---

---

Introduction: Nausea and vomiting are a common manifestation in anatomic and functional disorders and these are current complication after general anesthesia and are unpleasent and with secondary complication. Nausea and vomiting are the most common complications after general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: In this study we compared three methods which one of them is droperidol with other methods consisting of IV metoc1opramide and placebo. This controlled study was done in teaching Vali Asr hospital. Total number of patient was 300. Type of sampling was random. Type of operation was laparatomy and all of them had general anesthesia. We divided them in three equal groups (droperidol group, metoclopramide group and placebo group). In this study we used from history and examination and we finished puzzles and we use from statistication. Results: We concluded that there is valuable difference between metoclopramide and droperidol group (with considering P=0.000). The results were shown that: droperidol is more effective than metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative vomiting after abdominal surgery. Conclusion: With comparison of these data we fined that droperidol is a suggestive and valuable method also effective method in preventing postoperative vomiting. Also finding were shown that there isn't a meaning relation between age the kind of abdominal surgery and postoperative vomiting.

---

Introduction: Postoperative hypothermia is physiologically stressful by elevating blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentration. This study conducted to evaluate the effects of intravenous fluids temperature on perioperative hemodynamic situation. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial study Perioperative pulse rate, blood pressure, intraoperative esophageal and skin temperature were measured in 60 volunteer patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries subjects randomly divided into two groups according to intraoperative IV fluids management. In 30 patients (hypothermia group) all IV fluids infused were at room temperature. In the other 30 patients (normothermia group) all IV fluids were warmed using and dry IV fluid warmer. Results: The core and skin temperature of hypothermia and normothermia group decreased significantly from induction of anesthesia toward end of surgery but its reduction was more in hypothermia group (P<0.005). Postoperative mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly more in hypothermia group versus normothermia group (P<0.005). Shivering was observed in 21 of 30 hypothermia and 11 of 30 normothermia group (p<0.005) and recovery time was significantly lower in normothermia group (36±5 vs. 26±3 min, P<0.005). Conclusion: Infusion of warm fluids helps to reduce the variation of postoperative mean arterial blood pressure, core and skin temperature, occurrence of shivering and recovery time.

---

Introduction: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major health problem and each year the number of patients is increasing. If the disease becomes irreversible, patients must always be hemodialyzed. Since mortality rate will increase due to inadequate dialysis, determining the efficacy of hemodialysis and improving its quality is very important. The main goal of this research is investigating the efficiency of hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study which was conducted on 103 people who were under dialysis treatment in the Vali-e-Asr hospital of Arak in year 2003. Weight, blood pressure (before and after dialyze), time of dialysis, BUN and Cr before dialysis and 5 minutes after turning of the pump and before the second dialysis were measured. Data was analyzed by T test and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean of KT/V was 0.58 ± 0.1 normal protein catabolic rate (nPCR), 0.36 ± 0.11 g/kg per day and time average concentration of urea (TAC), 43.3 ± 14 mg/d which had a significant difference with standard measures (p<0.05). KT/V was 0.49 ± 0.18 and 0.47 ± 0.10 for men and women respectively which was significantly different (p<0.03). There was a positive and linear relationship between education level and TAC, KT/V and number of dialysis per week. Conclusion: Regarding the low efficiency of hemodialysis in 80% of patients and lower levels of hemodialysis efficacy indicators in comparison to standard measures, periodic assessment and also investigating the reasons of low efficacy of hemodialysis is recommended.

---

Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of the serious complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to identify biochemical alterations of renal bone disease in hemodialysis patients of Qazvin province. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive study, fasting blood samples of arterio-venul shunt, before starting hemodialysis, were taken from all CKD patients and Ca++, P-- and ALP were measured by colorimetric methods and PTH by IRMA method. Descriptive statistics was used to present data. Results: In 4% of cases there were no abnormalities of mentioned parameters but in 96% of patients one or more parameters were abnormal. The most prevalent abnormality was related to P-- (increased) and the least one to ALP (increased). 51% of patients had raised PTH level (hyperparathyroidism) and higher abnormalities of other biochemical parameters. No differences were seen in the mean of age, duration and number of hemodialysis and also sex ratio of hyperparathyroid patients and all studied patients. Conclusion: The Biochemical and hormonal results revealed a predominance of mild to moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal bone disease in CKD patients, so there is a need to control the disease with specific treatments.

---

Background: Studies have revealed that nonclinical individuals who have mixed-handedness obtain higher scores in schizotypy, but investigations in Asian countries have indicated contradictory results. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between mixed-handedness and schizotypy in a nonclinical Iranian population. Materials and Methods:One hundred fifty normal students from two different high schools, 94 girls (%62.7) and 56 boys (%37.3) ranging in age from 14 to 17 (15.5±0.67), participated in this descriptive study. Participants filled out Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire (STA) and answered handedness questions. The causal relationship between schizotypy and handedness was determined through linear regression. Results: In this study, parallel to other studies conducted in Asia, no significant associations were found between mixed-handedness, schizotypy and schizotypy factors. Conclusion: Noticing that Asian people, due to cultural pressure, have less tolerant attitudes toward left-handedness, utilizing handedness scales that incorporate cultural values is essential for revealing the real association between schizotypy and mixed-handedness.

---

Background: Hyaluronidase A is an antigenic protein that is secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes. Nowadays, streptococcal infections are diagnosed by tracking down anti-hyaluronidase A antibodies. In this study, the attempt was made to generate recombinant hyaluronidase A in E. coli. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, through designing specific primers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hyaluronidase A gene was amplified and after purification, it was sub-cloned in plasmid expression vector pET32a. Then pET32a-hylA was transferred to E. coli BL21-DE3-plySs. Protein generation induced by IPTG. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA kit and its concentration was assayed by Bradford method. Western-Blot analysis was run for verifying the recombinant hyaluronidase A. Results: The nucleotide sequencing of the gene amplified by PCR was the same as hyaluronidase A gene from Streptococcus pyogenes. Production of the recombinant hyaluronidase A via induction by pET32a-hylA plasmid was done through IPTG. The expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography by Ni-NTA resin. The concentration of purified protein was 500µg/ml. analysis using a mouse anti-hyaluronidase A serum was reacted with the generated protein using Western-Blot analysis. Conclusion: Recombinant HylA protein can be generated in E.coli and the resulting protein maintains its antigenic properties desirably.

---

Background: Noticing the significant role of fertility in Iranian families, the incidence of infertility and its social and cultural dimensions, this study was carried out to compare general health status of infertile women with fertile women. Materials and Methods: This observational case-control study was done on 147 women as the control group and 147 infertile patients as the case group who were matched in terms of influential variables. Data collection was done through demographic questionnaire and general health questionnaire (GHQ) which were completed by both groups. The results were analyzed by logistic regression analysis, t test, and chi-square using STATA 10 software. Results: Means of general health score in fertile and infertile women were 19.249.72 and 28.06 10, respectively. Here the mean score of the infertile women was significantly higher in comparison with the fertile women (p<0.001). Physical symptoms, anxiety, social interaction, and depression scores of infertile women were significantly higher in comparison with the fertile women (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in the means of age and duration of marriage between the two groups and the distribution of educational level, occupation, and income levels were the same in the two groups. Conclusion: Average scores of general health and physical complaints, anxiety, impaired social interaction, and depression in infertile women were higher than those in fertile women. This indicates their involvement with some degrees of public health diseases.

---

Background: Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Iran and its treatment is a medical problem. This study was performed to observe the influence of the administration of corticosteroid on symptomatology of subjects with acute, subacute, and chronic brucellosis. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 48 patients with brucellosis were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group (N=30) received the standard regimen plus dexamethasone (4 mg t.d.s for 5 days) and the second group (N=17) received only the standard regimen. The results of corticosteroid administration were evaluated according to such factors as clinical status of the patient, duration of hospital stay, duration of illness, pain score, and use of analgesics. The results were analyzed by Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent sample t-test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: No significant differences were seen in the mean of hospital stay, duration of illness, and use of oral and injectable analgesics between the two groups (P<0.05). Also, there was not a significant difference in mean pain score reduction between groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Noticing the findings of this study, corticosteroid does not seem to alter the clinical course of brucellosis significantly. Nevertheless, further controlled clinical trials with larger sample sizes are recommended

---

Background: Low immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine is an important problem in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). A possible solution is intradermal versus conventional intramuscular delivery of vaccine in this population. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of these routes of vaccination in Bu-alicina Dialysis Center, Qazvin, Iran. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done on 29 CRF non-responders randomly allocated to two groups. Fifteen patients received 40 μg of euvax B vaccine intradermally and 14 patients received 160 μg of this vaccine intramuscularly. Anti-HBs antibody titre was measured after 1, 6, and 12 months. Seroprotection was defined as anti-HBs antibody titre above 10 lU/L. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: Difference of seroprotection rate between two groups was not statistically significant after1and 6 months however, after 12 months, seroprotection rate was 93.3% in the interadermal group versus 50% in the intramuscular group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the high cost of vaccination, intradermal vaccination may be a reasonable choice in CRF patients.

---

Background: Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease cholera. One of the most pathogenic factors of Vibrio cholera is pili. Pili plays an important role in colonization and persistence of bacteria in small intestine. Materials and Methods: In this study, pili A (tcpA) gene was amplified by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and sub-cloned into expression vectors such as pGEX4T-1. Escherichia coli competent cells were transformed by recombinant plasmids and the expression of protein with IPTG. The recombinant proteins were purified by affinity chromatography (GST) and immunoblot analysis was used for evaluation of new recombinant proteins antigenicity. The concentration of recombinant proteins was measured according to Bradford assay. Results: The results of this study indicated that recombinant proteins were expressed successfully in competent cell of E. coli, such as E. coli BL21 (DH3). The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography (GST). The immunoreactivity pattern of anti-Tcp antibody with recombinant proteins of TcPA showed that the recombinant proteins had antigenic properties. Conclusion: Because these recombinant proteins are antigenic, these proteins may be considered as tentative candidates for designing cholera vaccine.

---

Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a multi-factorial disease that is accompanied with serious clinical complications. Host’s genetic background, especially immune–genetic factors, is critical in the pathogenesis of infection. Gamma interferon ((INF-γ) and its receptor have an important role in immune response to the virus and clinical course of the disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism -611G/A located in promoter of gamma interferon receptor1 gene (INFGR1) and chronic HBV infection. Materials and Methods: In this Case Control study, genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples of 150 chronically HBV infected patients and 150 healthy controls was extracted by phenol-chloroform method. DNA analysis was performed by PCR-RFLP method and P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: After stages of genotyping and statistical analysis, a significant difference was observed between patient and control group, so that genotype GG was higher in the control group compared to the patient group. Conclusion: The host’s immune-genetic background can play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Variations in INFGR1 were related to several diseases. The results showed that the presence of GG allele is accompanied by a decrease in susceptibility to chronic HBV infection.

---

Background: Brucellosis is a debilitative disease that imposes heavy costs on the economy and society. Therefore, using the most accurate and efficient method to diagnose this disease is essential. In Iran, Brucella melitensis is the common causative agent for brucellosis and BP26 protein of this bacterium has a good level of antigenicity. Thus, the aim of this study is to produce Brucella melitensis recombinant BP26 protein with a PET28a expression vector.

Materials and Methods: In this applied-fundamental study, genomic DNA was isolated from bacterial culture through proteinase K (pK) and phenol/chlorophorm protocol. Then, two pairs of primers were designed based on the known sequence in the gene bank for amplification of Brucella melitensis bp26 gene and PCR reaction was set up and optimized. The PCR product was cloned first into PTZ57R/T vector and accessed on the PET28a vector and sequenced. The recombinant vector was transformed and expressed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Then, the recombinant protein was purified with Ni-NTA column of chromatography against His tag.

Results: The size of PCR product was in accordance with the part of bp26 gene size in the gene bank. The bp26 gene without adding IPTG had little expression and 3 hours after adding IPTG with a 1 Mm concentration to culture media, extreme expression was observed.

Conclusion: The production of recombinant BP26 protein from isolated Brucella melitensis native to Markazi province was done. Noticing the importance of BP26 protein and its significance for future studies on providing brucellosis diagnosis kits, its production was made possible.

---

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common problem in women. The purpose of this study was to compare two identification methods new PCR analysis (with DNA extracted from samples) and conventional culture technique in detection of Candida species in vulvovaginal samples.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental-analytical study, 150 women of fertility ages participated and two vaginal discharge samples were collected by speculum. One sample used for direct DNA extraction as well as PCR and the other was used for culture and phenotypic evaluations. Phenotypic evaluations waere performed by germ tube and chlamydospore formation and specially culture in chrome agar medium to detect color of the colonies. PCR was performed by DNA extracted from samples as templates and finally size of Candida specific amplicons was determined.

Results: From 150 samples, 87 in culture and 127 in new PCR technique were positive. In culture method, from total 87  Candida species , 73 C. albicans, 12 C. glabrata and 2 C. tropicalis were isolated whereas in new PCR technique, from  total 127 candida species 107  C. albicans, 18 C. glabrata and 2 C. tropicalis were identified. Concordance of the two methods were calculated as 68 percent.

Conclusion: The new molecular method (innovative PCR) has the potential to rapidly and accurately diagnose Candida vulvovaginitis in patients and can be used for diagnosis of  Candida species in clinical specimens.

---

Background: Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is defined as the presence of HCV-RNA in liver or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the absence of detectable hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) or HCV-RNA in the serum. Although occult HCV infection is less aggressive than classic chronic HCV infection, nevertheless it is important in management of hemodialysis (HD) patients. Occult HCV infection has been described in two different clinical settings: in patients with normal liver enzymes or in patients with abnormal values of liver enzymes. The aim of this study was to detect the occult HCV infection in hemodialysis patients with elevated liver enzymes.

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed in hemodialysis patients referring to 3 dialysis units in Tehran. In 30 anti-HCV negative HD patients with elevated liver enzymes, presence of HCV-RNA in plasma samples was tested by Reverse Transcriptase-Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-nested PCR). In cases with negative anti-HCV and plasma HCV-RNA, HCV-RNA was checked in PBMC specimens by RT-nested PCR.

Results: A total of 30 HD patients with mean age 54.4± 14.1years and mean dialysis duration 81.2 ±64.4 months were enrolled in the study. All HD subjects were negative for HCV-RNA in plasma and occult HCV infection with RT-nested PCR method.

Conclusion: Occult HCV infection was rare in HD patients with elevated levels of liver enzymes.

---

Background: Brucellosis is a major cause of zoonosis disease and is endemic in hamadan Province in Iran. The purpose of this study was to isolate Brucella species from brucellosis patients and identify different species of this bacterium in order to determine the prevalence of the species.

Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive- cross sectional and fifty blood samples were obtained from brucellosis patients with clinical symptoms. The samples were cultured in BACTEC system and incubated for 14 days. Then, the samples were cultured on Brucella agar and biochemical tests were done for identification of bacteria. Finally, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) applied for confirmation and isolated identification with specific primers.

Results: Seven Brucella strains were isolated from 50 blood samples of the patients with brucellosis by blood culture and PCR. The PCR results on blood specimens showed 4 positive in spite of the negative results of blood culture. PCR and biochemical methods revealed that all the 11 isolated bacteria were Brucella Melitensis.

Conclusion: This study was designed to evaluate PCR technique as a diagnostic tool for brucella spp in comparison to conventional techniques. This study showed a high prevalence of brucellosis due to Brucella Melitensis in Hamadan Province and efforts in this region should be aimed at the eradication of this bacterium.

---

Background: Human &beta-defensin 126 (12kDa) is a small cationic glycoprotein that is highly rich of cysteine. DEFB126 gene is located on the subtelomeric end of 20p1.3 in human. High expression of this protein is reported in epididymis. This polypeptide coats the plasma membrane of sperm during epididy‌mal transit. It is likely that &beta -defensin 126 might have role in unexplained male infertility since it involves in sperm maturation and capacitation. The current research designed to investigate if there is relation between &beta-defensin 126 gene mutation and unexplained male infertility.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study we followed a two cytosine nucleotides deletion of &beta-defensin 126 gene in 35 Iranian men with unexplained infertility and 40 fertile men with normal spermogeram as control group. Standard PCR, SSCP(Single strand conformational polymorphism), and sequencing were used to detect genetic alteration of &beta-defensin 126. ELISA was performed for the assessment of the protein expression on sperm cells.

Results: Analysis of genetic data revealed 28.6% homozygote deletion in unexplained infertile men while this deletion was detected in 7.5% of controls. The deletion frequency was statistically higher in infertile patients than normal control group (p<0.05). The protein expression was less in men with del/del genotype compare to the other genotypes (p<0.005).

Conclusion: Our study shows that this common sequence variation of &beta-defensin 126 takes part in impairment of male reproductive function. Consequently, men with the del/del genotype are significantly less fertile than men who carry the wild type allele.

---

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens with high mortality rates. OprD is the major resistance mechanism to carbapeneme antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of the genes encoding these efflux pumps using qRT-PCR.

Materials and Methods: This study examined 100 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients admitted to various hospitals in the Hamedan. Conventional phenotypic tests were used for identifying the 100 collected samples, then 31 samples were selected based on type of collected specimen and antibiotic susceptibility test i.e. antibiotic disk diffusion method performed for aminoglycoside, quinolone and carbapenem antibiotics. Furthermore, MIC method was performed for imipenem. Finally, RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA for determining the efflux pump genes expression using qRT-PCR.

Results: Among 8 selected antibiotics, the greatest resistance was for levofloxacin (61.2%, n=19) and the lowest one for imipenem (9.6%, n=3). The results of MIC were to imipenem 12 samples (38.7%) resistant, 13 samples (41.93%) intermediate, and 6 samples (19.35%) sensitive. The OprD gene was present in all strains but different expression has been observed. The strains with over expression of OprD gene showed high sensitivity towards carbapenems family antibiotics especially imipenem.

Conclusion: Identifying of bacterial resistance mechanisms is very complicated and extensive due to different mechanisms involved for similar antibiotics. OprD is main cause of attachment to the carbapenems family antibiotics. The more expression of OprD shows the more antibiotic sensitivity.

---

Background: Hydatidosis is one of the dengerous zoonotic diseases that cause serious problems for human health, as well as major economic losses for livestock industry. Due to the nature of the parasite life cycle and also the structure of the cyst in human, the control of parasite in community is difficult and its treatment has faced with a major challenge. One of these challenges is inactivating the protoscolices for treatment purposes and preventing secondary cysts. Different chemicals have been used in the treatment of cyst that most of them had serious side effects for the patient. The aim of this study was investigating the scolicidal effects of some herbal extracts in vitro.

Materials and Methods: Liver hydatid cysts were collected from slaughterhouse the cysts fluid containing live protoscolex was aspirated aseptically and stored at 4°C until use. Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg per ml) of each extract (ginger and artemisia) prepared and protoscoleces placed into incubator at 37^oC. The viability of the protoscoleces was determined by eosin staining method at the times 5, 10, 25, 40 and 60 minutes.

Results: The methanolic extract of ginger at the concentration of 100 mg/ml leads to kill all of protoscoleces at 40 minutes. While the artemisia extract in none of   investigated concentrations had not much effect on the protoscoleces.

Conclusion: The study of animal models and complementary tests showed that methanolic extract of ginger can be used as an effective protoscolex for it has high activity.

---

Background: Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important causes of abortion and postpartum infection in newborns. Because of the importance of L . monocytogenes in the health of pregnant women and newborn babies, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these bacteria in pregnant women and to compare the level of prevalence between women with a history of abortion and with no a history of abortion.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 540 samples of pregnant women were provided from Arak Taleghani hospital. The samples were cultured in enrichment media, then L .monocytogenesis was isolated in specific media.

Results: Of clinical samples, 14 cases had Listeria monocytogenes. Of these samples, 8 cases in women had a history of abortion, while women with no history of abortion were 6 Most cases of positive culture were related to the age of 25 to 34 years, including 7 cases, the lowest cases were 35 to 44 years old including 3 women and 4 women were between 17 and 24 years old.

Conclusion: The study showed that Listeria monocytogenes can cause infection in pregnant women. The use of Phenotypic methods and specific media can apparently isolate listeria monocytogenes from healthy pregnant women.