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Introduction: There is little information about essence and combination of ductuli efferentes secretions. Glycoconjugates importance in sperm production and maturation has been confirmed in previous studies therefore this study is done in order to recognitize Glycoconjugates in ductuli efferentes epithelium and determination of their distribution pattern by means of lectin histochemistry. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study tissue species were obtained from 30 adult male BALB/c mice. After fixation and routine laboratory processes, 5 μm sections were prepared from paraffin blocks. These slides were exposed to different lectins by means of lectin histochemistry. Reaction intensity in different cells was investigated by light microscope and graded according to the previous related studies. Then results were compared with each other by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests. Results: The mean of reaction intensity in ductuli efferentes epithelium in reply to different lectins, showed significant statistical difference (p<0.005). The most intense reaction was seen in response to WGA (Wheat Germ Agglutinin) lectin and after that to SBA (Soybean Agglutinin), VVA (Vicia Villosa Agglutinin) and PNA (Peanut Agglutinin) respectively. But the staining was negative with GSA-I (Griffonia Simplicifolia Agglutinin-I) lectin. Conclusion: Results indicate that the cells of ductuli efferentes epithelium in mouse are involved in synthesis and secretion of sperm maturation related glycoconjugates and produce a variety of these components in various amounts. There is a large amount of components, containing terminal sugars such as Sialic acid,Galactose-N-Acetylgalactosamine and N-Acetylgalactosamine in ductuli efferentes cells. The lack of Galactose in this epithelium shows that, it hasn’t a role in sperm maturation.

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Background: The effectivity of applying antiseptics in preparation of the operative site on the reduction of post-operative infections is not quite clear and controversies exist about the best method for doing this. The aim of this study is to compare the traditional two-stage method of first, washing the site with povidone iodine scrub and then painting with aqueous povidone iodine with the method of washing the site only with povidone iodine scrub. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, patients who had been under knee arthroscopy in 2 separate hospitals by the same surgeon were compared with regard to post operative infection. In one hospital, the operative site was only washed with povidone iodine scrub, while in the other hospital this same procedure was followed by painting with aqueous povidone iodine. The primary goal of this study was to identify the patients who had manifested clinical and laboratory signs of superficial or deep infection or septic arthritis one month postoperatively. Results: A total 300 patients were studied in two equal groups. All the patients had only been under diagnostic or curative non-bony operations. No superficial or deep infection or septic arthritis were seen in any of the patients in the two groups. Conclusion: Preoperative preparation of the knee with povidone iodine scrub is a safe method for prevention of infection and can be used instead of the common two-stage method of using povidone iodine scrub and then painting with aqueous povidone iodine since this can decrease the time and cost of surgery.