an asthma clinical manifestations questionnaire and pulmonary function test (Spirometery).

  Results: Physical exercises program was effective in improvement pulmonary function of asthmatic patients, and exercises decrease asthmatic signs such as: attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing.

  Conclusion: The results indicate that asthmatic patients would benefit from a physical training and such a physical exercise program can be adapted for use in clinical practice.

---

Introduction: Fasciolosis is one of the most important parasitic disease common among both humans and livestock. That causes several health problems and economical losses in different parts of Iran. In order to control this disease, chemicals are used, which in some cases lead to resistance to the used substances and cause environmental problems. In this study, the effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of Lippia citriodora on the eggs of Fasciola hepatica is investigated.
Methods: Fasciola hepatica eggs were obtained from the liver and gall bladders of naturally infected sheep and kept at 4˚C until use. Ethanol extract of Lippia citriodora kunth was provided from dried leaves. The eggs were exposed to Different concentration of extract.  Concentrations of Lippia citriodora extract (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100%). Control group eggs were placed in chlorine-free water. Egg and embryo development stages to complete and release miracidia were examined every day. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted after receiving the code of ethics (93-175-13) from the University Research Council.
Results: In concentration of 10 percent Lippia citriodora, miracidia was formed after 16 days in the egg. With increasing of concentration percentage of the extract, time of miracidia formation in eggs also rose. The time of miracidia formation between cases and control group is significantly different (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Our study shows that extract of Lippia citriodora is an effective inhibiting factor against development of Fasciola eggs.

---

Introduction: In today’s world, with the expansion of electronic technologies and equipment generating electromagnetic fields, humans and other living organisms are continuously exposed to these fields. This exposure can have significant biological effects on the growth and function of living organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of alternating magnetic fields with different intensities and frequencies on the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a Gram-negative bacterium, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a Gram-positive bacterium.
Methods: This study investigated the effects of alternating magnetic fields with intensities of 1 and 2 millitesla and frequencies of 50, 75, 100, and 150 Hz on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The standard plate counting technique was used for this purpose. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and the number of colonies was counted as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml).
Results: The results showed that the number of Escherichia coli colonies significantly increased under the influence of magnetic fields compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the number of Staphylococcus aureus colonies significantly decreased after exposure to the magnetic field (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that alternating magnetic fields can have different effects on the growth of various bacteria. According to these findings, a decrease in the number of colonies was observed in Staphylococcus aureus due to the magnetic field, while an increase in the number of colonies was observed in Escherichia coli. These findings could be used in the development of new methods for controlling bacterial growth and in biotechnological applications.